Exam 3 Flashcards
What are Similarities between plants and Charophytes
- share same ancestor
- multicell organisms
- photoautotrophic
What is a difference between plants and charophytes
plant cell walls contain cellulose (not in algae)
What opportunities did colonizing the land bring?
- unlimited sunlight
- abundant CO2
- initially, few pathogens/herbivores
What were some disadvantages for moving up to land?
Maintaining Moisture
Supporting their body
Obtaining resources
Adaptation: How do plants maintain moisture?
- land plants have a waxy cuticle and cells that open and close the stomata
- bring carbon in and letting waste and water out
Adaptation: How do plants support their body?
lignin helps plants support their body against the pull of gravity
Adaptation: How do plants obtain resources
- on land, plants obtain water and minerals from roots in the soil
- CO2 from the air and sunlight through leaves in the air
vascular system
a network that moves resources throughout the plant
xylem
- consists of dead cells
- conveys water and minerals
- from the root to the shute
- moving up
phloem
- consists of living cells
- conveys sugars
- from the shute to everything that’s not green
Nonvascular Plant Phyla (Bryophytes)
Bryophyta
Hepatophyta
Anthocerophyta
Seedless Vascular Plants
Lycophytes
Monilophytes
Gymnosperm Phyla
Cycadophyta
Gingkophyta
Gnetophyta
Coniferophyta
Mitosis
Cells make exact copies of themselves
Meiosis
ploidy will divide in half
Fertilization
cells make new cell with double
- Phyte
Plant/Plant-Like
Sporophyte is the only ____ lifestage
Diploid
Complete flowers
have male and female parts in the same flower
sepals
green bottom leaves that enclose the flower before it blooms
not gender specific
petals
bright colored leaves that attract animal pollinators
not gender specific
stamens consists of…
Filament & Anther (Male parts)
filament
holds up anther
anther
Where pollen is made
carpels consists of…
stigma, style, & ovary (female parts)
stigma
sticky for pollination
style
where sperm travels down
ovary
where fertilization occurs
Seed dispersal Mechanisms
- natural elements (water/wind)
- hitching ride on animals
- ingestion
Fruits
- ripened ovaries of flowers
- adaptations that protect and disperse seeds
Monocots (one cotyledon)
- single leaf
- 25% of angiosperms
- grass-like
- orchids, grasses, palm-trees
Angiosperm group
Dicots (two cotyledon)
two baby leaves
eudicot (true dicots)
- new dicots
- legume and rose family
How do monocot and edicot embryos differ?
Monocot has one cotyledon
eudicot embryos have two cotyledons
How do monocot and eudicot leaves differ?
Monocot leaf veins are parallel
Eudicot leaf veins are netlike
How do monocot and eudicot stems differ?
Monocot tissue is scattered
Eudicot tissue is arranged in a ring
How do monocot and eudicot roots differ?
Monocot roots are fibrous (no main root)
Eudicots have taproot (main root usually present)
How do monocot and eudicot pollen differ?
Monocot pollen grains have one opening
Eudicot pollen grains have three openings
How do monocot and eudicot flowers differ?
Monocot flower organs come in multiples of 3
Eudicot floral organs come in multiples of 4/5
What is this?
Magnoliid: Southern Magnolia
What do plants do for human welfare?
- seed plants are sources of food, fuel, wood, and medicine
- most of our food comes from angiosperms
- Digitalin is for heart medication
Are gametophytes multi or single celled?
Multi
Gametes are ____ Celled
Single
Are sporophytes multi or single celled
Multi
Spores are ____ celled
Single
Spores are ____ celled
Single
What is the dominant life stage for nonvasular plants
Gametophyte
What is the dominant life stage for seedless vascular plants, angiosperms, and gymnosperms?
Sporophyte
What is the mode of nutitron for fungi?
Chemoheterotroph
Hyphae
Stringy thing that fungi is made out of
Mycelia
Hyphae that is packed together to form fungi body
Why do hyphae pack together
For more surface area = more ability to get food
yeast
Single celled fungus
What is in fugi cell walls
Chitin
Septate Hyphae
porous, cells are separated by septa with pores
Coemocytic Hyphae
Hyphae cells are not separated (similar to plasmodial slime mold)
haustoria
specialized for puncturing into something (in fungi)
ectomycorrhizal fungi
weaves between the cells and roots absorbs nutrients externally
arbuscular mycorrhizal
Puncture plant cells
Mycorrhizae relationship with plants
- mutualistic relationship
- Fungi spreads out in the soil and delivers water and nutrients to the plant
- plant photosynthesizes and feeds the fungi sugar
- Allowed plants and fungi to colonize land together
Mold
multi celled fungus reproduce by mitosis
Yeast
single celled reproduce by making another cell
Deuteromycetes
- fungus species that we’ve never seen reproduce sexually
When is the only time a fungus is haploid
when it is a zygote
How do fungi sexually repoduce
- joining two haploid cells (NOT sperm and egg)
- send out signals to nearby fungus to reproduce (pheromones)
Plasmogamy
- cytoplasm joining but the nuclei don’t
- two nuclei and wait until conditions are good
- Can stay from hours to centuries
heterokaryon
single cell with two nuclei
Karyogamy
fusing of the two nuclei and make a diploid zygote
Karyogamy
fusing of the two nuclei and make a diploid zygote
-mye
Fungus
Crypotomycetes
- parasite of protists
- spores with flagella
Microsporidians
- this group contains fungus responsible for honeybee colony collapse
- 2000 genes (small genomes) reduced mitochondria
- harpoons
Chytrids
- spores with flagella
- might be responsible for frog death (extinction of jewel frogs)
Zoopagmomaycetes
- parasites (other fungi or protists)
- commensal symbionts of animals (doesn’t harm host)
- some make insects behave weirdly
Mucoromycetes
- decomposers
- mycorrhizae are in this group
- Black bread mold
Ascomycetes
- decomposers, symbionts
- sexual spores are in like a sac (asci)
- mold that makes penicillin
- lichen
- cup fungi in this group
Basidiomycetes
- clublike structure called basidium
- shelf fungi; regular mushroom
- decomposers
Why is improtant for fungi to be decomposers
- can break down tough cellulose and lignin
- essential for bringing these nutrients back into the earth
endophytes
- fungal relationship where they live inside leaves of plants
- fungus develop toxin and deflect something to eat it and fight against pathogens
- fungus gets food
- ascomycetes are most of these
What is an example of a symbiyont relationship between animals and fungi?
- ant fungus
- ants eat part of the fungus and the fungus gets food from the ants
lichens
- algae or bacteria (cyanobacteria) engulfed in fungal hyphae
- fungus receives food and the other gets water and minerals from the air
Why is lichen important?
they can colonize land where nothing else lives/no organic material (early colonizers that helped form soil)
fruticose
shrub-like fungi
fruticose
shrub-like fungi
foliose
Leaflike (frilly) fungi
Crustose
Encrusting (Crusty)
Mycosis
general term for fungal infection
smut
parasidic globular fungi
Rust
fungi that looks like black dust
Bryophyta
Nonvascular Plant Phyla (Bryophytes)
Hepatophyta
Nonvascular Plant Phyla (Bryophytes)
Anthocerophyta
Nonvascular Plant Phyla (Bryophytes)
Lycophytes
Seedless Vascular Plants phyla
Monilophytes
Seedless Vascular Plants phyla
Cycadophyta
Gymnosperm Phyla
Gingkophyta
Gymnosperm Phyla
Gnetophyta
Gymnosperm Phyla
Coniferophyta
Gymnosperm Phyla
