Exam 3: Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
What are the two parts of the digestive system
A
alimentary canal and accessory organs
2
Q
What is the purpose of ingestion
A
carry in or intake
3
Q
Where does ingestion happen
A
mouth
4
Q
what does mechanical breakdown do
A
increases surface area
5
Q
Where does mechanical breakdown happen
A
mouth, stomach and small intestine
6
Q
What does propulsion do
A
peristalsis and segmentation
7
Q
What is peristalsis
A
movement
8
Q
What is segmentation
A
seperating
9
Q
Where does propulsion take place
A
everywhere
10
Q
What is digestion
A
chemical breakdown
11
Q
WHere does digestion happen
A
mouth, stomach and small intestine
12
Q
What is absorption
A
nutrients (building blocks) enter the body
13
Q
WHere does absorption take place
A
primarily small intestine
14
Q
What is defecation
A
removing of feces
15
Q
What are globular proteins that act as biological catalysts
A
enzymes
16
Q
What two things do enzymes do
A
regulate reactions and lower activation energy, increased speed
17
Q
Are enzymes used up after starting a reaction
A
no
18
Q
Whats the difference between peristalsis and segmentation
A
peristalsis is motion only while segmentation is mixing and motion
19
Q
What is the peritoneum
A
serous membrane covering the abdominal viscera
20
Q
What is the parietal
A
outer wall
21
Q
What is the visceral
A
inner covering of organs
22
Q
What is the mesentery
A
Where peritoneal membranes are back to back
23
Q
What is serous fluid
A
fills space between membranes
24
Q
What is the master regulator of metabolism
A
liver
25
What are the four layers of tissues
1. mucosa 2. submucosa 3.muscularis externa 4. serosa
26
What are the three layers of the mucosa
epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis mucosae
27
What are the two layers of the muscularis
longitudinal muscle and circular muscle
28
What are the three roles of mucosa
secrete enzymes, absorb nutrients and protect
29
What three things make up saliva
mostly water, ions/electrolytes and proteins
30
What proteins are in saliva
mucin, antimicrobials and digestive enyzmes
31
Whaat is mucin
protein that mixes with water to make mucus
32
What three antimicrobials are in saliva
lysozyme, defensins and IgA
33
what is a myxovirus infection of the parotid gland
mumps
34
how many total teeth do humans have
32
35
Whats the common term for dental caries
cavities
36
What are dental caries caused by
plaque
37
What makes up plaque
sugar and bacteria
38
how does plaque work
bacteria produces acids that erode the tooth
39
WHat is the common term for periodontal disease
gum disease
40
What is periodontal disease caused by
begins as gingivitis and caused by calculus
41
what is calculus
calcified plaque
42
What happens in periodontal disease
gums recede and teeth eventually fall out
43
What is the buccal phase
when the food is still in the mouth
44
WHat is the pharyngeal- esophageal phase
when the food is in the throat
45
What is gastric bypass surgery do
by passes the stomach and duodenum
46
WHat does the enteroendocrine cell do
sectrete hormones like gastrin
47
What does a chief cell secreate
pepsinogen
48
What does pepsinogen secrete
pepsin
49
what does pepsinogen use to create pepsin
HCl
50
WHat does the parietal cell create
HCl
51
What binds Vitamin B12
Interinsic factor
52
WHat causes pernicious anemia
B12 deficiency
53
What is pernicious anemia
RBCs cannot mature
54
What does IF stand for
Intrinsic Factor
55
90% of what is caused by helicobacter pylori
stomach ulcers
56
What is the cephalic phase
central nervous system
57
The taste sight and smell of food triggers what
vagus nerve
58
Rest and digest
parasympathetic
59
Is gastrin release by G cells triggered by a full stomach or an empty one?
full
60
What does pepsin do
breaks down proteins
61
What does filling the stomach with food do to pH?
