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Biology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cocci

A

Sphere shaped Prokaryote

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2
Q

Rod Shaped Prokaryote

A

Baccili

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3
Q

Spiral shaped prokaryote

A

spirals

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4
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

a network of sugar polymers in bacterial cell walls

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5
Q

What is a Gram Stain used for?

A

to classify bacteria by cell wall composition

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6
Q

What kind of cell appears blue-violet after a gram stain?

A

Gram-Positive

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7
Q

What kind of cell wall do gram positive bacteria have?

A

simple cell wall with a thick cell wall with a large amount of peptidoglycan

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8
Q

what kind of cell wall do gram negative have?

A

an outer membrane and an inner membrane separated by a thin peptidoglycan layer

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9
Q

what is a capsule

A

a protein layer that covers many prokaryotes

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10
Q

what is a frimbriae

A

prokaryote “hair” that allow them to stick to their substrate or other prokaryotes

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11
Q

Sex Pili

A

Kinda like a tail that sticks to other prokaryotes to exchange DNA

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12
Q

Endospores

A

a bunker for prokaryotes to live in when they are in harsh conditions; this can last for centuries

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13
Q

taxis

A

the ability to move toward or away from a stimulus

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14
Q

Flagella

A

a tail like thing that allows bacteria to propel

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15
Q

nucleoid

A

a region where a prokaryote’s chromosome is homed

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16
Q

plasmids

A

smaller rings of DNA in bacteria

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17
Q

How do prokaryotes reproduce

A

binary fission

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18
Q

What domain of life has a nuclear membrane

A

Eukarya

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19
Q

What domain of life has membrane enclosed organelles

A

Eukarya

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20
Q

What domain of life has peptidoglycan in their cell wall

A

Bacteria

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21
Q

What domains of life have several kinds of RNA polymerase

A

Archaea and Eukarya

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22
Q

What domain of life has circular chromosome

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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23
Q

What domain of life has no growth at temperatures > 100 degrees Celsius

A

Bacteria and Eukarya

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24
Q

What domain of life’s growth isn’t inhibited from the antibiotics: streptomycin and chloramphenicol

A

Archaea and Eukarya

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25
Q

What is the initiator amino acid for protein synthesis in Archea and Eukarya

A

Methionine

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26
Q

what the initiator amino acid for protein synthesis for Bacteria

A

formyl methionine

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27
Q

What are the three factors that contribute to genertic diversity in prokaryotes

A

Rapid Reproduction, Mutation, and Genetic Recombination

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28
Q

Transformation

A

prokaryotic cell incorporating foreign DNA from the surrounding environment (usually through trauma)

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29
Q

Transduction

A

the movement of genes between bacteria through infection

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30
Q

Conjugation

A

genetic material is transferred between prokaryotic cells through a pilus

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31
Q

Phototrophs

A

capture energy from sunlight

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32
Q

Chemotrophs

A

harnessing energy stored in chemicals

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33
Q

Autotrophs

A

obtain carbon atoms from carbon dioxide

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34
Q

Heterotrophs

A

obtain carbon atoms from organic compounds from other organisms

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35
Q

modes of nutrition

A

how prokaryotes obtain energy + how prokaryotes obtain carbon

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36
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

obtain energy from sunlight and use carbon dioxide for carbon

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37
Q

photohetertrophs

A

obtain energy from sunlight but get their carbon atoms from organic molecules

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38
Q

chemoautotrophs

A

harvest energy from inorganic chemicals and use carbon dioxide for carbon

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39
Q

chemoheterotrophs

A

acquire energy and carbon from organic molecules

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40
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

require O2 for cellular respiration

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41
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

cannot live in O2 and use fermentation (anaerobic respiration)

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42
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

can survive with or without O2

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43
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

Prokaryotic function where they convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3)

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44
Q

Biofilms

A

colonies of prokaryotic species that work together; some photosynthesize the other fixate nitrogen

