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Biology > Exam 5 > Flashcards

Exam 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Ecology

A

the study of the interactions of organisms with their environment

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2
Q

Landscapes

A

all the visible features of an area of countryside or land, often considered in terms of their aesthetic appeal.

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3
Q

organism

A

individual living thing

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4
Q

populations

A

all individuals of the same species living together

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5
Q

communities

A

all the living things (different species) in one spot

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6
Q

ecosystems

A

all the living and non-living things living together in the environment

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7
Q

biosphere

A

all the parts of the earth that life exists

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8
Q

Biotic factors

A

the living components in the environment

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9
Q

Abiotic factors

A

the nonliving components in the environment (physical and chemical)

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10
Q

habitat

A

biotic and abiotic factors present in the surroundings

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11
Q

Rachel Carson

A

wrote a book called Silent Spring which helped environmental awareness

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12
Q

climate determined by two factors

A
  • annual total rainfall of the area
  • annual average temperature
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13
Q

why is it hot at the equator and cold at the poles

A
  • at poles it hits the earth at a slant
  • at the equator it hits the earth directly
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14
Q

Two things that go into climate change

A

The earth’s permanent tilt &
variation of solar radiation with latitude

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15
Q

Biomes

A

major types of ecological associations that occupy broad geographic regions of land or water influenced by climate

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16
Q

Tropical Forests biome

A
  • are at the equatorial areas
  • have variable rainfall
    • seasons = wet and dry
  • most diverse (species #)
  • wettest
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17
Q

Savannas (Tropical Grasslands)

A
  • Warm all year round
  • Wet and dry seasons
  • have enough for grass and scattered trees but not enough for a lot
  • grazing mammals and insects
  • can bounce back from fire
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18
Q

Deserts

A
  • driest of all terrestrial biomes
  • low precipitation
  • can be hot or cold
  • temperature varies seasonally or daily
  • result of Rain Shadow
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19
Q

Chaparral (Mediterranean Biome)

A
  • shrubland
  • coastal areas
  • cool, rainy winters
  • hot, dry summers
  • fire resistance
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20
Q

Temperate Grasslands

A
  • mostly treeless
  • has seasonality based on
    • temperature and water
  • opposite of Mediterranean
    • tends to be in the center
    • fire resistance
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21
Q

temperate

A

freezes in the winter

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22
Q

Temperate broadleaf forests

A
  • lots of human urban areas
  • freezes in winter
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23
Q

northern coniferous forest (taiga)

A
  • long cold winters
  • short wet summers
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24
Q

tundra

A
  • frozen year round
  • characterized by permafrost
    • continuously frozen subsoil
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25
Q

polar ice caps

A
  • Antarctica southern
  • cold
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26
Q

Life Tables

A
  • keep track of those who survive over the life span of individuals in a population
  • can be used on any species
  • useful for comparing populations of the same species
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27
Q

Survivorship Curves

A
  • plot proportion of individuals alive at each age
  • X-axis is the % of lifetime
  • Y-Axis % of individuals alive
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28
Q
A

type 1 survivorship curve

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29
Q
A

type 2 survivorship curve

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30
Q
A

type 3 survivorship curve

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31
Q

What does the shape of a type 1 survivorship curve mean?

A

Most individuals in the population die old

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32
Q

What does the shape of a type 2 survivorship curve mean?

A

Survival/Mortality is constant

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33
Q

What does the shape of a type 2 survivorship curve mean?

A

Most Die Young

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34
Q

Why that shape? (type 1)

A

Extensive Parental Care

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35
Q

Why that shape? (type 2)

A

parental care varies

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36
Q

Why that shape? (type 3)

A

Little to no parental care

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37
Q

Exponential Growth Model

A
  • The rate of population increases under ideal conditions
  • G = rN
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38
Q

Logistic Growth Model

A
  • Takes limiting factors into account (not ideal conditions)
  • S shaped curve
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39
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

The maximum number of individuals of that particular species that, that particular environment can support

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40
Q

Intertidal Zone

A
  • where the ocean hits the land
  • the highest point of where the tide ever gets to the lowest point where the tide ever gets
  • exposed to sun and drying winding during low tide
  • some are rocks some are sand
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41
Q

Continental shelf

A
  • support a huge diversity of invertebrates and fishes
  • shallow (completely under the water at all times)
    • important for light penetration
    • photosynthetic opportunities
  • right next to the land so lots of nutrients
  • coral reefs
  • Tropical forest of the sea
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42
Q

pelagic zone

A
  • wherever there is open ocean not including the ground
  • motile animals
  • photosynthesis happens in this area where there is sunlight
  • phytoplankton (biggest producers)
  • zooplankton
    • they drift here
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43
Q

