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A&P2 > Exam 3: Digestive System > Flashcards

Exam 3: Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two parts of the digestive system

A

alimentary canal and accessory organs

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2
Q

What is the purpose of ingestion

A

carry in or intake

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3
Q

Where does ingestion happen

A

mouth

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4
Q

what does mechanical breakdown do

A

increases surface area

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5
Q

Where does mechanical breakdown happen

A

mouth, stomach and small intestine

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6
Q

What does propulsion do

A

peristalsis and segmentation

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7
Q

What is peristalsis

A

movement

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8
Q

What is segmentation

A

seperating

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9
Q

Where does propulsion take place

A

everywhere

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10
Q

What is digestion

A

chemical breakdown

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11
Q

WHere does digestion happen

A

mouth, stomach and small intestine

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12
Q

What is absorption

A

nutrients (building blocks) enter the body

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13
Q

WHere does absorption take place

A

primarily small intestine

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14
Q

What is defecation

A

removing of feces

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15
Q

What are globular proteins that act as biological catalysts

A

enzymes

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16
Q

What two things do enzymes do

A

regulate reactions and lower activation energy, increased speed

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17
Q

Are enzymes used up after starting a reaction

A

no

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18
Q

Whats the difference between peristalsis and segmentation

A

peristalsis is motion only while segmentation is mixing and motion

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19
Q

What is the peritoneum

A

serous membrane covering the abdominal viscera

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20
Q

What is the parietal

A

outer wall

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21
Q

What is the visceral

A

inner covering of organs

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22
Q

What is the mesentery

A

Where peritoneal membranes are back to back

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23
Q

What is serous fluid

A

fills space between membranes

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24
Q

What is the master regulator of metabolism

A

liver

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25
Q

What are the four layers of tissues

A
  1. mucosa 2. submucosa 3.muscularis externa 4. serosa
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26
Q

What are the three layers of the mucosa

A

epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis mucosae

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27
Q

What are the two layers of the muscularis

A

longitudinal muscle and circular muscle

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28
Q

What are the three roles of mucosa

A

secrete enzymes, absorb nutrients and protect

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29
Q

What three things make up saliva

A

mostly water, ions/electrolytes and proteins

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30
Q

What proteins are in saliva

A

mucin, antimicrobials and digestive enyzmes

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31
Q

Whaat is mucin

A

protein that mixes with water to make mucus

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32
Q

What three antimicrobials are in saliva

A

lysozyme, defensins and IgA

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33
Q

what is a myxovirus infection of the parotid gland

A

mumps

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34
Q

how many total teeth do humans have

A

32

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35
Q

Whats the common term for dental caries

A

cavities

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36
Q

What are dental caries caused by

A

plaque

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37
Q

What makes up plaque

A

sugar and bacteria

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38
Q

how does plaque work

A

bacteria produces acids that erode the tooth

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39
Q

WHat is the common term for periodontal disease

A

gum disease

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40
Q

What is periodontal disease caused by

A

begins as gingivitis and caused by calculus

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41
Q

what is calculus

A

calcified plaque

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42
Q

What happens in periodontal disease

A

gums recede and teeth eventually fall out

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43
Q

What is the buccal phase

A

when the food is still in the mouth

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44
Q

WHat is the pharyngeal- esophageal phase

A

when the food is in the throat

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45
Q

What is gastric bypass surgery do

A

by passes the stomach and duodenum

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46
Q

WHat does the enteroendocrine cell do

A

sectrete hormones like gastrin

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47
Q

What does a chief cell secreate

A

pepsinogen

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48
Q

What does pepsinogen secrete

A

pepsin

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49
Q

what does pepsinogen use to create pepsin

A

HCl

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50
Q

WHat does the parietal cell create

A

HCl

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51
Q

What binds Vitamin B12

A

Interinsic factor

52
Q

WHat causes pernicious anemia

A

B12 deficiency

53
Q

What is pernicious anemia

A

RBCs cannot mature

54
Q

What does IF stand for

A

Intrinsic Factor

55
Q

90% of what is caused by helicobacter pylori

A

stomach ulcers

56
Q

What is the cephalic phase

A

central nervous system

57
Q

The taste sight and smell of food triggers what

A

vagus nerve

58
Q

Rest and digest

A

parasympathetic

59
Q

Is gastrin release by G cells triggered by a full stomach or an empty one?

A

full

60
Q

What does pepsin do

A

breaks down proteins

61
Q

What does filling the stomach with food do to pH?