45
Q

Bioremediation

A

using prokaryotic organisms to remove pollutants from the environment

46
Q

What do prokaryotes do for Research and Technology

A

They can be used to make plastics, make vitamins, antibiotics, and hormones

47
Q

Exotoxins

A

toxins that are secreted and cause disease when when the prokaryote that produced it is dead (will flush out quickly)

48
Q

Endotoxins

A

released toxins when bacteria die and their cell wall is broken down (inside the bacteria and only harmful when the cell dies)

49
Q

Pathogens

A

bacteria that cause disease

50
Q

benign

A

beneficial or does not effect

51
Q

symbiosis

A

two species that live in very close contact with each other: consists of a larger host and smaller symbiont

52
Q

Mutalism

A

both organisms benefit

53
Q

commensalism

A

one organism benefits while the other is uneffected

54
Q

Parasitism

A

organism (Parasite) harms their host

55
Q

What is a beneficial function of chemoheterotrophic prokaryotes

A

they are decomposers that breakdown dead organisms and waste products

56
Q

extremophiles

A

archaea that live in extreme environments

57
Q

Extreme halophiles

A

live in very salty environments

58
Q

extreme thermophiles

A

live in very hot environments

59
Q

methanogens

A

produce methane as a waste product and live in: digestive tracts of plant eating mammals, decomposing materials in landfills, and muck under standing water

60
Q

Chlamydias

A

These bacteria are parasites that live within animal
cells

61
Q

Spirochetes

A

these bacteria are helical heterotrophs; spiral shaped

62
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

These are photoautotrophs that generate O2

63
Q

algae

A

plastid bearing lineage of protists evolved into photosynthetic protists; catch all name for photosynthetic protist (photoautotrophic)

64
Q

Serial endosymbiosis

A

mitochondria evolved before plastids through a sequence of endosymbiotic events

65
Q

Primary endosymbiosis

A
  • prokaryote eats a chloroplast
  • symbiont prokaryote
66
Q

secondary endosymbiosis

A
  • eating algae and incorporating it into the cell
  • symbiont eukaryote
67
Q

What is a feature that all excavates have?

A

modified mitochondria and unique flagella

68
Q

Diplomonads

A
  • excavata
  • sister taxa with parabasilids
    lack plastids
  • most live in anaerobic environments
  • modified mitochondria
  • chemoheterotrophic
  • parasitic
69
Q

Parabasalids

A
  • excavata
  • sister taxa with diplomonads
  • reduced mitochondria
  • disease causing
  • hydrogenosomes
70
Q

hydrogenosomes

A

generate energy anaerobically

70
Q

hydrogenosomes

A

generate energy anaerobically

71
Q

Euglenozoans

A

have flagella but has a spiral or crystalline rod inside
- in excavata

72
Q

kinetoplastids

A
  • single mitochondria
  • all chemoheterotrophic
  • some are free-living
  • Trypanosoma
73
Q

Euglenids

A

one or two flagella that emerge from one pocket at the end of the cell

74
Q

Stramenopiles

A
  • paired flagella (one smooth one hairy)
  • pulls out carbon dioxide and puts it into the ocean
75
Q

Diatoms

A
  • unicellular algae with a unique two part glass wall of silicon dioxide
  • photosynthetic
  • Sister taxa with Golden algae and Brown algae
  • Strameopilies
  • SAR Clade
76
Q

Golden Algae

A
  • yellowish cast
  • most are unicellular
  • can form colonies
  • Sister taxa with diatoms and brown algae
  • Stramenopiles
  • SAR Clade
77
Q

Brown algae

A
  • largest and most complex
  • kelp or seaweeds
  • Sister taxa with golden algae and diatoms
  • Stramenopile
  • Has holdfast, stope and blades
    may look like plants but are not; analogous evolution
    Supergroup: SAR Clade
78
Q

