Exam 3: Respiratory System

Question 1

What powers everything in the cell

Answer 1

ATP

Question 2

What part of the cell is utilized by O2 in and CO2 out

Answer 2

mitochondria

Question 3

What does the mitochondria produce from cellular respiration

Answer 3

aerobic ATP

Question 4

aerobic atp is produced how

Answer 4

cellular respiration makes the mitochondria produce it

Question 5

What are the three main functions of the repiratory system

Answer 5

permits gas exchange, enables olfaction and produces speech

Question 6

What are the two main zones of the respiratory system

Answer 6

conducting zone and repiratory zone

Question 7

What is inflammation of nasal cavity mucosa called

Answer 7

rhinitis

Question 8

What zone of the respiratory system includes the main air passages

Answer 8

conducting zone

Question 9

What zone of the respiratory system is the site of gas exchange

Answer 9

respiratory zone

Question 10

What are the three parts of the respiratory zone

Answer 10

repiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli

Question 11

How many phases of respiration are there

Answer 11

4

Question 12

what are the four phases of respiration

Answer 12

1. pulmonary ventilation
2. external respiration
3. transport
4. internal respiration

Question 13

Where does pulmonary ventilation happen

Answer 13

in the lungs

Question 14

Where does external respiration happen

Answer 14

capillary beds

Question 15

What happens in pulmonary ventilation

Answer 15

wind comes into the lung

Question 16

What happens in external respiration

Answer 16

gas exchange in capillary beds, youre interacting with the external universe

Question 17

What happens in the transport phase

Answer 17

get gases to the right place

Question 18

What happens in internal respiration

Answer 18

blood and cell exchange

Question 19

What is inflammation of the larynx,

Answer 19

laryngitis

Question 20

what is an effect of laryngitis

Answer 20

losing your voice

Question 21

Which respiratory zone has cilla

Answer 21

conducting zone

Question 22

Where in the conducting zone do cilla appear

Answer 22

in the upper conducting zone structures

Question 23

What do the cilla do

Answer 23

filter out larger debris

Question 24

What is the respiratory membrane composed of?

Answer 24

alveolar + capillary walls

Question 25

The alveolus in the respiratory membrane is surrounded by what?

Answer 25

capillaries

Question 26

How many types of alveolar cells are there

Answer 26

2

Question 27

What does type 1 alveolar cell do

Answer 27

does gas exchange

Question 28

What does type 2 alveolar cell do?

Answer 28

secretes: antimicrobial proteins and surfactant

Question 29

What does surfactant do?

Answer 29

reduce surface tension

Question 30

What is Patm

Answer 30

pressure of the atmosphere

Question 31

What is Pip

Answer 31

intrapleural pressure

Question 32

What is Ppul

Answer 32

intrapulmonary pressure

Question 33

What is transpulmonary pressure equal too

Answer 33

4 mm Hg

Question 34

What is Ppul - Pip

Answer 34

transpulmonary pressure

Question 35

What does Pip do

Answer 35

keeps lungs from deflating

Question 36

What does alveolar elasticity want?

Answer 36

seeks deflated state

Question 37

What does a hole in the plera do

Answer 37

loses the vacuum effect and loses Pip

Question 38

WHat is inflammation of the bronchi

Answer 38

brochitits

Question 39

What is a bronchospasm

Answer 39

contraction of smooth muscle

Question 40

What is dyspnea

Answer 40

bad breathing

Question 41

what is apnea

Answer 41

no breathing

Question 42

What causes vasoconstriction and bronchodilation

Answer 42

epinephrine

Question 43

Epinephrine indirectly causes what two things

Answer 43

blood vessels tighten and widens air passage way

Question 44

In a person with asthma what is normal inflamed

Answer 44

the wall of the airway

Question 45

In a person with asthma what happens during an asthma attack

Answer 45

air is trapped in the alveoli and the smooth muscles tighten

Question 46

What is surface tension in H2O caused by

Answer 46

hydrogen bonds

Question 47

What must always be moisturized and kept open

Answer 47

alveoli

Question 48

What reduces surface tension

Answer 48

surfactant

Question 49

WHy are premature babies who are susceptible to infant respiratory distress syndrome?

Answer 49

Because they do not produce surfactant cause they are premature

Question 50

What does CL stand for

Answer 50

Lung Compliance

Question 51

WHat are the two main factors influencing CL or Lung Compliance

Answer 51

Pliability (elasticity) and surface tension

Question 52

Emphysema is characterized by what

Answer 52

decreased CL or lung compliance because of smoking

Question 53

Why is weight loss and exhaustion common in people with emphysema?

Answer 53

due to hypoxia and labored respiration

Question 54

What happens physically in emphysema?

