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My MCAT Gen Chem > EXAM 4 notes > Flashcards

EXAM 4 notes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the energy of capacitor? What is the charge of capacitor connected to battery?

A

Energy: E= 1/2 CV^2
Charge: q= C V

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2
Q

What is Doppler effect?

A

Doppler effect: the frequency that the person on the railcar hears before passing the horn is larger than the actual frequency of the sound emitted, while the person hears a frequency lower than the actual frequency after passing the horn.

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3
Q

What is the formula for Work and formula for Power?

A

Work= Fxd (force x displacement)
Power= F x V (force x velocity)
measured in Watts or Kwatt

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4
Q

Describe the relationship between thermodynamic stability and heat of combustion

A

Thermodynamic stability of isomers can be based on amount of heat produced when compounds are combusted. The LESS heat, the greater stability

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5
Q

What is formula for Ideal Gas law? What is the Avogadro’s number?

A

Ideal Gas Law= PV=nRT

AVOGADROS- 6x 10^23

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6
Q

What formula determines whether a substance is basic or not. How is it determined?

A

kw= ka x kb
if kb > ka: substance is basic
if ka > kb: substance is acidic

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7
Q

Define limiting reagent

A

Limiting reagent: The molecule that runs out first

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8
Q

what is the activation energy for a reaction?

A

The activation energy for a reaction: The minimum energy barrier that must be overcome by REACTANTS on the path to products

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9
Q

What kind of chemical reaction is chelate formation?

A

Chelate formation- bonding of ions and molecules to metal ions

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10
Q

What is the period of a time-varying signal?

A

The period of a time-varying signal is the SHORTEST REPETITION TIME.

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11
Q

What is formula for energy of a photon?

A

E= hf ; h= 6.63 x 10^-34 J.s

also formula can be written as E= hc/wavelength c= speed of light (3x10^8) m/s

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12
Q

What does it mean when electric field is considered uniform between electrodes?

A

Electric field is uniform- electric field line are equally spaced at both electrodes and between them

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13
Q

What must be done to Lower the pH of a buffer (make more acidic)

A

In order to lower the pH of a buffer, the proportion of acidic buffer must be increased

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14
Q

What is the byproduct of reaction of peptide bond formation?

A

WATER (H2O) is a byproduct of peptide bond formation. The OH from Carboxyl and H from NH of amino will form water when bond is formed. The total mass of h2o is 18 amu.

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15
Q

What are the following factors that Michaelis mention use to find km and vmax values?

A

Michaelis Menten factors:
depend on initial velocity (for standard state conditions), solution pH (constant), concentration of enzyme (if lower than substrate) used to determine km and Max values

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16
Q

What is the property of side chain of lysine at pH 7

A

At pH 7 Lysine is positively charged and protonated; is therefore a hydrophilic and basic molecule.

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17
Q

What is the formula used to determine the concentration of OH- or H3O+ based on pH?

A

Formula: [H3O+] x [ OH-] = 10^-14 for aqueous solutions at 25 degrees Celsius

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18
Q

What element is a Lewis base for some side chains of Amino acids. What do Lewis bases coordinate?

A

Oxygen is a Lewis base for some side chains of amino acids
Lewis bases coordinate Cations
oxygen has partial negative charge on residue of Serine or Aspartate

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19
Q

What kind of structure is a heme?

A

Heme- porphyrin structure- looks like pyrrole ring, 5-sided heterocyclic ring, containing one Nitrogen atom

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20
Q

What is resistivity of a compound. How does it relate to conductivity?

A 
Resistivity= inverse of conductivity. 
R= 1/C
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21
Q

What enzymes are needed to form a methyl on compound and then add an Oh group (hydroxyl) to same methylated compound?

A

First you need a Transferase to Transfer methyl group to compound
then you need oxidoreductase to add hydroxyl group to it.

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22
Q

Define unfolding cooperativity and Pk of compound (oligonucleotide)

A

Unfolding cooperativity: the slope of the unfolding transition
Pk of compound: The pH at which the fraction of folding DNA is 0.5

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23
Q

What must occur for cation-exchange column to occur? What must occur?

