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A&P2 > Exam 3: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Exam 3: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What powers everything in the cell

A

ATP

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2
Q

What part of the cell is utilized by O2 in and CO2 out

A

mitochondria

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3
Q

What does the mitochondria produce from cellular respiration

A

aerobic ATP

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4
Q

aerobic atp is produced how

A

cellular respiration makes the mitochondria produce it

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5
Q

What are the three main functions of the repiratory system

A

permits gas exchange, enables olfaction and produces speech

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6
Q

What are the two main zones of the respiratory system

A

conducting zone and repiratory zone

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7
Q

What is inflammation of nasal cavity mucosa called

A

rhinitis

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8
Q

What zone of the respiratory system includes the main air passages

A

conducting zone

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9
Q

What zone of the respiratory system is the site of gas exchange

A

respiratory zone

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10
Q

What are the three parts of the respiratory zone

A

repiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli

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11
Q

How many phases of respiration are there

A

4

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12
Q

what are the four phases of respiration

A
  1. pulmonary ventilation
  2. external respiration
  3. transport
  4. internal respiration
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13
Q

Where does pulmonary ventilation happen

A

in the lungs

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14
Q

Where does external respiration happen

A

capillary beds

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15
Q

What happens in pulmonary ventilation

A

wind comes into the lung

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16
Q

What happens in external respiration

A

gas exchange in capillary beds, youre interacting with the external universe

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17
Q

What happens in the transport phase

A

get gases to the right place

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18
Q

What happens in internal respiration

A

blood and cell exchange

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19
Q

What is inflammation of the larynx,

A

laryngitis

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20
Q

what is an effect of laryngitis

A

losing your voice

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21
Q

Which respiratory zone has cilla

A

conducting zone

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22
Q

Where in the conducting zone do cilla appear

A

in the upper conducting zone structures

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23
Q

What do the cilla do

A

filter out larger debris

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24
Q

What is the respiratory membrane composed of?

A

alveolar + capillary walls

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25
Q

The alveolus in the respiratory membrane is surrounded by what?

A

capillaries

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26
Q

How many types of alveolar cells are there

A

2

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27
Q

What does type 1 alveolar cell do

A

does gas exchange

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28
Q

What does type 2 alveolar cell do?

A

secretes: antimicrobial proteins and surfactant

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29
Q

What does surfactant do?

A

reduce surface tension

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30
Q

What is Patm

A

pressure of the atmosphere

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31
Q

What is Pip

A

intrapleural pressure

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32
Q

What is Ppul

A

intrapulmonary pressure

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33
Q

What is transpulmonary pressure equal too

A

4 mm Hg

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34
Q

What is Ppul - Pip

A

transpulmonary pressure

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35
Q

What does Pip do

A

keeps lungs from deflating

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36
Q

What does alveolar elasticity want?

A

seeks deflated state

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37
Q

What does a hole in the plera do

A

loses the vacuum effect and loses Pip

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38
Q

WHat is inflammation of the bronchi

A

brochitits

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39
Q

What is a bronchospasm

A

contraction of smooth muscle

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40
Q

What is dyspnea

A

bad breathing

41
Q

what is apnea

A

no breathing

42
Q

What causes vasoconstriction and bronchodilation

A

epinephrine

43
Q

Epinephrine indirectly causes what two things

A

blood vessels tighten and widens air passage way

44
Q

In a person with asthma what is normal inflamed

A

the wall of the airway

45
Q

In a person with asthma what happens during an asthma attack

A

air is trapped in the alveoli and the smooth muscles tighten

46
Q

What is surface tension in H2O caused by

A

hydrogen bonds

47
Q

What must always be moisturized and kept open

A

alveoli

48
Q

What reduces surface tension

A

surfactant

49
Q

WHy are premature babies who are susceptible to infant respiratory distress syndrome?

A

Because they do not produce surfactant cause they are premature

50
Q

What does CL stand for

A

Lung Compliance

51
Q

WHat are the two main factors influencing CL or Lung Compliance

A

Pliability (elasticity) and surface tension

52
Q

Emphysema is characterized by what

A

decreased CL or lung compliance because of smoking

53
Q

Why is weight loss and exhaustion common in people with emphysema?

A

due to hypoxia and labored respiration

54
Q

What happens physically in emphysema?