Benthic zone

A
  • bottom of the ocean
  • muck on the bottom
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44
Q

Photic zone

A
  • top layer of the ocean
  • where sunlight can penetrate
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45
Q

aphotic zone

A
  • under the photic zone
  • dark
  • there’s no light but there still nutrients
  • rely on heat on thermovents
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46
Q

estuaries

A

(aquatic but not marine or freshwater completely)
- where fresh water rivers drain into salt water
- used as a nursery area
- largest amount of biomass produced

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47
Q

Wetlands

A
  • transitional between aquatic and terrestrial
  • either flooded or completely dry
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48
Q

Oligotrophic lakes

A
  • lakes becoming too nutrient poor
  • oxygen rich
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49
Q

Eutrophic lakes

A
  • too many nutrients and plants grow out of control
  • makes the under water oxygen depleted
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50
Q

Fresh Water Biomes

A

Lakes and ponds

51
Q

flowing water biomes (rivers and streams)

A
  • movement of water
  • head waters are the beginning of streams
    • pretty clean, cold
  • downstream is slower water
    • kinda silty or muddy, warmer
52
Q

Population ecology

A

concerned with changed in population size and factors that regulate populations over time

53
Q

4 things that change a population (BIDE)

A
  • Birth (+)
  • Immigration (+)
  • Death (-)
  • Emigration (-)
54
Q

Population density

A

the number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume (numbers in a specific area or space)

55
Q

Dispersion pattern

A

how the individuals are spaced out within their area

56
Q

clumped dispersion pattern

A
  • individuals are grouped in clusters
  • where you find one you find many
56
Q

clumped dispersion pattern

A
  • individuals are grouped in clusters
  • where you find one you find many
57
Q

Reasons for a clumped dispersion pattern

A
  • resources are clumped
  • safety in numbers
  • cooperative hunting and social structures
58
Q

uniform dispersion pattern

A

individuals that are equally spaced out

59
Q

Reasons for a uniform dispersion pattern

A
  • resource partitioning: “I want this many resources stay away from me”
    • ex: territory
60
Q

random dispersion pattern

A
  • scientists haven’t figured out why its like it
  • organisms don’t care if they are next to each other or by themselves
61
Q

Density Dependent factors

A

declining births (birds) or increasing death (beetle)

62
Q

Density Dependent factors caused by

A
  • competition
  • sanitation
    • diseases, waste material
  • change in predators
63
Q

intraspecific competition

A
  • competition within members of your own species
  • density dependent factor
64
Q

Density Independent factors

A

causes decrease in population not due to population density (abiotic factors)

65
Q

Density Independent factors caused by

A
  • natural weather
  • fire, floods
  • human activity
    • pollution, infostructure, oil spills
66
Q

Demographic Transition

A
  • as a country matures the birth and death rates balance each other out
    • usually from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as it matures
67
Q

birth and death rates in developing nations

A
  • death rates dropped
  • birth rates are still high
    • population grows rapidly
68
Q

Age Structure

A
  • proportion of individuals in different age groups
  • affects the future growth of the population
69
Q

pre reproductive

A

not contributing now but will in the future

70
Q

reproductive

A

those contributing to population growth

71
Q

post reproductive

A
  • not contributing will not be in the future but sill using resources
  • species that have extensive parental care
72
Q

Population Momentum

A
  • continued growth of a population that occurs even though
    • there is reduced fertility
    • and lower birth rates
73
Q

Ecological footprint

A

estimate on how much land you need to support your lifestyle (land provides the raw materials)

74
Q

Natural ecosystems are valuable because

A
  • they have resources
  • outdoor recreation
  • natural services
75
Q

natural services utilities

A
  • buffer against hurricanes
  • recycle nutrients
  • prevent erosion
  • pollinating crops
76
Q

Community Ecology

A

things that influence what species are in the community and distribution of community

77
Q

community stability

A

can the community bounce back and still be the same community

78
Q

Interspecific interactions

A
  • when the individuals of other species in the community interact
    • there is either a benefit or a cost to the species
79
Q

Ecological niche

A

the sum of the organism’s needs (what kind of resources do they use in its environment)

80
Q

Competition

A
  • -
  • Occurs when two different species want the same resources (niche overlaps)
    • lowers carrying capacity for each of the species
81
Q

