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Biology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

tissue

A

groups similar cells that act as a functional unit

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2
Q

Blastula

A
  • hollow sphere of cells
    • water balloon
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3
Q

Gastrula

A

the cells start making a pooch inside (infolding)

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4
Q

endoderm

A

inside layer forms lining of digestive tract

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5
Q

ectoderm

A

outer cell layer forms skin and nervous system not folded

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6
Q

mesoderm

A

middle cell layer give rise to muscle and most internal organs

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7
Q

Larva

A

sexually immature individual that look different from the adult animal

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8
Q

metamorphosis

A

larva undergoes major change in body form and becomes a mature adult

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9
Q

homeotic genes (HOX genes)

A
  • master control genes
  • set of genes that decide what other genes get turned on or turned off
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10
Q

Cambrian explosion

A

few to many kinds of animals

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11
Q

Why did the Cambrian explosion happen?

A
  • increase of atmospheric oxygen
  • arrival of homeotic genes
  • increasingly complex predator-prey relationships
  • all the animal phyla today can be traced back to this period
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12
Q

irregular symmetry

A

no symmetry

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13
Q

Radial symmetry

A

animals that can be divided among many planes and still be the same

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14
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A
  • having only two sides
  • can be split in half and get a mirror image
  • triploblastic animals
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15
Q

Body Plan

A
  • set of morphological and developmental traits
    • what it looks like and maybe how it develops
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15
Q

no tissue layers

A
  • no true tissues
    • sponges
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16
Q

eumetazoans

A

Organisms with tissues (at least two layers of tissues)

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17
Q

diploblastic

A

two layers of tissue; have ectoderm and endoderm (inside and outside)

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18
Q

Triploblastic

A

three layers of tissue; include mesoderm

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19
Q

coelom

A
  • Body cavity
  • fluid filled space between digestive tact and outer body wall
  • cushions organs
  • allows organs to grow and move independently of body wall
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20
Q

hydrostatic skeleton

A

soft bodied animals, fluid in the body cavity used to their advantage
- usually for movement

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21
Q

acoelomates

A

Triploblastic animals that lack a body cavity

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22
Q

Coelomates

A
  • have a true coelom
  • true cavities are developed in the mesoderm (embedded in)
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23
Q

Pseudocoelomates

A

fake cavity are developed next to the mesoderm

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24
Q

Gastrovascular cavity

A
  • has a single opening (mouth/anus)
  • pocket
  • digests the food and distributes the nutrients
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25
Q

Complete Gut/complete digestive system/alimentary canal

A
  • has two openings (mouth and anus)
  • more efficient because food is broken down in stages
  • food goes into the mouth and waste is discarded through the anus
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26
Q

Complete Gut/complete digestive system/alimentary canal

A
  • has two openings (mouth and anus)
  • more efficient because food is broken down in stages
  • food goes into the mouth and waste is discarded through the anus
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27
Q

Protostome development

A

blastopore becomes the mouth

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28
Q

deuterostome development

A

blastopore becomes the anus

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29
Q

blastopore

A

the opening that forms during gastrulation

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30
Q

Porifera (porous)

A
  • sponges
  • irregular symmetry
  • no tissue
  • maybe gastrovascular cavity
  • most are marine (but all aquatic)
  • suspension feeders
  • sessile
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31
Q

sessile

A

attached to the ground/bottom

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32
Q

suspension feeders

A

trap food and filters water out

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33
Q

cnidaria

A
  • radial symmetry
  • eumetazoan (diploblastic)
  • gastrovascular cavity
  • tentacles (jellyfish)
  • carnivores
  • use tentacles to push prey into mouth
  • all aquatic
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34
Q

cnidocytes

A

stinging cells on the tentacles

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35
Q

polyp

A
  • sessile
  • tube with tentacles at the top
  • stage that a cnidaria goes through
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36
Q

Medusa

A

umbrella with tentacles at the bottom
- Stage that a cnidaria goes through

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37
Q

Platyhelminthes

A
  • Flatworms
  • simplest bilaterians (bilateral symmetry)
  • marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial environments, and inside other organisms
  • triploblastic
  • acoelomates
  • gastrovascular cavity
  • protostome
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38
Q

turbellaria

A
  • Platyhelminthes
  • free-living
  • carnivores
  • freshwater and prey on small animals
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39
Q

Trematodes (flukes)

A
  • Platyhelminthes
  • parasitic
  • live in embedded tissue
    • wide range of hosts switches from environment to host then back to environment
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40
Q