A

Cation-exchange column only binds to positively charged proteins which only occurs when pH is less than PI

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24
Q

what factor of sound is not affected through the medium it propagates?

A

The frequency of a wave is NOT affected through the medium it propagates.

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25
Q

What is the formula for Volume fluid rate?

A

Volume fluid rate= vA

v= velocity flow; A= cross-sectional vector area

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26
Q

What is the formula used to calculate wavelength for sound waves?

A

Sound wave formula
v= f x wavelength
v: velocity
f: frequency

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27
Q

What if the formula for continuity equation in fluids?

A

Continuity: A1 x v1= A2 x v2

flow in = flow out

28
Q

What must delta g be for spontaneous reactions. What is the equation for free energy? what would k need to be for spontaneous reaction?

A

Delta g need to be less than 1 to be spontaneous
equation for free energy; deltaG= -RTln (keq)
K would need to be greater than 1

29
Q

what is the formula for work and power?

A 
Work= Force x distance
Power= force x velocity
30
Q

BIO: what are the different features of slow and fast twitch fibers?

A

Slow-twitch fibers: increased capillary density, more mitochondria, higher levels of O2 binding proteins; good for aerobic exercise
Fast-twitch fibers- greater Ca+ pumping capacity, faster rates of contraction

31
Q

BIO: What are features of autosomal dominant?

A

Autosomal Dominant: altered gene passed from parent to child. a child who has parent with mutated gene has 50% chance of inheriting that gene
men and women can both pass on to their sons and daughter.

32
Q

BIO: what is convergent evolution?

A

Convergent evolution: the process where distantly related organisms independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar needs

33
Q

BIO: How is the operon that contains two genes in prokaryotic cells transcribed?

A

An operon that contains two genes in prokaryotic cells is transcribed from single promoter upstream from first gene in operon

34
Q

What are the factors that lead to an increase in intracellular calcium levels?

A

Factors that lead to an increase in intracellular calcium levels:
-decrease of Calcium transport to extracellular environment
-increase availability of intracellular Calcium to bind to troponin
-increase overall Ca+ stores in the sarcoplasm
-

35
Q

what is the mechanism of Na+ K+ ATPase?

A

Na+ K+ ATPase: transports 3 Na+ outside the cell and 2K+ inside the cell per molecule of ATP hydrolyzed

36
Q

Which amino acids are basic?

A

basic amino acids (positively charged) are histidine, lysine and arginine

37
Q

BIO: what occurs in histone acetylation and how does this affect transcription?

A

Histone acetylation- process of modifying chromatin and hence promotes transcription.

38
Q

Classify amino acids based on basic, acidic and non polar, polar

A

Polar:(not charged) serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine tyrosine, cysteine,
Nonpolar- leucine, valine, alanine, proline, isoleucine, tryptophan, methionine, glycine, phenylalanine
Basic: (positive charge) arginine, lysine, histidine
acidic (negative charge): glutamic acid, aspartic acid

39
Q

BIO; what is the function of medulla, what hormones are present and which part of peripheral nervous system is it part of?

A

Adrenal medulla: secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to short-term stress
short-term stress is mediated by SYMPATHETIC branch of autonomic nervous system.

40
Q

BIO: what is the function of allosteric inhibition?

A

Allosteric Inhibition: binding of an inhibitor to site other than substrate binding site

41
Q

What forms of energy is produced in krebs cycle and what are these products used for?

A

Krebs cycle: energy is produced in form of ATP that supplies energy for many cellular processes (like muscle contraction) and NADH which is used in Electron transport chain.

42
Q

What is the relationship between osmotic pressure and solute concentration?

A

Osmotic pressure and solute concentration are DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL. if one variable increases, the other will increase

43
Q

What must happen for glycolysis to continue to proceed? Where does this occur?

A

For glycolysis to proceed, NADH must be converted back to NAD+ which occurs through lactic acid fermentation (anaerobic)

44
Q

what is function of phosphoglucose isomerase and what process is it apart of?

