Exam 2 Questions Flashcards
How many litters per day are removed from the lymphatic system?
three
What two main functions does the lymphatic system do?
returns interstitial fluid leaked from blood vessels and filters the fluid searching for foreign objects
What are the four main components of the lymphatic system?
Lymph
Lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic organs and nodes
Difference between organs and nodules?
organs are encapsulated and nodules are non encapsulated
What four things make up the lymphatic organs and nodules?
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Thymus
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues or MALT
What is the difference between lymph and interstitial fluid?
location only
Once interstitial fluid is in a lymphatic vessel it is called what?
lymph
WHat are two structures that regulate movement of fluid into lymphatic system?
filaments
minivalve
B cells turn into what?
Plasma cells
Plasma cells secrete what?
antibodies
What do T cells do?
attack virus infected cells
Monocytes turn into what?
macrophages
Macrophages do what?
engulf various pathogens
WHat produces T cells and B cells?
Lymphocyte
Leukemia is cancer affecting what?
White blood cells
WHat do T cells do
attack and kill infected cells
What do B cells do
turn into plasma cells which secrete antibodies
what do Macrophages do
engulf foreign cells and particles
What are dendritic cells
an antigen- presenting cell
WHat does the dendritic cell so
brings antigens to T cells
WHat structure filters for lymph?
Lymph Nodes
WHat structure is a platform for immune system function?
Lymph Nodes
What houses multiple types of immune cells?
Lymph nodes
Is the spleen an organ or nodule?
organ
What does the red pulp in the spleen do?
removes old/ bad RBCs from circulation
What does the white pulp in the spleen consist of and do?
lymphocytes and reticular fibers it stores monocytes / platelets
What is the site of T cell maturation?
Thymus
Is the Thymus an organ or nodule?
Organ
What is the site of B cell maturation?
Bone
Is MALT an organ or nodule?
Nodule
What is a Lymphoma?
A lymphatic tumor
Which is an uncontrolled growth of B Cells; Hodgkins or Non Hodgkins?
Hodgkins
Which can arise from either B cells or T cells?
Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma
What is the first line of defense?
External Innate
skin or mucosae
What is the second line of defense?
Internal Innate Immune System
What is the third line of defense?
Adaptive Immune System
Humoral and cellular immunity are part of what defense?
Adaptive
Surface barriers and internal defenses are part of which defense?
innate
What cuts sugars in bacterial surface?
Lysozyme
Osmotic pressure balance shifts?
Lysozyme
What H2O influx bursts cell?
Lysozyme
Phagocytes, NK Cells, inflammation, antimicrobial/antiviral proteins and fever are part of what defense system?
Internal Innate
Neutrophils and macrophages make up what?
Phagocytes
Interferons and complement make up what?
Antimicronial/ antiviral proteins
What aids phagocytosis by coating “prey” with protein “handles” that make it easier for macrophages to bind?
Opsonization
What induces apoptosis via cell to cell contact?
Natural Killer Cells
What are functions of inflammation?
Prevent spread of infection and increases blood flow and edema sweeps contents into lymphatic vessels
What is edema?
swelling with interstitial fluid
In phagocyte mobilization, what is the first step
leukocytosis
In phagocyte mobilization, what is the second step
Margination
In phagocyte mobilization, what is the third step
Diapedesis
In phagocyte mobilization, what is the forth step
Chemotaxis
WHat happens in leukocytosis
neutrophils enter blood from bone marrow
What happens in margination
neutrophils clings to capillary wall
WHat happens in diapedesis
neutrophils flatten and squeeze out of capillaries
What happens in chemotaxis
neutrophils follow chemical trail
Inflammatory chemicals are also _____________ agents
chemotactic
What does Membrance Attack Complex do?
Puts holes in enemy membranes
In the Membrane Attack complex gets to much water what happens?
Lysis or to cause to rupture
What releases pyrogens?
leukocytes
What resets the body’s thermostat?
pyrogens
What causes the liver and spleen to sequester iron and zinc?
fever
WHat does fever do to your metabolism rate
increases it
WHat is anything that can be recognized by an antibody
antigen
What is the part of an antigen that is recognized by the antibody
antigenic determinant
What is a protein secreted by plasma cells that recognizes antigens
Antibodies
What is the ability to elicit an adaptive immune response
immunogenic
WHere do B and T lymphocytes originate from where
hematopoietic stem cells in red bone cells
During maturation lymphocytes develop what?
immuncompetece and self tolerance
what is antigen encounter and activation
when a lymphocytes antigen receptors bind its antigen
what shuffles genes like a deck of cards
somatic recombination
B cell activation produces what 2 cell types?
plasma cells and memory B cells
Why does Antibody Affinity improve with each exposure to antigen for two reason?
Somatic Mutation and
Competition
What does Somatic mutation do?
modifies Abs for 1 degree responce
What does competition do?
attempts to bind the same antigenic determinant in antibodies
Which humoral immunity is an infection?
active naturally acquired
Which humoral immunity is a vaccine?
Active artificially acuired
Which humoral immunity is breast milk or placenta?
Passive naturally acquired
Which humoral immunity is an antibody injectiom like a snake bite?
passive artificially accuired
What does VDJ stand for
Variable, diversity and Joining
What do Fc Receptors do
bind Fc regions to antibodies that have found antigens
Precipitation/ Agglutination is influenced by the number of what?
antigenic determinants and antigen binding sites
CD4 Cells become what
Helper T Cells
Regulatory T Cells
CD8 Cells become what
Cytotoxic T cells