Cestoda (Tapeworms)

A
  • Platyhelminthes
  • parasitize the inside of a digestive system of another animals
  • absorb nutrients from the host’s intestines
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41
Q

Rotifera

A
  • Bilateral
  • Triploblastic
  • pseudocoelomate
  • complete gut
  • protostome
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42
Q

Molluscs (Mollusca)

A
  • bilateral
  • eumetazoan
    • triploblastic
  • coelomates
  • complete gut
  • protostome
  • have a visceral mass, mantle, and radula
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43
Q

Visceral mass

A

area where their (Mollusca) guts are stored

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44
Q

mantle

A

layer of tissue that secretes a shell (Mollusca)

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45
Q

Radula

A

“teeth” that is used to scrape up food (Mollusca)

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46
Q

Gastropods

A
  • slugs and snails
  • only terrestrial group
    (Mollusca)
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47
Q

Bivalves

A
  • clams, oysters, mussels, scallops
  • shell divided into two halves hinged together
  • most are sedentary
    (Mollusca)
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48
Q

Cephalopods

A

(Mollusca)
- squids, octopuses, nautiluses
- fast predators

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49
Q

Annelids (Annelida)

A
  • Worms with Segmentation
    • broken into repeated segments
  • Bilateral
  • eumetazoan
    • Triploblastic
  • coelomate
  • complete gut
  • protostome
  • Closed circulatory system
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50
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

blood remains enclosed in the vessels throughout the body

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51
Q

Open circulatory system

A

blood is pumped into vessels in open body cavities

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52
Q

Oligochaeta

A

Earthworms
- terrestrial annelids
- ingest dirt and extract nutrients
- aerates the soil

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53
Q

Polychaetes

A
  • largest group
  • marine annelids
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54
Q

Hirundinea

A
  • leeches
  • fresh water annelids
  • free living carnivores but some suck blood
  • razor like jaws and anesthesia
  • can suck up 10x their body weight in blood
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55
Q

Nematodes (Nematoda)

A
  • Bilateral
  • eumetazoan
    • triploblastic
  • pseudocoelomate
  • complete gut
  • protostome
  • Worms without segments and not flattened
  • free living or parasitic
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56
Q

arthropods (Arthropoda)

A
  • Bilateral
  • triploblastic
  • complete gut
  • pseudocoelomate
  • segmentation
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57
Q

Why are the arthopods so successful?

A
  • segmentation
    • makes it easier to develop
  • consists of the head, thorax, and abdomen
58
Q

head

A

a segment used for sensing and feeling in arthopods

59
Q

thorax

A

a segment used for movement in arthopods
- legs and wings would be attached here

60
Q

abdomen

A

a segment that houses the guts in arthopods
- it is the “tail”

61
Q

molting

A

sheading their (arthopods) exoskeleton
made of proteins and chitin (same with fungi)

62
Q

chelicerates (fangs)

A
  • arthopod
  • horseshoe crab (aquatic)
  • arachnids
  • spiders, scorpions, etc.
63
Q

Myriapods (many legged)

A
  • arthopod
  • millipedes
    • herbivores
    • 2 pairs of legs attached to each segment
  • centipedes
    • carnivores
      • one leg attached to each segment
64
Q

Pancrustaceans

A
  • arthopods
  • consists of the crustaceans and insects
65
Q

crustaceans

A
  • almost all aquatic
    • Isopods (only terrestrial)
    • crab
    • shrimp
    • barnacles
66
Q

hexapods

A

insects with 6 legs

67
Q

what does the body of a hexapod consist of?

A
  • head
  • thorax
  • abdomen
  • three sets of legs
  • wings (some)
68
Q

Why are hexapods (insects) so successful?

A
  • body segmentation
  • exoskeleton
  • jointed appendages
  • flight
  • waterproof cuticle
  • complex life cycle with short generation and large number of offspring
69
Q

incomplete metamorphosis

A
  • first kind
  • going through many different molting to become an adult
    • if it had wings then it is an adult (earn them when they molt for the last time)
70
Q

complete metamorphosis

A
  • very different as a larva
    • just eats to get big so when they’re an adult they can reproduce
    • not competing with the adults
71
Q

Pupa

A
  • in-between stage
    • their body melts and reforms into the adult stage
72
Q

Wings in hexapods

A
  • some are shields with the flying wings under
  • some pairs are used for flying
73
Q

Protective coloration in hexapods

A

coloring that scares off or deceives predators

74
Q

Echinodermata

A
  • all marine
  • bilateral
  • triploblastic
  • true coelom
  • complete gut
  • deuterostomes
  • ability to regenerate lost arms
  • Sea urchins
    • herbivores
75
Q

endoskeleton

A

hard calcareous plates under a thin layer of skin
Echinodermata

76
Q

water vascular system

A
  • that branch into extensions (tube feet)
  • moving water from one part of the body
    Echinodermata
77
Q

Chordata

A
  • bilateral
  • triploblastic
  • true celom
  • complete gut
  • deuterostomes
78
Q

What are the two deuterostome phyla?