Mutualism

A
    • +
  • Both Populations benefit
  • animals and algae
    • coral and dinoflagellates
      • dinoflagellates hide inside coral and feed sugars to it
        • they get protection
82
Q

Predation

A
    • -
  • One species (predator) kills and eats another (prey)
83
Q

prey adaptations

A
  • camouflage
  • chemical poisons
    • advertise with bright colors
  • claws, teeth, speed
84
Q

Herbivory

A
    • -
  • one benefits (animals) one does not (plant)
85
Q

Parasitism

A
    • -
      • host plants or animals are victimized by parasites
        • most likely kills it
      • parasites are smaller than their host
86
Q

Producers

A
  • autotrophs (make own food)
  • support all other trophic levels
87
Q

Primary Consumers

A

eat producers (herbivores)

88
Q
  • Secondary Consumers
A
  • eat Primary Consumers
    - carnivores
89
Q
  • Tertiary Consumers
A
  • eat secondary consumers
90
Q

Quaternary Consumers

A

ear tertiary consumers

91
Q

Detritivores

A
  • eats big dead stuff from all trophic levels
    • leaves, roadkill
92
Q

Decomposers

A
  • break down stuff at molecular level
  • leftovers from the detritivores
93
Q

Species Richness

A

number of species in a community (usually includes the names (what species))

94
Q

Relative Abundance (species evenness)

A

number of individuals within each species

95
Q

Keystone Species

A
  • a species in a community that its presence or absence determines the composition rest of the community
  • holds the rest of its community in place
96
Q

Disturbance

A
  • Events that damage biological communities
    • ex: floods, fire, drought, overgrazing, humans
  • the type, frequency, and severity of disturbance vary throughout communities
97
Q

Primary Succession

A

begins in a lifeless area with no soil just rock basically

98
Q

Secondary Succession

A
  • when a community is set back and the soil is still intact
    • can regrow
99
Q

Primary Production (capturing energy)

A
  • amount of solar energy that is turned into chemical energy by a producer
  • produces biomass (amount of living organic material in an ecosystem)
100
Q

Pyramid of production

A
  • shows the flow of energy from producers to primary consumers
    • only about 10% of the energy is passed on
101
Q

Eutrophication

A
  • results in lots of plants growing (too many)
  • depletes the lake of oxygen
  • phosphate pollution leads to this
102
Q

anthropogenetic

A

Eutrophication caused by humans

103
Q

Invasive species

A

→exotic species that grow out of control; cause problems; can survive in their new habitat; usually from the same biome but different continent

104
Q

habitat alteration is caused by

A

agriculture, urban development, pollution, mining, forestry

105
Q

habitat alteration/loss

A

human alteration of habitat to benefit (suitable for) humans

106
Q

Exotic species

A

species not native to an area; brought in usually by humans (intentionally or accidentally) most exotic species will die in their new habitat

107
Q

Overexploitation

A

harvesting individuals at a rate that exceeds the population’s ability to rebound (killing off faster then they can make more)

108
Q

Pollution

A

human activities that put pollutants into the ecosystem that negatively effects it

109
Q

Ozone layer

A

layer that the sun has to go through that blocks harmful UV rays

110
Q

Biological magnification

A

concentrates synthetic toxins that cannot be degraded by microorganisms (the accumulation of harmful chemicals that are retained in the living tissue of consumers)

111
Q

Climate Change (Global Warming initially)

A

→when the globe is warming the greenhouse gasses is usually increased

112
Q

Phenotypic Plasticity

A

ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to local environmental conditions

113
Q

Conservation biology

A

a science that seeks to understand the loss of biodiversity and why/how to counter this rapid loss

114
Q

Edges

A

the boundary between one ecosystem and the next

115
Q

habitat fragmentation

A

little chunks of ecosystem

116
Q

Movement Corridors

A

connecting isolated habitats may be helpful to fragmented populations

117
Q

mega fauna

A

big animals (ex: grizzly bears, timber wolves, elephants)

118
Q

Biodiversity Hotspots

A

laces on the earth that have high diversity

119
Q

endemic species

A

species who are only found in one spot

120
Q

Zoned Reserves

A

undisturbed wildlands surrounded by buffer zones of compatible economic development

121
Q

Restoration Ecology

A

the restoration of an area/cleaning up an area
- cleaning up pollutants or invasive species
- replanting native vegetation
- returning waterways to natural course

122
Q

Sustainable development

A

fixing it once and it it takes care of itself without additional help; improve human condition while conserving biodiversity

Biology (7 decks)

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