Exam 3: Respiratory System Flashcards
What powers everything in the cell
ATP
What part of the cell is utilized by O2 in and CO2 out
mitochondria
What does the mitochondria produce from cellular respiration
aerobic ATP
aerobic atp is produced how
cellular respiration makes the mitochondria produce it
What are the three main functions of the repiratory system
permits gas exchange, enables olfaction and produces speech
What are the two main zones of the respiratory system
conducting zone and repiratory zone
What is inflammation of nasal cavity mucosa called
rhinitis
What zone of the respiratory system includes the main air passages
conducting zone
What zone of the respiratory system is the site of gas exchange
respiratory zone
What are the three parts of the respiratory zone
repiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli
How many phases of respiration are there
4
what are the four phases of respiration
- pulmonary ventilation
- external respiration
- transport
- internal respiration
Where does pulmonary ventilation happen
in the lungs
Where does external respiration happen
capillary beds
What happens in pulmonary ventilation
wind comes into the lung
What happens in external respiration
gas exchange in capillary beds, youre interacting with the external universe
What happens in the transport phase
get gases to the right place
What happens in internal respiration
blood and cell exchange
What is inflammation of the larynx,
laryngitis
what is an effect of laryngitis
losing your voice
Which respiratory zone has cilla
conducting zone
Where in the conducting zone do cilla appear
in the upper conducting zone structures
What do the cilla do
filter out larger debris
What is the respiratory membrane composed of?
alveolar + capillary walls
The alveolus in the respiratory membrane is surrounded by what?
capillaries
How many types of alveolar cells are there
2
What does type 1 alveolar cell do
does gas exchange
What does type 2 alveolar cell do?
secretes: antimicrobial proteins and surfactant
What does surfactant do?
reduce surface tension
What is Patm
pressure of the atmosphere
What is Pip
intrapleural pressure
What is Ppul
intrapulmonary pressure
What is transpulmonary pressure equal too
4 mm Hg
What is Ppul - Pip
transpulmonary pressure
What does Pip do
keeps lungs from deflating
What does alveolar elasticity want?
seeks deflated state
What does a hole in the plera do
loses the vacuum effect and loses Pip
WHat is inflammation of the bronchi
brochitits
What is a bronchospasm
contraction of smooth muscle
What is dyspnea
bad breathing
what is apnea
no breathing
What causes vasoconstriction and bronchodilation
epinephrine
Epinephrine indirectly causes what two things
blood vessels tighten and widens air passage way
In a person with asthma what is normal inflamed
the wall of the airway
In a person with asthma what happens during an asthma attack
air is trapped in the alveoli and the smooth muscles tighten
What is surface tension in H2O caused by
hydrogen bonds
What must always be moisturized and kept open
alveoli
What reduces surface tension
surfactant
WHy are premature babies who are susceptible to infant respiratory distress syndrome?
Because they do not produce surfactant cause they are premature
What does CL stand for
Lung Compliance
WHat are the two main factors influencing CL or Lung Compliance
Pliability (elasticity) and surface tension
Emphysema is characterized by what
decreased CL or lung compliance because of smoking
Why is weight loss and exhaustion common in people with emphysema?
due to hypoxia and labored respiration
What happens physically in emphysema?
alveolar pores are replaced by huge holes
In a person with emphysema why is the alveoli distended or over stretched?
result from persistent alveolar collapse during expiration
In a person with emphysema why are the pulmonary capillaries damaged
increased resistance which also leads to cardiac hypertrophy on the right side
What does AVR stand for
Alveolar ventilation rate
What are the two types of dead space un AVR
Anatomical and alveolar dead space
What is anatomical dead space?
Air remaining in the conducting zone
What is alveolar dead space?
Air in a non functional alveolus
Frequency of breaths x dead space equals
AVR
WHat is boyles law
high pressure = low volume
and
low pressure = high volume
What is daltons law of partical pressures
each part of a gas mixture exerts a PARTIAL PRESSURE proportional to its relative amounts
Henrys law states that gases dissolve in liquid that is what
proportional to partial pressure
What accounts for the greater partial pressure of CO2 and H2) in alveoli compared to the atmosphere?
C02 is higher in the lungs because that is where it is made
In external respiration what is the job of the red blood cell
to pick up oxygen
The external respiration gradient is composed of what two thing
blood entering the lungs and alveoli of lungs
The international respiration gradient includes what two parts
blood leaving lungs and tissues
WHat does ventilation mean
fill with air
What does perfusion mean
to pour through (blood)
WHat does ventilation perfusion coupling mean
matching up air you bring in to the blood flow
What is the relationship between ventilation and perfusion?
If one drops the other follows
When CO2 is high and O2 is low what happens to the arterioles
they constrict
When C02 is high, O2 is low and the arterioles constrict what happens to ventilation and perfusion
they are both low
When O2 is high and CO2 is low what happens to the arterioles
they dilate
When O2 is high and CO2 is low and the arterioles dilate what happens to ventilation and perfusion
they are both high
What four factors influence O2 binding by Hb
temperature, CO2, pH and BGP
What does the boer effect include
CO2 and pH
WHat is BPG
the byproduct of an anaerobic ATP production
WHat do all four of the factors influenceing O2 binding Hb have in common
energy consumption
In the lungs what state is the Hb at
nearly saturated
Local tissue metabolic rates have a huge impact on what
O2 release
WHat are the three ways to bring CO2 into the bloodsream
plasma, HbCO2, HCO3
What percent of CO2 transport is done by plasma
7-10%
WHat does HbCO2 stand for
carbaminohemoglobin
HbCO2 is responsible for what percent of CO2 transport
20%
WHat does HCO3 stand for
Bicarbonate
What are the two different pathways HCO3 has in CO2 transport
slow and fast via RBCs
What percent of CO2 transport is done by HCO3
70%
WHats is the process of CO2 getting to the lungs
CO2–> Tissues–> Blood –> Lungs
What does carbonic anhydrase do
It is an enzyme that speeds up the reaction
What does the chloride shift include
keeps membrane potential stable
If O2 is lower how does that effect the binding of CO2
It is much better binding rate
How does Chloride shift keep the membrane stable
by equalizing charge imbalances caused by HCO3 influx/efflux
What does the pontine respiratory center do to control and regulate respiration
modifies rhythm and facilitates the transition between inspiration and expiration
What does the ventral respiratory group do to control respiration?
sets basic rhythm
WHat does the dorsal respiratory group do to regulate respiration?
integrates peripheral sensory input and modifies rhythm
What does VRG stand for
Ventral Respiratory Group
WHat does DRG stand for
Dorsal Respiratory Group