Holdfast

A

root like

79
Q

stipe

A

stem like thing

80
Q

stipe

A

stem like thing

81
Q

Blades

A

leaf like thing

82
Q

Alveolates

A

have membrane enclosed sacs under the plasma membrane
Dinoflagellates, Apicomplexans, and cillates

83
Q

Dinoflagellates

A
  • two flagella and is reinforced by cellulose plates
  • can be in fresh or salt water
  • red tide
  • sister taxa apicomplexans
  • Aveolate
  • Supergroup: SAR Clade
84
Q

apicomplexans

A
  • parasites of animals and some human diseases
  • Plasmodium
    • causes malaria
  • Sister taxa is dinoglagellates
  • Aveolates
  • Supergroup: SAR Clade
85
Q

Ciliates

A
  • large varied group of protists named for use of cilia to move and feed
    • hair like things
  • results from conjugation
  • Aveolate
  • Supergroup: SAR Clade
86
Q

Rhizarians

A
  • many in this group are amoebas
  • protists that move and feed by pseudopodia
    • any part of its body can be extracted and retracted
  • thread-like pseudopods
  • Farams
  • Cercoaoans
  • Radiolarians
87
Q

radiolarians

A
  • skeletons made of silica
  • moving body out of their shell to grab food
  • Rhizarian
  • Supergroup: SAR Clade
88
Q

Foraminiferans (forams)

A

extend through the pores in the test
sister taxa with cercozoans
Rhizarian
supergroup: sar clade

89
Q

tests

A

porous, generally multichambered shells

90
Q

cercozoans

A
  • threadlike pseudopods
  • Rhizarian
  • Supergroup: SAR Clade
91
Q

Archaeplastida

A

supergroup that contains red algae, green algae, and land plants

92
Q

Red algae

A
  • red in color due to pigment phycoerythrin
    • but do have green pigment but is masked
  • most are multicellular; seaweed
  • Supergroup: archaeplastida
93
Q

green algae

A
  • green chloroplasts
  • chlorophytes and charophytes
    • live in freshwater and marine environments
94
Q

Charophytes

A
  • Sister taxa is land plants
  • Supergroup: archaeplastida
  • kingdom plantae are descendent from green algae
95
Q

land plants

A
  • terrestrial
  • sister taxa with charophytes
  • Sipergroup: Archeplastida
96
Q

Amoebozoans

A
  • lobe shaped pseudopodia instead of threadlike pseudopod
  • slime mods, tubulinids and entamoebas
97
Q

plasmodial slime mold

A
  • ambeozoan
  • unikonta
  • extends pseudopodia through decomposing material and engulfs food
98
Q

Cellular slime mold

A
  • multicellular
  • sends chemicals to form a multicell entity called a slug if there is no food (individual cells)
99
Q

Tubulinids

A
  • amoebas are in this group
  • little predators
  • Amoebozoan
  • sister taxa with Entamoebas and slime molds
  • Supergroup: Unikonta
100
Q

Entamoebas

A
  • parasitic
  • histolytica causes amebic dysentery
  • Sister taxta with Tubulinids and Slime Molds
  • Amiebozoan
  • Unikonta
101
Q

Opisthoknots

A
  • Nucleariids
  • Fungi
  • Choanoglagellates
102
Q

Nucleariids

A
  • single celled protists that are
    closely related to fungi
  • sister taxa with fungi
  • Opisthokonts
  • Supergroup: Unikonta
103
Q

Choanoflagellates

A
  • single celled protists that
    are closely related to animals
  • sister taxa with animals
  • opisthokonts
  • Supergroup: unikonta
104
Q

plasmodium causes…

A

malaria

105
Q

pfiesteria Shumway is a dinoflagellate that causes…

A

fish kills (red tide)

106
Q

phytophthora ramorum causes

A

sudden oak death

107
Q

phytophthora infectans caused…

A

the potato blight

Biology (7 decks)

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