Exam 2 Flashcards
Cocci
Sphere shaped Prokaryote
Rod Shaped Prokaryote
Baccili
Spiral shaped prokaryote
spirals
Peptidoglycan
a network of sugar polymers in bacterial cell walls
What is a Gram Stain used for?
to classify bacteria by cell wall composition
What kind of cell appears blue-violet after a gram stain?
Gram-Positive
What kind of cell wall do gram positive bacteria have?
simple cell wall with a thick cell wall with a large amount of peptidoglycan
what kind of cell wall do gram negative have?
an outer membrane and an inner membrane separated by a thin peptidoglycan layer
what is a capsule
a protein layer that covers many prokaryotes
what is a frimbriae
prokaryote “hair” that allow them to stick to their substrate or other prokaryotes
Sex Pili
Kinda like a tail that sticks to other prokaryotes to exchange DNA
Endospores
a bunker for prokaryotes to live in when they are in harsh conditions; this can last for centuries
taxis
the ability to move toward or away from a stimulus
Flagella
a tail like thing that allows bacteria to propel
nucleoid
a region where a prokaryote’s chromosome is homed
plasmids
smaller rings of DNA in bacteria
How do prokaryotes reproduce
binary fission
What domain of life has a nuclear membrane
Eukarya
What domain of life has membrane enclosed organelles
Eukarya
What domain of life has peptidoglycan in their cell wall
Bacteria
What domains of life have several kinds of RNA polymerase
Archaea and Eukarya
What domain of life has circular chromosome
Bacteria and Archaea
What domain of life has no growth at temperatures > 100 degrees Celsius
Bacteria and Eukarya
What domain of life’s growth isn’t inhibited from the antibiotics: streptomycin and chloramphenicol
Archaea and Eukarya
What is the initiator amino acid for protein synthesis in Archea and Eukarya
Methionine
what the initiator amino acid for protein synthesis for Bacteria
formyl methionine
What are the three factors that contribute to genertic diversity in prokaryotes
Rapid Reproduction, Mutation, and Genetic Recombination
Transformation
prokaryotic cell incorporating foreign DNA from the surrounding environment (usually through trauma)
Transduction
the movement of genes between bacteria through infection
Conjugation
genetic material is transferred between prokaryotic cells through a pilus
Phototrophs
capture energy from sunlight
Chemotrophs
harnessing energy stored in chemicals
Autotrophs
obtain carbon atoms from carbon dioxide
Heterotrophs
obtain carbon atoms from organic compounds from other organisms
modes of nutrition
how prokaryotes obtain energy + how prokaryotes obtain carbon
Photoautotrophs
obtain energy from sunlight and use carbon dioxide for carbon
photohetertrophs
obtain energy from sunlight but get their carbon atoms from organic molecules
chemoautotrophs
harvest energy from inorganic chemicals and use carbon dioxide for carbon
chemoheterotrophs
acquire energy and carbon from organic molecules
Obligate aerobes
require O2 for cellular respiration
Obligate anaerobes
cannot live in O2 and use fermentation (anaerobic respiration)
Facultative anaerobes
can survive with or without O2
Nitrogen fixation
Prokaryotic function where they convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3)
Biofilms
colonies of prokaryotic species that work together; some photosynthesize the other fixate nitrogen
Bioremediation
using prokaryotic organisms to remove pollutants from the environment
What do prokaryotes do for Research and Technology
They can be used to make plastics, make vitamins, antibiotics, and hormones
Exotoxins
toxins that are secreted and cause disease when when the prokaryote that produced it is dead (will flush out quickly)
Endotoxins
released toxins when bacteria die and their cell wall is broken down (inside the bacteria and only harmful when the cell dies)
Pathogens
bacteria that cause disease
benign
beneficial or does not effect
symbiosis
two species that live in very close contact with each other: consists of a larger host and smaller symbiont
Mutalism
both organisms benefit
commensalism
one organism benefits while the other is uneffected
Parasitism
organism (Parasite) harms their host
What is a beneficial function of chemoheterotrophic prokaryotes
they are decomposers that breakdown dead organisms and waste products
extremophiles
archaea that live in extreme environments
Extreme halophiles
live in very salty environments
extreme thermophiles
live in very hot environments
methanogens
produce methane as a waste product and live in: digestive tracts of plant eating mammals, decomposing materials in landfills, and muck under standing water
Chlamydias
These bacteria are parasites that live within animal
cells
Spirochetes
these bacteria are helical heterotrophs; spiral shaped
Cyanobacteria
These are photoautotrophs that generate O2
algae
plastid bearing lineage of protists evolved into photosynthetic protists; catch all name for photosynthetic protist (photoautotrophic)
Serial endosymbiosis
mitochondria evolved before plastids through a sequence of endosymbiotic events
Primary endosymbiosis
- prokaryote eats a chloroplast
- symbiont prokaryote
secondary endosymbiosis
- eating algae and incorporating it into the cell
- symbiont eukaryote
What is a feature that all excavates have?
