Exam 4: Reproduction Flashcards
What are the primary sex organs
gonads
What are the accessory sex organs
everything else
What do the gonads produce
gametes
What other gametes also know as
gametes
Are somatic cells diploid or haploid
diploid
What does it mean that somatic cells are diploid
have 2 copies of each gene on two homologous chromosomes (1 from mom, one from dad)
Are gametes diploid or haploid
haploid
What does it mean that gametes are haploid
they have only one copy of each gene
What is homologous recombination
the chromosome had some genes from mom and some from dad
What is discrete region of DNA that encodes the instructions for building a protein
gene
What is versions of a gene that encode slightly different versions of the same protein
alleles
How many copies does meiosis produce
one
WHat does meiosis produce
gametes
How many copies does mitosis
two
WHat does mitosis produce
clones that have same DNA
What are the four phases of Mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Does Mitosis synapsis
no
Does meiosis synapsos
yes during prophase 1
How many daughter cells does mitosis produce
2 cells
How many daughter cells does meiosis produce
4 cells
What is independent assortment
randomly shuffles genes on different chromosomes
WHat is homologous recombination
randomly shuffles genes on SAME chromosome
In independent assortment what happens to each chromosome
they segregate completely independently
In Meisosis 1, when does independent assortment occur
metaphase 1 and anaphase 1
In meiosis 2, when does independent assortment happen
Metaphase 2 and anaphase 2
What is crossing over?
When each chromosome is a mixture of paternal/ maternal alles
What type of genes have a higher chance of being linked together
linked genes
what are linked genes
genes on the same chromosome
What is another name for sustenocytes
sertoli cells
What do sertoli cells do?
secrete fluid media for sperm
What is another name for interstitial endocrine cells
leydig cells
What do leydig cells do
secrete testosterone
Why do leydig cells secrete testosterone
in response to lutenizing hormone
What does GnRH mean
Gonadtropin release hormone
What does GnRH
stimulates anterior pituitary
Where is GnRH released from
hypothalamus
What does FSH mean
follicle stimulating hormone
What does FSH do
stimulates Sertoli cells to secrete ABP
What is LH
Luteinizing hormone
What does LH do
stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone
What is ABP
Androgen-binding protein
What does ABP do
bind/ protects testosterone from degradation
What is testosterone responsible for
stimulating sperm production
What does inhibin do
blocks GnRH when rate of apermatogenesis is high enough
What is the optimal temperature for spermatogenesis
34 degrees C
What muscles regulate spermatogenesis tempature
dartos and cremaster
What makes up semen
sperm and fluid secretions
What do the testicles produce
sperm and some fluid
What produces 60% of the semen
seminal vesicle
What produces 25% of the semen
prostate
Where is sperm stored prior to ejaculation?
epididymis and ampulla of vas deferens
WHat three sets of smooth muscle propel semen into/ along urethra
vas deferens, seminal vesicles and prostate
WHat hormones do the ovaries produce
progesterone and estrogen
What does progesterone do
hormone that promotes carrying a child
What is an oocyte
immature egg
What is a follicle
oocyte + surrounding cells
What is ovulation
monthly release of an egg
What are the three phases of egg development
follicular, ovulation and lutea;
How long is the egg viable after ovulation
12-24 hours
What three things do hormonal contraceptives do
prevents ovulation, inhibits perm motility, prevents implantation of newly conceived embryo
What is mifepristone
abortion pill; steroid that blocks progestin
WHat is the leading cause of cervical cancer
HPV
What is an embryo?
term used in first 8 weeks of life
What is fetus
week 9 to birth