A

alveolar pores are replaced by huge holes

55
Q

In a person with emphysema why is the alveoli distended or over stretched?

A

result from persistent alveolar collapse during expiration

56
Q

In a person with emphysema why are the pulmonary capillaries damaged

A

increased resistance which also leads to cardiac hypertrophy on the right side

57
Q

What does AVR stand for

A

Alveolar ventilation rate

58
Q

What are the two types of dead space un AVR

A

Anatomical and alveolar dead space

59
Q

What is anatomical dead space?

A

Air remaining in the conducting zone

60
Q

What is alveolar dead space?

A

Air in a non functional alveolus

61
Q

Frequency of breaths x dead space equals

A

AVR

62
Q

WHat is boyles law

A

high pressure = low volume
and
low pressure = high volume

63
Q

What is daltons law of partical pressures

A

each part of a gas mixture exerts a PARTIAL PRESSURE proportional to its relative amounts

64
Q

Henrys law states that gases dissolve in liquid that is what

A

proportional to partial pressure

65
Q

What accounts for the greater partial pressure of CO2 and H2) in alveoli compared to the atmosphere?

A

C02 is higher in the lungs because that is where it is made

66
Q

In external respiration what is the job of the red blood cell

A

to pick up oxygen

67
Q

The external respiration gradient is composed of what two thing

A

blood entering the lungs and alveoli of lungs

68
Q

The international respiration gradient includes what two parts

A

blood leaving lungs and tissues

69
Q

WHat does ventilation mean

A

fill with air

70
Q

What does perfusion mean

A

to pour through (blood)

71
Q

WHat does ventilation perfusion coupling mean

A

matching up air you bring in to the blood flow

72
Q

What is the relationship between ventilation and perfusion?

A

If one drops the other follows

73
Q

When CO2 is high and O2 is low what happens to the arterioles

A

they constrict

74
Q

When C02 is high, O2 is low and the arterioles constrict what happens to ventilation and perfusion

A

they are both low

75
Q

When O2 is high and CO2 is low what happens to the arterioles

A

they dilate

76
Q

When O2 is high and CO2 is low and the arterioles dilate what happens to ventilation and perfusion

A

they are both high

77
Q

What four factors influence O2 binding by Hb

A

temperature, CO2, pH and BGP

78
Q

What does the boer effect include

A

CO2 and pH

79
Q

WHat is BPG

A

the byproduct of an anaerobic ATP production

80
Q

WHat do all four of the factors influenceing O2 binding Hb have in common

A

energy consumption

81
Q

In the lungs what state is the Hb at

A

nearly saturated

82
Q

Local tissue metabolic rates have a huge impact on what

A

O2 release

83
Q

WHat are the three ways to bring CO2 into the bloodsream

A

plasma, HbCO2, HCO3

84
Q

What percent of CO2 transport is done by plasma

A

7-10%

85
Q

WHat does HbCO2 stand for

A

carbaminohemoglobin

86
Q

HbCO2 is responsible for what percent of CO2 transport

A

20%

87
Q

WHat does HCO3 stand for

A

Bicarbonate

88
Q

What are the two different pathways HCO3 has in CO2 transport

A

slow and fast via RBCs

89
Q

What percent of CO2 transport is done by HCO3

A

70%

90
Q

WHats is the process of CO2 getting to the lungs

A

CO2–> Tissues–> Blood –> Lungs

91
Q

What does carbonic anhydrase do

A

It is an enzyme that speeds up the reaction

92
Q

What does the chloride shift include

A

keeps membrane potential stable

93
Q

If O2 is lower how does that effect the binding of CO2

A

It is much better binding rate

94
Q

How does Chloride shift keep the membrane stable

A

by equalizing charge imbalances caused by HCO3 influx/efflux

95
Q

What does the pontine respiratory center do to control and regulate respiration

A

modifies rhythm and facilitates the transition between inspiration and expiration

96
Q

What does the ventral respiratory group do to control respiration?

A

sets basic rhythm

97
Q

WHat does the dorsal respiratory group do to regulate respiration?

A

integrates peripheral sensory input and modifies rhythm

98
Q

What does VRG stand for

A

Ventral Respiratory Group

99
Q

WHat does DRG stand for

A

Dorsal Respiratory Group

A&P2 (11 decks)

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