increases it
62
What does the G cell gastrin do
stimulates parental cells
63
What are the three steps of gastric peristalsis
population, grinding and retropulsion
64
What does propulsion do
peristalsis from fundus to pylorus
65
What happens in the grinding phase of gastric peristalsis
increasing strength as wave approaches pylorus
66
What happens in the retropulsion phase
small pieces and liquid may pass through the pylorus the rest returns to the stomach
67
What is the rate of waves per minute in gastric peristalsis
3 waves per minute
68
What three main structures are used to increase surface area
circular folds, villi and micro villi
69
List the order of three main structures that increase surface area by size
biggest- Circular folds
middle- villi
Smallest- microvilli
70
What are the two main functions of the liver
master regulator of metabolisum and assist in digestion by secreating bile
71
What secreates bile
hepatocytes
72
What two things does bile contain
bile salts and phospholipids
73
What are biliary calculi
gall stones
74
WHat are the two catagories of pancreas function
endocrine and exocrine
75
What happens in the endocrine of the pancreas
creates glucagon and insulin
76
what happens in the exocrine of the pancreas
digestive enzymes
77
What cells secreate glucagon
alpha cells
78
What cells secreate digestive enzymes
acinar cells
79
What cells secreate insulin
beta cells
80
What specifically do acinar cells secreate
inactive proenzymes
81
When are proenzymes activated
when they are in the intestines
82
What does trypsin do
it activates all other enzymes
83
what causes the enteroendocrine cells to secrete hormones
chime in the duodenum
84
What hormones does the enteroendocrine secrete
CCK and secretin
85
What hormone causes the gallbladder to contract
CCK
86
what happens when the gallbladder contracts
bile release
87
What causes secreation of pancreatic juice
both CCK and secretin
88
What does gastrin do
increases motility which promotes the switch from segmentation to peristalsis
89
Whats the main job of the Small intestine
help with absorption
90
What relaxes the ileocecal sphincter
gastrin
91
What happens when the ileocecal sphincter is relaxed
permits flow of cecum of large intestine
92
What is the purpose of the large intestine
to compact waste and move it along
93
Does the large intestine have structures to increase surface area
no
94
What does the large intestine have more of then the small intestine
goblet cells and mucus
95
What is celiac disease
allergy to gluten
96
What is inflammatory bowel disease
immunogenic response to gut flora
97
what is flora
micros that live in the large intestine
98
What are the two main types of inflammatory bowel disease
crohns disease and ulcerative colitis
99
What is crohns disease
very severe includes multiple ulcers throughout the intestine
100
What is ulcerative colitis
mostly inflammation and a few ulcers
101
WHat three things does bacterial flora do
1. makes certain B and K vitamins
2. breaks down molecules humans cant
3. competes against harmful bacteria for resources
102
Bacterial flora can be harmful if found where
outside the colon like in the mouth
103
What should you do to promote good flora
eat fermented foods and fruits and veggies
104
What is clostridium dificile infection caused by
lack of good bacteria
105
WHat causes hemorrhoids: four things
pressure from excessive sitting, straining bowel movements, obesity and age
106
WHat does mechanical breakdown change
appearance and increases surface area
107
What does digestion change
molecular structures
108
What does absorpution do
moves nutrients from alimentary canal into body
109
what is gastric lipase
stomach enzyme breaks down proteins
110
What is ribonuclease
breaks down RNA
111
What is deoxyribonuclease
enzyme breaks down dna
112
Where is salivary amylase found
mouth
113
where is pancreatic amylase found
small intestine
114
where is brush bordaer enzyme found
small intestine
115
where is pepsin found
stomach
116
where is carboxypeptidase, chymotrypsin and trpsin found
small inestine
117
where is lingual lipase found
mouth
118
lipase is a type of
fat
119
gastric lipase is found in
stomach
120
emulsifaction by bile salts happens where
small intestine
121
pancreatic lipase is found where
small intestine
122
ribonuclease is found where
small intestine
123
salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase and brush border enzymes are all what
carbs
124
ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease are what
nucleic acids
125
pepsin, trypsin are both
proteins
