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Biology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are Similarities between plants and Charophytes

A
  • share same ancestor
  • multicell organisms
  • photoautotrophic
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2
Q

What is a difference between plants and charophytes

A

plant cell walls contain cellulose (not in algae)

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3
Q

What opportunities did colonizing the land bring?

A
  • unlimited sunlight
  • abundant CO2
  • initially, few pathogens/herbivores
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4
Q

What were some disadvantages for moving up to land?

A

Maintaining Moisture
Supporting their body
Obtaining resources

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5
Q

Adaptation: How do plants maintain moisture?

A
  • land plants have a waxy cuticle and cells that open and close the stomata
    • bring carbon in and letting waste and water out
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6
Q

Adaptation: How do plants support their body?

A

lignin helps plants support their body against the pull of gravity

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7
Q

Adaptation: How do plants obtain resources

A
  • on land, plants obtain water and minerals from roots in the soil
  • CO2 from the air and sunlight through leaves in the air
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8
Q

vascular system

A

a network that moves resources throughout the plant

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9
Q

xylem

A
  • consists of dead cells
  • conveys water and minerals
  • from the root to the shute
  • moving up
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10
Q

phloem

A
  • consists of living cells
  • conveys sugars
  • from the shute to everything that’s not green
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11
Q

Nonvascular Plant Phyla (Bryophytes)

A

Bryophyta
Hepatophyta
Anthocerophyta

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12
Q

Seedless Vascular Plants

A

Lycophytes
Monilophytes

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13
Q

Gymnosperm Phyla

A

Cycadophyta
Gingkophyta
Gnetophyta
Coniferophyta

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14
Q

Mitosis

A

Cells make exact copies of themselves

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15
Q

Meiosis

A

ploidy will divide in half

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16
Q

Fertilization

A

cells make new cell with double

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17
Q
  • Phyte
A

Plant/Plant-Like

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18
Q

Sporophyte is the only ____ lifestage

A

Diploid

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19
Q

Complete flowers

A

have male and female parts in the same flower

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20
Q

sepals

A

green bottom leaves that enclose the flower before it blooms

not gender specific

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21
Q

petals

A

bright colored leaves that attract animal pollinators

not gender specific

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22
Q

stamens consists of…

A

Filament & Anther (Male parts)

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23
Q

filament

A

holds up anther

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24
Q

anther

A

Where pollen is made

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25
Q

carpels consists of…

A

stigma, style, & ovary (female parts)

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26
Q

stigma

A

sticky for pollination

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27
Q

style

A

where sperm travels down

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28
Q

ovary

A

where fertilization occurs

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29
Q

Seed dispersal Mechanisms

A
  • natural elements (water/wind)
  • hitching ride on animals
  • ingestion
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30
Q

Fruits

A
  • ripened ovaries of flowers
  • adaptations that protect and disperse seeds
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31
Q

Monocots (one cotyledon)

A
  • single leaf
  • 25% of angiosperms
  • grass-like
  • orchids, grasses, palm-trees

Angiosperm group

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32
Q

Dicots (two cotyledon)

A

two baby leaves

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33
Q

eudicot (true dicots)

A
  • new dicots
  • legume and rose family
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34
Q

How do monocot and edicot embryos differ?

A

Monocot has one cotyledon
eudicot embryos have two cotyledons

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35
Q

How do monocot and eudicot leaves differ?

A

Monocot leaf veins are parallel
Eudicot leaf veins are netlike

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36
Q

How do monocot and eudicot stems differ?

A

Monocot tissue is scattered
Eudicot tissue is arranged in a ring

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37
Q

How do monocot and eudicot roots differ?

A

Monocot roots are fibrous (no main root)
Eudicots have taproot (main root usually present)

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38
Q

How do monocot and eudicot pollen differ?

A

Monocot pollen grains have one opening
Eudicot pollen grains have three openings

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39
Q

How do monocot and eudicot flowers differ?

A

Monocot flower organs come in multiples of 3
Eudicot floral organs come in multiples of 4/5

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40
Q

What is this?

A

Magnoliid: Southern Magnolia

41
Q

What do plants do for human welfare?

A
  • seed plants are sources of food, fuel, wood, and medicine
  • most of our food comes from angiosperms
  • Digitalin is for heart medication
42
Q

Are gametophytes multi or single celled?

A

Multi

43
Q

Gametes are ____ Celled

A

Single

44
Q

Are sporophytes multi or single celled

A

Multi

45
Q

Spores are ____ celled

A

Single

45
Q

Spores are ____ celled

A

Single

46
Q

What is the dominant life stage for nonvasular plants

A

Gametophyte

47
Q

What is the dominant life stage for seedless vascular plants, angiosperms, and gymnosperms?

A

Sporophyte

48
Q

What is the mode of nutitron for fungi?

