Exam 4 - Pregnancy And Parturition Flashcards

1
Q

Steps of pregnancy

A
  1. Fertilization
  2. Implementation
  3. Placentation
  4. Fetal Growth
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2
Q

Pregnancy

A

Condition while female animal develops young in the uterus

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3
Q

Gestation

A

From fertilization to parturition; occurs in four main phases

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4
Q

Oviduct

A

Primary site of fertilization

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5
Q

After ejaculation the __________ become mobile

A

Spermatozoa

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6
Q

The first arriving spermatozoa typically do not accomplish _____________

A

Fertilization

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7
Q

Oxytocin is released as a result of a _______ _______ promotes contraction of the _______ _______ in the female tubular genitalia to assist with ___________ transport

A

Neural reflex; smooth muscle; spermatozoa

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8
Q

Oxytocin release from the ___________ _________ _______ can be triggered with nontactile stimuli

A

Posterior pituitary gland

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9
Q

Oxytocin release and effects can be dampened by ________ that _______ sympathetic tone

A

Stressors; increase

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10
Q

Capacitation

A

Physiologic process that conveys the capacity to fertilize the ovum

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11
Q

Insemination most often occurs _________ ___ ________ so that viable spermatozoa are present when ova arrive for fertilization

A

Prior to fertilization

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12
Q

Viability and survival times of spermatozoa is

A

Matter of hours

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13
Q

Presence of semen in the female reproductive tract results in an _________ __________ and _________

A

Immunologic reaction; inflammation

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14
Q

As the spermatozoa become nonviable, the female’s ______ _______ will clear the remaining debris from the reproductive tract

A

Immune response

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15
Q

Cumulus Oophorous

A

Variable number of granulosa cells surround the zona

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16
Q

Female develops only a _____ mature gamete (also called the ovum, egg, or oocyte) the genetic material that is discarded is referred to as a ______ ______

A

Single; polar body

17
Q

Zona Pellucida

A

Semipermeable membrane made of glycoproteins
Contains receptor sites for attachment of sperm (Z3)

18
Q

After penetration of the zona, the cell membrane of the single spermatozoon that will accomplish fertilization attaches to and fuses with the _______ ________ of the ovum
This initiates the second meiotic division by the ovum, which results in ________ ___ ____ _______ ______ ______

A

Vitelline membrane; formation of the second polar body

19
Q

Polyspermy

A

Entry of more than one spermatozoon into the ovum

20
Q

Gamete fusion ALSO stimulates release of cytoplasmic granules by the ovum and depolarization
of the plasma membrane of the egg

21
Q

Fast = Depolarization of vitelline membrane prevents further attachment

22
Q

Slow = Depolarization ALSO stimulates increase in intracellular Calcium, release of cytoplasmic granules, and ZP3
become inactiv

23
Q

What happens to the embryo if polyspemic fertilization occurs?

A

Embryonic death

24
Q

What layer of the uterus provides site of attachment for placental membranes

A

Endometrium

25
Implantation
Attachment of a blastula to the uterine epithelium and penetration of the epithelium by embryonic tissue
26
Need _______ within the lumen before implantation
Migration
27
In litter‐bearing animals, _______ permits the spacing of embryos so that each has adequate room for development and ensures that each ________ ______ contains some embryos
Migration; uterine horn
28
Placentation
Development of the extraembryonic membranes, or placenta
29
Layers of placenta: _______ – Amniotic sac surrounding fetus ________ – allantoic sac ________ – outer layer that attaches to the lining of the uterus
Amnion Allantois Chorion
30
Amnion
Amniotic sac surrounding fetus
31
Allantois
Allantoic sac
32
Chorion
Outer layer that attaches to the lining of the uterus