A

increases it

62
Q

What does the G cell gastrin do

A

stimulates parental cells

63
Q

What are the three steps of gastric peristalsis

A

population, grinding and retropulsion

64
Q

What does propulsion do

A

peristalsis from fundus to pylorus

65
Q

What happens in the grinding phase of gastric peristalsis

A

increasing strength as wave approaches pylorus

66
Q

What happens in the retropulsion phase

A

small pieces and liquid may pass through the pylorus the rest returns to the stomach

67
Q

What is the rate of waves per minute in gastric peristalsis

A

3 waves per minute

68
Q

What three main structures are used to increase surface area

A

circular folds, villi and micro villi

69
Q

List the order of three main structures that increase surface area by size

A

biggest- Circular folds
middle- villi
Smallest- microvilli

70
Q

What are the two main functions of the liver

A

master regulator of metabolisum and assist in digestion by secreating bile

71
Q

What secreates bile

A

hepatocytes

72
Q

What two things does bile contain

A

bile salts and phospholipids

73
Q

What are biliary calculi

A

gall stones

74
Q

WHat are the two catagories of pancreas function

A

endocrine and exocrine

75
Q

What happens in the endocrine of the pancreas

A

creates glucagon and insulin

76
Q

what happens in the exocrine of the pancreas

A

digestive enzymes

77
Q

What cells secreate glucagon

A

alpha cells

78
Q

What cells secreate digestive enzymes

A

acinar cells

79
Q

What cells secreate insulin

A

beta cells

80
Q

What specifically do acinar cells secreate

A

inactive proenzymes

81
Q

When are proenzymes activated

A

when they are in the intestines

82
Q

What does trypsin do

A

it activates all other enzymes

83
Q

what causes the enteroendocrine cells to secrete hormones

A

chime in the duodenum

84
Q

What hormones does the enteroendocrine secrete

A

CCK and secretin

85
Q

What hormone causes the gallbladder to contract

A

CCK

86
Q

what happens when the gallbladder contracts

A

bile release

87
Q

What causes secreation of pancreatic juice

A

both CCK and secretin

88
Q

What does gastrin do

A

increases motility which promotes the switch from segmentation to peristalsis

89
Q

Whats the main job of the Small intestine

A

help with absorption

90
Q

What relaxes the ileocecal sphincter

A

gastrin

91
Q

What happens when the ileocecal sphincter is relaxed

A

permits flow of cecum of large intestine

92
Q

What is the purpose of the large intestine

A

to compact waste and move it along

93
Q

Does the large intestine have structures to increase surface area

A

no

94
Q

What does the large intestine have more of then the small intestine

A

goblet cells and mucus

95
Q

What is celiac disease

A

allergy to gluten

96
Q

What is inflammatory bowel disease

A

immunogenic response to gut flora

97
Q

what is flora

A

micros that live in the large intestine

98
Q

What are the two main types of inflammatory bowel disease

A

crohns disease and ulcerative colitis

99
Q

What is crohns disease

A

very severe includes multiple ulcers throughout the intestine

100
Q

What is ulcerative colitis

A

mostly inflammation and a few ulcers

101
Q

WHat three things does bacterial flora do

A
  1. makes certain B and K vitamins
  2. breaks down molecules humans cant
  3. competes against harmful bacteria for resources
102
Q

Bacterial flora can be harmful if found where

A

outside the colon like in the mouth

103
Q

What should you do to promote good flora

A

eat fermented foods and fruits and veggies

104
Q

What is clostridium dificile infection caused by

A

lack of good bacteria

105
Q

WHat causes hemorrhoids: four things

A

pressure from excessive sitting, straining bowel movements, obesity and age

106
Q

WHat does mechanical breakdown change

A

appearance and increases surface area

107
Q

What does digestion change

A

molecular structures

108
Q

What does absorpution do

A

moves nutrients from alimentary canal into body

109
Q

what is gastric lipase

A

stomach enzyme breaks down proteins

110
Q

What is ribonuclease

A

breaks down RNA

111
Q

What is deoxyribonuclease

A

enzyme breaks down dna

112
Q

Where is salivary amylase found

A

mouth

113
Q

where is pancreatic amylase found

A

small intestine

114
Q

where is brush bordaer enzyme found

A

small intestine

115
Q

where is pepsin found

A

stomach

116
Q

where is carboxypeptidase, chymotrypsin and trpsin found

A

small inestine

117
Q

where is lingual lipase found

A

mouth

118
Q

lipase is a type of

A

fat

119
Q

gastric lipase is found in

A

stomach

120
Q

emulsifaction by bile salts happens where

A

small intestine

121
Q

pancreatic lipase is found where

A

small intestine

122
Q

ribonuclease is found where

A

small intestine

123
Q

salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase and brush border enzymes are all what

A

carbs

124
Q

ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease are what

A

nucleic acids

125
Q

pepsin, trypsin are both

A

proteins

A&P2 (11 decks)

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