A

Chemoheterotroph

49
Q

Hyphae

A

Stringy thing that fungi is made out of

50
Q

Mycelia

A

Hyphae that is packed together to form fungi body

51
Q

Why do hyphae pack together

A

For more surface area = more ability to get food

52
Q

yeast

A

Single celled fungus

53
Q

What is in fugi cell walls

A

Chitin

54
Q

Septate Hyphae

A

porous, cells are separated by septa with pores

55
Q

Coemocytic Hyphae

A

Hyphae cells are not separated (similar to plasmodial slime mold)

56
Q

haustoria

A

specialized for puncturing into something (in fungi)

57
Q

ectomycorrhizal fungi

A

weaves between the cells and roots absorbs nutrients externally

58
Q

arbuscular mycorrhizal

A

Puncture plant cells

59
Q

Mycorrhizae relationship with plants

A
  • mutualistic relationship
  • Fungi spreads out in the soil and delivers water and nutrients to the plant
  • plant photosynthesizes and feeds the fungi sugar
  • Allowed plants and fungi to colonize land together
60
Q

Mold

A

multi celled fungus reproduce by mitosis

61
Q

Yeast

A

single celled reproduce by making another cell

62
Q

Deuteromycetes

A
  • fungus species that we’ve never seen reproduce sexually
63
Q

When is the only time a fungus is haploid

A

when it is a zygote

64
Q

How do fungi sexually repoduce

A
  • joining two haploid cells (NOT sperm and egg)
  • send out signals to nearby fungus to reproduce (pheromones)
65
Q

Plasmogamy

A
  • cytoplasm joining but the nuclei don’t
  • two nuclei and wait until conditions are good
  • Can stay from hours to centuries
66
Q

heterokaryon

A

single cell with two nuclei

67
Q

Karyogamy

A

fusing of the two nuclei and make a diploid zygote

68
Q

Karyogamy

A

fusing of the two nuclei and make a diploid zygote

69
Q

-mye

A

Fungus

70
Q

Crypotomycetes

A
  • parasite of protists
  • spores with flagella
71
Q

Microsporidians

A
  • this group contains fungus responsible for honeybee colony collapse
  • 2000 genes (small genomes) reduced mitochondria
  • harpoons
72
Q

Chytrids

A
  • spores with flagella
  • might be responsible for frog death (extinction of jewel frogs)
73
Q

Zoopagmomaycetes

A
  • parasites (other fungi or protists)
  • commensal symbionts of animals (doesn’t harm host)
  • some make insects behave weirdly
74
Q

Mucoromycetes

A
  • decomposers
  • mycorrhizae are in this group
  • Black bread mold
75
Q

Ascomycetes

A
  • decomposers, symbionts
  • sexual spores are in like a sac (asci)
  • mold that makes penicillin
  • lichen
  • cup fungi in this group
76
Q

Basidiomycetes

A
  • clublike structure called basidium
  • shelf fungi; regular mushroom
  • decomposers
77
Q

Why is improtant for fungi to be decomposers

A
  • can break down tough cellulose and lignin
  • essential for bringing these nutrients back into the earth
78
Q

endophytes

A
  • fungal relationship where they live inside leaves of plants
  • fungus develop toxin and deflect something to eat it and fight against pathogens
  • fungus gets food
  • ascomycetes are most of these
79
Q

What is an example of a symbiyont relationship between animals and fungi?

A
  • ant fungus
  • ants eat part of the fungus and the fungus gets food from the ants
80
Q

lichens

A
  • algae or bacteria (cyanobacteria) engulfed in fungal hyphae
  • fungus receives food and the other gets water and minerals from the air
81
Q

Why is lichen important?

A

they can colonize land where nothing else lives/no organic material (early colonizers that helped form soil)

82
Q

fruticose

A

shrub-like fungi

83
Q

fruticose

A

shrub-like fungi

84
Q

foliose

A

Leaflike (frilly) fungi

85
Q

Crustose

A

Encrusting (Crusty)

86
Q

Mycosis

A

general term for fungal infection

87
Q

smut

A

parasidic globular fungi

88
Q

Rust

A

fungi that looks like black dust

89
Q

Bryophyta

A

Nonvascular Plant Phyla (Bryophytes)

90
Q

Hepatophyta

A

Nonvascular Plant Phyla (Bryophytes)

91
Q

Anthocerophyta

A

Nonvascular Plant Phyla (Bryophytes)

92
Q

Lycophytes

A

Seedless Vascular Plants phyla

93
Q

Monilophytes

A

Seedless Vascular Plants phyla

94
Q

Cycadophyta

A

Gymnosperm Phyla

95
Q

Gingkophyta

A

Gymnosperm Phyla

96
Q

Gnetophyta

A

Gymnosperm Phyla

97
Q

Coniferophyta

A

Gymnosperm Phyla

Biology (7 decks)

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