A

Chordata and Echinodermata

79
Q

How is the Chordata phylum defined?

A
  • dorsal hollow nerve cord (along the back)
  • notochord
    • protects and supports the nerve cord
    • under the nerve cord
  • pharyngeal slits
  • post anal tail (muscular)
80
Q

Invertebrate cordate

A
  • do not have backbone
  • aquatic
81
Q

cephalochordate

A
  • lancelets
  • embedded in marine sand
  • all aquatic
82
Q

Urochordata

A
  • tunicates
  • looks like cordate when they are larva (May last only a few minutes)
  • class of chordates
83
Q

Vertebrates

A

animals that have the sections in their backbone

84
Q

notochord

A
  • longitudinal, flexible rod
  • skeletal support
  • hard rod that runs the length of the animal
  • kind of only seen during embryonic development
85
Q

nerve cord (dorsal, hollow)

A
  • Nerve cord that is developed from ectoderm and rolls into tube (like rolled ice cream)
  • nerve cord develops into central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
86
Q

Pharyngeal slits or clefts

A
  • grooves around the neck area
87
Q

What is the function of pharyngeal slits

A
  • suspension feeding
  • gas exchange (except vertebrates with limbs)
  • Develop into part of ear, head, and neck kinda
88
Q

muscular, post-anal tail

A
  • tail is reduced in a lot of species
  • propel aquatic species
89
Q

Myxini

A
  • cartilaginous skull
  • marine
  • hagfish
90
Q

Chepalaspidomorphi/ petromyzontida

A

feed by clamping their mouth on live fish
- lampreys

91
Q

Gnathostomes

A

vertebrates that have jaws
mineralization originated with jaws or bone around mouth

92
Q

Chondrichthyes

A
  • have skeleton that is made of cartilage
  • oily liver to maintain buoyancy
  • aerobic cellular metabolism
  • constant moving
  • class of Chordates
93
Q

derived characteristics of vertebrates

A
  • Craniates (elaborate skull)
  • vertebrae enclosing a spinal cord
  • gnathostomes
94
Q

Osteichthyes

A
  • bony exoskeleton reinforced with calcium phosphate
  • bony fishes and tetrapods
95
Q

Actinopterygii

A
  • ray-finned fishes
  • operculum
  • swim bladder
  • oviparous
96
Q

Swim Bladder

A

separate organ that helps them maintain buoyancy (instead of oil they (Actinopterygii) use gasses)

97
Q

oviparous

A

eggs but kept inside body

98
Q

Coelacanths

A

thought they were extinct but they weren’t
- lobe finned fish

99
Q

lungfishes

A

lobe finned fish

100
Q

tetrapods

A
  • lobe finned fish
  • gnathostomes
  • four limbs
  • a neck
  • fusion of pelvic girdle to the backbone
  • absence of gills
  • ears
101
Q

Amphibians

A
  • have to have water for reproduction
  • larva aquatic
  • terrestrial adult
  • most have moist skin
102
Q

Urodela

A
  • salamanders
  • amphibians with tails
  • half in water half on land
103
Q

Anura

A
  • frogs
  • lack tails
  • have powerful hind legs
  • frogs with leathery skin are called toads
104
Q

Apoda

A
  • legless nearly blind
  • amphibians without legs
  • kinda looks like a weird earthworm snake thing
  • salamander that has lost its legs
105
Q

Amniotes

A

group of tetrapods
- have amniotic egg

106
Q

Amniotic egg

A
  • allows tetrapods to reproduce out of water
  • adaptation to life on land
  • some have shells (talking about the egg)
107
Q

layers of the amniotic egg

A
  • amnion
  • chorion
  • yolk sac
  • allantois
108
Q

Reptiles

A
  • most reptiles are ectothermic
  • brids are endothermic
  • lizards, snakes, birds, dinos
109
Q

ectothermic

A
  • absorbs external heat as the main source of body heat
  • does not maintain body heat through metabolism
110
Q

endothermic

A

maintains body temperature through metabolism

111
Q

Lepidosaurs

A
  • lizard-like reptiles
    • tuataras
112
Q

squamates

A
  • lizards and snakes
  • lineage of Lepidosaurs
  • snakes are legless lizards
113
Q

Birds

A
  • Biologically reptiles (dinosaurs)
  • Taxonomically they are in class Aves
    -flight is very important for them
114
Q

What is a major adaptation for birds?

