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A&P2 > Exam 2 Questions > Flashcards

Exam 2 Questions Flashcards

1
Q

How many litters per day are removed from the lymphatic system?

A

three

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2
Q

What two main functions does the lymphatic system do?

A

returns interstitial fluid leaked from blood vessels and filters the fluid searching for foreign objects

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3
Q

What are the four main components of the lymphatic system?

A

Lymph
Lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic organs and nodes

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4
Q

Difference between organs and nodules?

A

organs are encapsulated and nodules are non encapsulated

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5
Q

What four things make up the lymphatic organs and nodules?

A

Lymph nodes
Spleen
Thymus
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues or MALT

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6
Q

What is the difference between lymph and interstitial fluid?

A

location only

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7
Q

Once interstitial fluid is in a lymphatic vessel it is called what?

A

lymph

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8
Q

WHat are two structures that regulate movement of fluid into lymphatic system?

A

filaments

minivalve

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9
Q

B cells turn into what?

A

Plasma cells

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10
Q

Plasma cells secrete what?

A

antibodies

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11
Q

What do T cells do?

A

attack virus infected cells

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12
Q

Monocytes turn into what?

A

macrophages

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13
Q

Macrophages do what?

A

engulf various pathogens

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14
Q

WHat produces T cells and B cells?

A

Lymphocyte

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15
Q

Leukemia is cancer affecting what?

A

White blood cells

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16
Q

WHat do T cells do

A

attack and kill infected cells

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17
Q

What do B cells do

A

turn into plasma cells which secrete antibodies

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18
Q

what do Macrophages do

A

engulf foreign cells and particles

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19
Q

What are dendritic cells

A

an antigen- presenting cell

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20
Q

WHat does the dendritic cell so

A

brings antigens to T cells

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21
Q

WHat structure filters for lymph?

A

Lymph Nodes

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22
Q

WHat structure is a platform for immune system function?

A

Lymph Nodes

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23
Q

What houses multiple types of immune cells?

A

Lymph nodes

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24
Q

Is the spleen an organ or nodule?

A

organ

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25
Q

What does the red pulp in the spleen do?

A

removes old/ bad RBCs from circulation

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26
Q

What does the white pulp in the spleen consist of and do?

A

lymphocytes and reticular fibers it stores monocytes / platelets

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27
Q

What is the site of T cell maturation?

A

Thymus

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28
Q

Is the Thymus an organ or nodule?

A

Organ

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29
Q

What is the site of B cell maturation?

A

Bone

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30
Q

Is MALT an organ or nodule?

A

Nodule

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31
Q

What is a Lymphoma?

A

A lymphatic tumor

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32
Q

Which is an uncontrolled growth of B Cells; Hodgkins or Non Hodgkins?

A

Hodgkins

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33
Q

Which can arise from either B cells or T cells?

A

Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma

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34
Q

What is the first line of defense?

A

External Innate

skin or mucosae

35
Q

What is the second line of defense?

A

Internal Innate Immune System

36
Q

What is the third line of defense?

A

Adaptive Immune System

37
Q

Humoral and cellular immunity are part of what defense?

A

Adaptive

38
Q

Surface barriers and internal defenses are part of which defense?

A

innate

39
Q

What cuts sugars in bacterial surface?

A

Lysozyme

40
Q

Osmotic pressure balance shifts?

A

Lysozyme

41
Q

What H2O influx bursts cell?

A

Lysozyme

42
Q

Phagocytes, NK Cells, inflammation, antimicrobial/antiviral proteins and fever are part of what defense system?

A

Internal Innate

43
Q

Neutrophils and macrophages make up what?

A

Phagocytes

44
Q

Interferons and complement make up what?

A

Antimicronial/ antiviral proteins

45
Q

What aids phagocytosis by coating “prey” with protein “handles” that make it easier for macrophages to bind?

A

Opsonization

46
Q

What induces apoptosis via cell to cell contact?

A

Natural Killer Cells

47
Q

What are functions of inflammation?

A

Prevent spread of infection and increases blood flow and edema sweeps contents into lymphatic vessels

48
Q

What is edema?

A

swelling with interstitial fluid

49
Q

In phagocyte mobilization, what is the first step

A

leukocytosis

50
Q

In phagocyte mobilization, what is the second step

A

Margination

51
Q

In phagocyte mobilization, what is the third step

A

Diapedesis

52
Q

In phagocyte mobilization, what is the forth step

A

Chemotaxis

53
Q

WHat happens in leukocytosis

A

neutrophils enter blood from bone marrow

54
Q

What happens in margination

A

neutrophils clings to capillary wall

55
Q

WHat happens in diapedesis

A

neutrophils flatten and squeeze out of capillaries

56
Q

What happens in chemotaxis

A

neutrophils follow chemical trail

57
Q

Inflammatory chemicals are also _____________ agents

A

chemotactic

58
Q

What does Membrance Attack Complex do?

A

Puts holes in enemy membranes

59
Q

In the Membrane Attack complex gets to much water what happens?

A

Lysis or to cause to rupture

60
Q

What releases pyrogens?

A

leukocytes

61
Q

What resets the body’s thermostat?

A

pyrogens

62
Q

What causes the liver and spleen to sequester iron and zinc?

A

fever

63
Q

WHat does fever do to your metabolism rate

A

increases it

64
Q

WHat is anything that can be recognized by an antibody

A

antigen

65
Q

What is the part of an antigen that is recognized by the antibody

A

antigenic determinant

66
Q

What is a protein secreted by plasma cells that recognizes antigens

A

Antibodies

67
Q

What is the ability to elicit an adaptive immune response

A

immunogenic

68
Q

WHere do B and T lymphocytes originate from where

A

hematopoietic stem cells in red bone cells

69
Q

During maturation lymphocytes develop what?

A

immuncompetece and self tolerance

70
Q

what is antigen encounter and activation

A

when a lymphocytes antigen receptors bind its antigen

71
Q

what shuffles genes like a deck of cards

A

somatic recombination

72
Q

B cell activation produces what 2 cell types?

A

plasma cells and memory B cells

73
Q

Why does Antibody Affinity improve with each exposure to antigen for two reason?

A

Somatic Mutation and

Competition

74
Q

What does Somatic mutation do?

A

modifies Abs for 1 degree responce

75
Q

What does competition do?

A

attempts to bind the same antigenic determinant in antibodies

76
Q

Which humoral immunity is an infection?

A

active naturally acquired

77
Q

Which humoral immunity is a vaccine?

A

Active artificially acuired

78
Q

Which humoral immunity is breast milk or placenta?

A

Passive naturally acquired

79
Q

Which humoral immunity is an antibody injectiom like a snake bite?

A

passive artificially accuired

80
Q

What does VDJ stand for

A

Variable, diversity and Joining

81
Q

What do Fc Receptors do

A

bind Fc regions to antibodies that have found antigens

82
Q

Precipitation/ Agglutination is influenced by the number of what?

A

antigenic determinants and antigen binding sites

83
Q

CD4 Cells become what

A

Helper T Cells

Regulatory T Cells

84
Q

CD8 Cells become what

A

Cytotoxic T cells

A&P2 (11 decks)

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