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Biology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Homologous

A

Similar features because they come from the same ancestor

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2
Q

Same form but modified for many different functions

A

Homologous

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3
Q

Analogous

A

Sharing similarities because environment has selected for those features (convergent evolution)

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4
Q

Many different forms but modified into the same function

A

Analogous

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5
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

a new species that come from an ancestor that colonizes a new area

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6
Q

Gradual Refinement

A

a structure that has one function but over time it gets better at said function

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7
Q

exaptation

A

structure meant for a specific function but starts being used for another function

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8
Q

What is a benefit of extinction

A

habitats become avalible

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9
Q

Evolutionary history of species/group of species; based on similarities physically and molecularly

A

Phylogeny

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10
Q

What is the taxonomy list

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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11
Q

What is first on the taxonomy list

A

Domain

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12
Q

What is second on the taxonomy list

A

Kingdom

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13
Q

what is third on the taxonomy list

A

phylum

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14
Q

what is fourth on the taxonomy list

A

class

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15
Q

what is fifth on the taxonomy list

A

order

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16
Q

what is sixth on the taxonomy list

A

family

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17
Q

what is seventh on the taxonomy list

A

genus

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18
Q

what is the last on the taxonomy list

A

species

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19
Q

what are the 3 domains

A

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

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20
Q

What is a similarity between the domains Bacteria and Archaea

A

they are made of prokaryotic organisms

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21
Q

What are the categories under eukarya

A

protis, fungi, plants, animalia

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22
Q

Horizontal Gene Transfer

A

Genes transferred from one genome to another through viral infection or plasmid exchange

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23
Q

vertical gene transfer

A

parents having offspring; DNA being copied and making a new one

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24
Q

How old is the earth

A

4.6 billion years old

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25
Q

When did earth calm down

A

3.9 billion years ago

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26
Q

How old is the evidence of the first living thing

A

3.5 billion years ago

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27
Q

When was the colonization of land

A

500 million years ago

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28
Q

when did homosapien first appear

A

200,000 years ago

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29
Q

Radiometric dating

A

a tool used to assess how old something is by measuring the radioactive isotope of carbon 14; if there’s still a lot remaining then its younger

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30
Q

geologic record

A

sequence and age of fossils in the rock strata

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31
Q

3 eras of the phanerozoic eon

A

Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic

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32
Q

Paleozoic era

A

Organisms moved onto land

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33
Q

Mesozoic era

A

dinosours

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34
Q

cenozoic

A

the present era

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35
Q

permian extinction

A

marine animals dying off because there was less coast because of Pangea; boundary between paleozoic and mesozoic eras

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36
Q

creaceous extinction

A

dinosours die except birds

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37
Q

why were organic molecules able to form

A

there was no oxygen back then

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38
Q

what are the 3 eons

A

archean, proterozoic, and phanerozoic

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39
Q

what is the first eon

A

archean

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40
Q

what was the second eon

A

proterozoic

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41
Q

what is the present eon

A

phanerozoic

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42
Q

allopatric speciation

A

populations of the same species that are separated physically/geographically and disrupts geneflow

43
Q

what is a by product of allopatric speciation

A

reproductive barriers

44
Q

sympatric speciation

A

new speices aries in the same geographic area as parent species

45
Q

habitat differentiation

A

same area but not in the same habitat

46
Q

sexual selection

A

a mate is picky about another mate

47
Q

polyploidy

A

2+ copies of each chromosome; more than one complete set of chromosomes

48
Q

Hybrid zones

A

when separated populations of closely related species come back together and mate again

49
Q

reinforcement

A

offspring do not do very well and the barrier is reinforced; hybrids are cut out

50
Q

fusion

A

offspring do really well and reverse speciation; two species become one again`

51
Q

stability

A

offspring does well but the two other species also do well; they stay separated but don’t die off

52
Q

gradual speciation

A

slowly become so different that they become different species

53
Q

punctuated equilibria

A

rapid speciation (punctuated) then stop changing for a while (equilibria)

54
Q

isolations cause different natural selection outcomes and different chance events and mutations

A

allopatric speciation

55
Q

Speciation

A

process by which one species splits into 2+

56
Q

Biological species Concept

A

when a group of populations are able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring then they are the same species

57
Q

what is the problems with the Biological species Concept

A
  • some different species can interbreed
  • cannot tell if there is reproductive isolation from extinct organisms that we know of from fossils
  • does not apply to organisms who reproduce asexually
58
Q