modified mitochondria and unique flagella
Diplomonads
- excavata
- sister taxa with parabasilids
lack plastids - most live in anaerobic environments
- modified mitochondria
- chemoheterotrophic
- parasitic
Parabasalids
- excavata
- sister taxa with diplomonads
- reduced mitochondria
- disease causing
- hydrogenosomes
hydrogenosomes
generate energy anaerobically
hydrogenosomes
generate energy anaerobically
Euglenozoans
have flagella but has a spiral or crystalline rod inside
- in excavata
kinetoplastids
- single mitochondria
- all chemoheterotrophic
- some are free-living
- Trypanosoma
Euglenids
one or two flagella that emerge from one pocket at the end of the cell
Stramenopiles
- paired flagella (one smooth one hairy)
- pulls out carbon dioxide and puts it into the ocean
Diatoms
- unicellular algae with a unique two part glass wall of silicon dioxide
- photosynthetic
- Sister taxa with Golden algae and Brown algae
- Strameopilies
- SAR Clade
Golden Algae
- yellowish cast
- most are unicellular
- can form colonies
- Sister taxa with diatoms and brown algae
- Stramenopiles
- SAR Clade
Brown algae
- largest and most complex
- kelp or seaweeds
- Sister taxa with golden algae and diatoms
- Stramenopile
- Has holdfast, stope and blades
may look like plants but are not; analogous evolution
Supergroup: SAR Clade
Holdfast
root like
stipe
stem like thing
stipe
stem like thing
Blades
leaf like thing
Alveolates
have membrane enclosed sacs under the plasma membrane
Dinoflagellates, Apicomplexans, and cillates
Dinoflagellates
- two flagella and is reinforced by cellulose plates
- can be in fresh or salt water
- red tide
- sister taxa apicomplexans
- Aveolate
- Supergroup: SAR Clade
apicomplexans
- parasites of animals and some human diseases
- Plasmodium
- causes malaria
- Sister taxa is dinoglagellates
- Aveolates
- Supergroup: SAR Clade
Ciliates
- large varied group of protists named for use of cilia to move and feed
- hair like things
- results from conjugation
- Aveolate
- Supergroup: SAR Clade
Rhizarians
- many in this group are amoebas
- protists that move and feed by pseudopodia
- any part of its body can be extracted and retracted
- thread-like pseudopods
- Farams
- Cercoaoans
- Radiolarians
radiolarians
- skeletons made of silica
- moving body out of their shell to grab food
- Rhizarian
- Supergroup: SAR Clade
Foraminiferans (forams)
extend through the pores in the test
sister taxa with cercozoans
Rhizarian
supergroup: sar clade
tests
porous, generally multichambered shells
cercozoans
- threadlike pseudopods
- Rhizarian
- Supergroup: SAR Clade
Archaeplastida
supergroup that contains red algae, green algae, and land plants
Red algae
- red in color due to pigment phycoerythrin
- but do have green pigment but is masked
- most are multicellular; seaweed
- Supergroup: archaeplastida
green algae
- green chloroplasts
- chlorophytes and charophytes
- live in freshwater and marine environments
Charophytes
- Sister taxa is land plants
- Supergroup: archaeplastida
- kingdom plantae are descendent from green algae
land plants
- terrestrial
- sister taxa with charophytes
- Sipergroup: Archeplastida
Amoebozoans
- lobe shaped pseudopodia instead of threadlike pseudopod
- slime mods, tubulinids and entamoebas
plasmodial slime mold
- ambeozoan
- unikonta
- extends pseudopodia through decomposing material and engulfs food
Cellular slime mold
- multicellular
- sends chemicals to form a multicell entity called a slug if there is no food (individual cells)
Tubulinids
- amoebas are in this group
- little predators
- Amoebozoan
- sister taxa with Entamoebas and slime molds
- Supergroup: Unikonta
Entamoebas
- parasitic
- histolytica causes amebic dysentery
- Sister taxta with Tubulinids and Slime Molds
- Amiebozoan
- Unikonta
Opisthoknots
- Nucleariids
- Fungi
- Choanoglagellates
Nucleariids
- single celled protists that are
closely related to fungi - sister taxa with fungi
- Opisthokonts
- Supergroup: Unikonta
Choanoflagellates
- single celled protists that
are closely related to animals - sister taxa with animals
- opisthokonts
- Supergroup: unikonta
plasmodium causes…
malaria
pfiesteria Shumway is a dinoflagellate that causes…
fish kills (red tide)
phytophthora ramorum causes
sudden oak death
phytophthora infectans caused…
the potato blight