A

wings and keratin feathers

115
Q

Why is flight so important for birds?

A
  • find things easy
  • escape is easy
  • flexibility in where to live
116
Q

What makes Mammals so unique?

A
  • mammary glands
  • hair/fur
  • high metabolic rate (endothermy)
  • larger brain
  • differentiated teeth
117
Q

monotremes

A
  • egg laying mammals
    • echidnas and platypus
118
Q

marsupials

A
  • pouched mammals
  • embryo develops within a placenta in the mom’s uterus
  • baby is born very early in its development
    • finishes development inside the pouch
  • convergent evolutions has resulted in marsupials that look like eutherians in other parts of the world
119
Q

eutherians

A
  • (can be called placental mammals)
  • have a complex/more developed placenta
  • babies is born very developed
  • 1/3 are rodents 1/3 are bats 1/3 is other
120
Q

arboreal adaptations

A

tree living adaptations

121
Q

Primate adaptations

A
  • shoulder and hip joints have wider range of motion
    • helps with climbing and brachiation
    • grasping hands and feet
    • sensitive hands and feet
    • short snout and forward pointing eyes
      • helps with depth perception
122
Q

brachiation

A

Swinging from branch to branch

123
Q

Lemurs, Lorises, pottos

A
  • lemurs only live in Madagascar
  • lorises and pottos only in in Africa and Asia
  • group of primates
124
Q

Tarsiers

A
  • nocturnal
  • only found in south east Asia
  • group of primates
125
Q

Anthropoid

A

monkeys and apes (hominoids)

126
Q

hominoids

A
  • monkeys and apes
  • have larger brains relatively
  • rely on eyesight and less on olfaction than other mammals
  • fully opposable thumbs
127
Q

characteristics all monkeys have

A
  • diurnal
  • live in social groups
  • have forelimbs about equal in length to hind limbs
128
Q

New World Monkeys (Central and South America)

A
  • all arboreal
  • prehensile tail: adapted for grasping limbs
  • nostrils are wide apart and wide open
129
Q

Old World Monkeys (Africa and Asia)

A
  • some are arboreal but some are found on the ground
  • tail can’t really support the monkey’s weight might be used for balance
  • nostrils close together and point down
130
Q

Apes (Family: Hominidae)

A
  • Gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans
  • nonhuman apes only in Africa and southeast Asia in tropical rain forests
  • larger brain size relatively and flexible behavior
  • most apes are vegetarian however they are opportunistically omnivores
131
Q

Gibbons

A
  • fully arboreal apes
  • monogamous
  • smallest, lighter, most acrobatic
132
Q

Orangutans

A
  • orange ones
  • solitary ape (shy)
  • only in Indonesia
  • largest arboreal mammal
133
Q

Gorillas

A
  • Largest ape
  • fully Terrestrial
  • knuckle walkers
134
Q

Chimpanzees

A
  • 75% in trees 25% on ground
  • tropical Africa
  • makes and uses tools
  • share 99% of genes with humans
135
Q

Paleoanthropology

A

study of human origins and evolution

136
Q

How are humans different?

A
  • Humans are bipetal
    • we walk on two legs all the time (upright)
  • Humans have the largest relative brain size
  • reduced jawbones and jaw muscles
  • shorter digestive tract
137
Q

Homo neanderthalensis

A
  • went extinct
  • brains the same size as ours
138
Q

Deuterostomia

A

echinoderms (sea stars and
relatives), and chordates
 This clade includes both vertebrates and invertebrates

139
Q

Ecdysozoa

A

a clade of invertebrates that shed their
exoskeletons through a process called ecdysis

140
Q

Lophotrochozoa

A

clade of bilaterian
invertebrates

141
Q

lophophore

A

feeding structure in lophotrochozoans

142
Q

trochophore larva

A

distinct developmental stage in lophotrochozoans

Biology (7 decks)

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