A

phosphoglucose isomerase is a part of glycolysis.

this enzymes catalyzes the conversion of glucose 6 phosphate into fructose phosphate

45
Q

What is a palindromic sequence

A

palindromic sequence is a nucleic acid sequence in a double-stranded DNA or RNA molecule whereby reading in a certain direction on one strand is identical to the sequence in the same direction on the complementary strand
Restriction enzyme- protein produced by bacteria that cleaves DNA at specific sites along the molecule.

46
Q

Which complex of electron transport chain is succinate dehydrogenase apart of?

A

Succinate DH part of Complex II of ETC

47
Q

What is genetic imprinting?

A

imprinting is the process by which only one copy of a gene in an individual (either from their mother or their father) is expressed, while the other copy is suppressed.

48
Q

How do RNA viruses replicate themselves?

A

RNA viruses require a TRANSCRIPTASE (reverese transcriptase) to replicate themselves

49
Q

What is function of glomerulus in capillaries?

A

Glomerulus: prevents the entry of large particles into filtrate.

50
Q

What is the optimal temperature for enzymes?

A

The optimal temperature for enzymes is 37 degrees celsius (increase rate of reaction)

51
Q

What occurs during villi atrophy?

A

Villi Atrophy- results in a decrease in the surface area of the small intestine, leading to a decrease in nutrient absorption.

52
Q

What happens to osmotic pressure when there is an increase in large particles like albumin? How does this affect fluid inside tissues?

A

When there is an increase in large plasma proteins like albumin, the osmotic pressure of blood will increase, causing increasing return of fluid to circulatory system from body tissue

53
Q

How does an excess of unabsorbed fats have on intestines?

A

Excess of unabsorbed fats will inhibit normal water and electrolyte absorption, resulting in increased osmotic pressure and diarrhea.

54
Q

what is the function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts? How does it affect relate of calcium ions.

A

Osteoblasts- build and repair bone
osteoclasts- break down bone
To increase calcium levels in blood, osteoblast activity should be DECREASED and osteoclast should be INCREASED to released stored calcium from bone to the bloodstream,

55
Q

Which kind of inhibitor reversibly binds to enzyme’s active site?

A

COMPETITIVE inhibitor REVERSIBLY binds to enzyme’s active site

56
Q

What is the pathway of filtrate through nephron?

A

Filtrate passes through nephron:

bowman’s capsule to proximal tubule to loop of Henle to distal tubule into collecting duct

57
Q

PSYCH: Describe Piaget’s period of cognitive development

A
  1. Sensorimotor stage (birth-2 years); learn object permanence
  2. Preoperational stage (2-6 years); symbolic, egocentric thinking, imagination, growing
  3. concrete operational stage(7-11 years); logical thinking and interpretation; conservation, numbers and ideas
  4. formal operational stage (12 years to adult); thinks abstractly, ethics, politics, social moral issues explained
58
Q

Describe episodic memory system

A

Episodic memory system stores personally experience episodes with tags for context and time

59
Q

what is reconstructive memory? How does this compare to constructive memory?

A

reconstructive memory to refer to memories that add or omit details that were not part of an original event.
constructive memory: nvolving the use of general knowledge stored in one’s memory to construct a more complete and detailed account of an event or experience by changing or filling in various features of the memory.

60
Q

What are false memories?

A

False memories- psychological phenomenon whereby an individual recalls an event that never happened, or an actual occurrence substantially differently from the way it transpired.

61
Q

what is generalizability?

A

Generalizability: external validity, which is the extent to which the results of a scientific investigation would generalize to other settings and populations

62
Q

PSYCH: describe the function of cones

A

Cones- sensory receptors responsible for initial detection of color information

63
Q

What are symptoms of panic disorder?

A

Panic disorder symptom: shortness of breath, sweating , feeling dizzy, pounding heart, chest pain

64
Q

What is REM Rebound?

A

increased frequency, depth, and intensity of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep following sleep deprivation or significant stressors.

65
Q

What is self-fulfilling process

A

Self-fulfilling prophecy

pocess through which an originally false expectation leads to its own confirmation. In a sel

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