Answer 54

alveolar pores are replaced by huge holes

Question 55

In a person with emphysema why is the alveoli distended or over stretched?

Answer 55

result from persistent alveolar collapse during expiration

Question 56

In a person with emphysema why are the pulmonary capillaries damaged

Answer 56

increased resistance which also leads to cardiac hypertrophy on the right side

Question 57

What does AVR stand for

Answer 57

Alveolar ventilation rate

Question 58

What are the two types of dead space un AVR

Answer 58

Anatomical and alveolar dead space

Question 59

What is anatomical dead space?

Answer 59

Air remaining in the conducting zone

Question 60

What is alveolar dead space?

Answer 60

Air in a non functional alveolus

Question 61

Frequency of breaths x dead space equals

Answer 61

AVR

Question 62

WHat is boyles law

Answer 62

high pressure = low volume and low pressure = high volume

Question 63

What is daltons law of partical pressures

Answer 63

each part of a gas mixture exerts a PARTIAL PRESSURE proportional to its relative amounts

Question 64

Henrys law states that gases dissolve in liquid that is what

Answer 64

proportional to partial pressure

Question 65

What accounts for the greater partial pressure of CO2 and H2) in alveoli compared to the atmosphere?

Answer 65

C02 is higher in the lungs because that is where it is made

Question 66

In external respiration what is the job of the red blood cell

Answer 66

to pick up oxygen

Question 67

The external respiration gradient is composed of what two thing

Answer 67

blood entering the lungs and alveoli of lungs

Question 68

The international respiration gradient includes what two parts

Answer 68

blood leaving lungs and tissues

Question 69

WHat does ventilation mean

Answer 69

fill with air

Question 70

What does perfusion mean

Answer 70

to pour through (blood)

Question 71

WHat does ventilation perfusion coupling mean

Answer 71

matching up air you bring in to the blood flow

Question 72

What is the relationship between ventilation and perfusion?

Answer 72

If one drops the other follows

Question 73

When CO2 is high and O2 is low what happens to the arterioles

Answer 73

they constrict

Question 74

When C02 is high, O2 is low and the arterioles constrict what happens to ventilation and perfusion

Answer 74

they are both low

Question 75

When O2 is high and CO2 is low what happens to the arterioles

Answer 75

they dilate

Question 76

When O2 is high and CO2 is low and the arterioles dilate what happens to ventilation and perfusion

Answer 76

they are both high

Question 77

What four factors influence O2 binding by Hb

Answer 77

temperature, CO2, pH and BGP

Question 78

What does the boer effect include

Answer 78

CO2 and pH

Question 79

WHat is BPG

Answer 79

the byproduct of an anaerobic ATP production

Question 80

WHat do all four of the factors influenceing O2 binding Hb have in common

Answer 80

energy consumption

Question 81

In the lungs what state is the Hb at

Answer 81

nearly saturated

Question 82

Local tissue metabolic rates have a huge impact on what

Answer 82

O2 release

Question 83

WHat are the three ways to bring CO2 into the bloodsream

Answer 83

plasma, HbCO2, HCO3

Question 84

What percent of CO2 transport is done by plasma

Answer 84

7-10%

Question 85

WHat does HbCO2 stand for

Answer 85

carbaminohemoglobin

Question 86

HbCO2 is responsible for what percent of CO2 transport

Answer 86

20%

Question 87

WHat does HCO3 stand for

Answer 87

Bicarbonate

Question 88

What are the two different pathways HCO3 has in CO2 transport

Answer 88

slow and fast via RBCs

Question 89

What percent of CO2 transport is done by HCO3

Answer 89

70%

Question 90

WHats is the process of CO2 getting to the lungs

Answer 90

CO2--> Tissues--> Blood --> Lungs

Question 91

What does carbonic anhydrase do

Answer 91

It is an enzyme that speeds up the reaction

Question 92

What does the chloride shift include

Answer 92

keeps membrane potential stable

Question 93

If O2 is lower how does that effect the binding of CO2

Answer 93

It is much better binding rate

Question 94

How does Chloride shift keep the membrane stable

Answer 94

by equalizing charge imbalances caused by HCO3 influx/efflux

Question 95

What does the pontine respiratory center do to control and regulate respiration

Answer 95

modifies rhythm and facilitates the transition between inspiration and expiration

Question 96

What does the ventral respiratory group do to control respiration?

Answer 96

sets basic rhythm

Question 97

WHat does the dorsal respiratory group do to regulate respiration?

Answer 97

integrates peripheral sensory input and modifies rhythm

Question 98

What does VRG stand for

Answer 98

Ventral Respiratory Group

Question 99

WHat does DRG stand for

Answer 99

Dorsal Respiratory Group