Exam 4 - Pregnancy And Parturition

Question 1

Steps of pregnancy

Answer 1

1. Fertilization
2. Implementation
3. Placentation
4. Fetal Growth

Question 2

Pregnancy

Answer 2

Condition while female animal develops young in the uterus

Question 3

Gestation

Answer 3

From fertilization to parturition; occurs in four main phases

Question 4

Oviduct

Answer 4

Primary site of fertilization

Question 5

After ejaculation the __________ become mobile

Answer 5

Spermatozoa

Question 6

The first arriving spermatozoa typically do not accomplish _____________

Answer 6

Fertilization

Question 7

Oxytocin is released as a result of a _______ _______ promotes contraction of the _______ _______ in the female tubular genitalia to assist with ___________ transport

Answer 7

Neural reflex; smooth muscle; spermatozoa

Question 8

Oxytocin release from the ___________ _________ _______ can be triggered with nontactile stimuli

Answer 8

Posterior pituitary gland

Question 9

Oxytocin release and effects can be dampened by ________ that _______ sympathetic tone

Answer 9

Stressors; increase

Question 10

Capacitation

Answer 10

Physiologic process that conveys the capacity to fertilize the ovum

Question 11

Insemination most often occurs _________ ___ ________ so that viable spermatozoa are present when ova arrive for fertilization

Answer 11

Prior to fertilization

Question 12

Viability and survival times of spermatozoa is

Answer 12

Matter of hours

Question 13

Presence of semen in the female reproductive tract results in an _________ __________ and _________

Answer 13

Immunologic reaction; inflammation

Question 14

As the spermatozoa become nonviable, the female’s ______ _______ will clear the remaining debris from the reproductive tract

Answer 14

Immune response

Question 15

Cumulus Oophorous

Answer 15

Variable number of granulosa cells surround the zona

Question 16

Female develops only a _____ mature gamete (also called the ovum, egg, or oocyte) the genetic material that is discarded is referred to as a ______ ______

Answer 16

Single; polar body

Question 17

Zona Pellucida

Answer 17

Semipermeable membrane made of glycoproteins
Contains receptor sites for attachment of sperm (Z3)

Question 18

After penetration of the zona, the cell membrane of the single spermatozoon that will accomplish fertilization attaches to and fuses with the _______ ________ of the ovum
This initiates the second meiotic division by the ovum, which results in ________ ___ ____ _______ ______ ______

Answer 18

Vitelline membrane; formation of the second polar body

Question 19

Polyspermy

Answer 19

Entry of more than one spermatozoon into the ovum

Question 20

Gamete fusion ALSO stimulates release of cytoplasmic granules by the ovum and depolarization
of the plasma membrane of the egg

Question 21

Fast = Depolarization of vitelline membrane prevents further attachment

Question 22

Slow = Depolarization ALSO stimulates increase in intracellular Calcium, release of cytoplasmic granules, and ZP3
become inactiv

Question 23

What happens to the embryo if polyspemic fertilization occurs?

Answer 23

Embryonic death

Question 24

What layer of the uterus provides site of attachment for placental membranes

Answer 24

Endometrium

Question 25

Implantation

Answer 25

Attachment of a blastula to the uterine epithelium and penetration of the epithelium by embryonic tissue

Question 26

Need _______ within the lumen before implantation

Answer 26

Migration

Question 27

In litter‐bearing animals, _______ permits the spacing of embryos so that each has adequate room for development and ensures that each ________ ______ contains some embryos

Answer 27

Migration; uterine horn

Question 28

Placentation

Answer 28

Development of the extraembryonic membranes, or placenta

Question 29

Layers of placenta:
_______ – Amniotic sac surrounding fetus
________ – allantoic sac
________ – outer layer that attaches to the lining of the uterus

Answer 29

Amnion
Allantois
Chorion

Question 30

Amnion

Answer 30

Amniotic sac surrounding fetus

Question 31

Allantois

Answer 31

Allantoic sac

Question 32

Chorion

Answer 32

Outer layer that attaches to the lining of the uterus