Morphological species concept

A

Based off physical similarities and can apply to asexual organisms and fossils

59
Q

what is the problem with Morphological species concept

A

is is very vague where the cut off is

60
Q

Ecological species concept

A

defines species by ecological role (niche)

61
Q

Phylogenetic species concept

A

defines species based on molecular structure and DNA

62
Q

what is the problem with Phylogenetic species concept

A

who decides the cut off

63
Q

What do reproductive barriers do

A

isolate gene pools, prevent interbreeding

64
Q

reproductive barrier before the zygote forms

A

prezygotic

65
Q

reproductive barrier after the zygote forms

A

postzygotic

66
Q

Habitat isolation

A

prezygotic barrier where they are in the same area but not in the same habitat

67
Q

temporal isolation

A

prezygotic barrier where the species breed at different times

68
Q

behavioral isolation

A

prezygotic barrier where there is no mate recognition; females don’t recognize the male unless the mating ritual is preformed

69
Q

mechanical isolation

A

prezygotic barrier where mating is attempted because sex organs just don’t fit/not compatible

70
Q

gametic isolation

A

prezygotic barrier where eggs and sperm are not compatible

71
Q

reduced hybrid viability

A

postzygotic barrier where offspring do not survive

72
Q

reduced hybrid fertility

A

postzygotic barrier where hybrid is healthy but cannot reproduce and are sterile

73
Q

hybrid breakdown

A

postzygotic barrier where the hybrid survives but THEIR offspring is sterile or not surviving

74
Q

What are the classifications for the hardy-weinberg equilibrium

A
  • no mutations (cannot control)
  • random mating
  • no gene flow (no migration)
  • no genetic drift
  • no natural selection
75
Q

genetic drift

A

chance situations causing the gene pool to change

76
Q

bottle neck effect

A

population is reduced by a lot which results to loss of genetic diversity

77
Q

Founder effect

A
  • individuals colonize a new habitat
    • the new group will represent the new generation
78
Q

gene flow

A
  • migration
  • moving from one population to the next
79
Q

natural selection

A
  • adaptive (fit the environment the best)
  • indicated by how many offspring you have
80
Q

stabilizing selection

A
  • middle trait is most favorable
  • extremes not common
  • very skinty curve in the middle
  • common in environments that doesn’t really change
81
Q

directional selection

A
  • one extreme is favorable but the other is not
  • happens in changing environments
  • shifts the curve to only one side
82
Q

Disruptive selection

A
  • 2 extremes are favored
  • patchy environments
  • sometime causes sexual dimorphism
83
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

difference physical characteristics between males and females

84
Q

Intrasexual competition

A

males fighting with other males for mates

85
Q

intersexual competition

A

one gender is picky about picking a mate; more likely to pick the most colorful and flashy one; goal is to pass on offspring; does not matter if they survive as long just reproduce

86
Q

Diploidy

A

preserves variation by hiding recessive alleles

87
Q

Balancing selection

A

maintains stable of both extremes (disruptive selection)

88
Q

Heterozygote advantage

A

have greater reproductive success than homozygotes

89
Q

frequency-dependent selection

A

best one to be is the one nobody else is

90
Q

neutral

A

no advantage of disadvantage in the trait

91
Q

3 things for natural selection to occur

A
  • variability in traits
  • differential survival and reproduction
  • heritable
92
Q

differential reproduction

A

some organisms need to do better than others; favoring survival and reproduction of the fittest

93
Q

gene pool (limiting natural selection)

A
  • if the trait doesn’t exist in the population than the organism cannot have it even if its beneficial. traits must already be existing and getting better
94
Q

speed of reproduction

A

slow reproduction in an environment that is quickly changing means the species cannot adapt fast enough to the environment and risk extinction

95
Q

Homology

A

similarity in characteristics that come from a common ancestry

96
Q

vestigial organs

A

homologous structures that are not used;
reminisce of ancestral features

97
Q

molecular biology

A
  • comparing DNA and ammino acid between different organisms
    • degree of similarity implies degree of similarity
98
Q

population

A

group of individuals of the same species living in the same space and time

99
Q

Evolution

A

Change in heritable traits in a population over time

100
Q

Gene pool

A

all the genes in a population in any one time

101
Q

Microevolution

A

the change in relative frequencies of alleles in a gene pool over time

102
Q

Modern synthesis

A

using Darwin’s theory in combination with population genetics (applying old concepts to new)

103
Q

What is the most common mutation

A
  • chromosomal duplication
  • the original copy is unaffected while the new copy can be tinkered with

Biology (7 decks)

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