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ANIMSCI 3140 > Exam 2 - Endocrine System > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is Autocrine Signaling?

A

Made by the cell, but stimulate the same cell, “talking to yourself”

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2
Q

Where is Autocrine Signaling important?

A

Inflammatory cells

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3
Q

What is Paracrine Signaling?

A

When cells signal to nearby cells “playing telephone”

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4
Q

What is Endocrine Signaling?

A

Hormones produced by endocrine glands enter the circulation

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5
Q

What are two important functions of the endocrine system?

A

Communication and regulation

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6
Q

What is endocrinology?

A

The study of endocrine glands and hormones

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7
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Have ducts that allow secretions to empty into a lumen (like the intestine) or onto a surface like the skin

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8
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Ductless glands that secretes directly into blood vessels

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9
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers produced by specialized cells

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10
Q

______ __________ of hormones needed to have a large effect on organs and tissues

A

Low concentration

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11
Q

Properties of the endocrine system (6)

A

Wireless, chemical signal in the blood, slower acting, long duration, specific receptors, hormone

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12
Q

What stimulates humoral release

A

Hormones release caused by altered levels of certain critical ions or nutrients

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13
Q

What stimulates neural release

A

Hormone release caused by neural input

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14
Q

What causes hormonal release

A

Hormone release caused. By another hormone (a tropic hormone)

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15
Q

An example of humoral stimulus

A

Stimulus: Low concentrations of Ca2+ in capillary blood
Response: Parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH), which increases blood Ca2+

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16
Q

An example of neural stimulus

A

Stimulus: action potentials in preganglionic sympathetic fibers to adrenal medulla
Response: Adrenal medulla cells secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine

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17
Q

An example of hormonal stimulus

A

Stimulus: hormones from hypothalamus
Response: anterior pituitary gland secretes hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones

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18
Q

Properties of peptide hormones:
Synthesized as ___________, can travel ________ in the blood, utilize _______ _______, have ________ ________

A

Preprohormones; freely; second messengers; rapid onset

19
Q

Properties of steroid hormones
Synthesized from ________, require _______ ________ to travel in the blood, change _________ ________ _______, have _______ onset but have a ________ duration

A

Cholesterol; carrier proteins; gene expression directly; slower; longer

20
Q

Amine hormones are ________ from _______

A

Synthesized; tyrosine

21
Q

Adrenaline amine hormone properties
Adrenaline - like _______, ________ and ________ ________

A

Adrenaline- peptides; polar; second messengers

22
Q

Thyroid amine hormone properties
Thyroid hormones - like ________, ______-______, direct action on _______ _______

A

Thyroid- steroids; protein-bound, nuclear receptors

23
Q

Examples of peptide hormones

A

Insulin, glucagon, prolactin, ACTH, gastric PTH

24
Q

Examples of steroid hormones

A

Cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone

25
Q

Steroid hormones: a change in mRNA results in a change in ________ _________, this change elicits biological response

A

Protein production

26
Q

What are eicosanoids?

A

Chemical derivatives of long-chain fatty acids

27
Q

Eicosanoids mostly participate as __________ agents, as they are rapidly metabolized

A

Paracrine

28
Q

How do eicosanoids differ from true hormones?

A

Eicosanoids are produced in small quantities by almost all tissues

29
Q

Some eicosanoids act as ________ ________

A

Signaling molecules

30
Q

Prostaglandins

A
31
Q

Thromboxane

A
32
Q

Leukotrienes

A
33
Q

Target organs

A
34
Q

How is wireless communication regulated (3 ways)

A
35
Q

Disposal of hormones

A

Degraded inside the cell after action or excess degraded in the liver and kidneys then excreted via the urinary and biliary system

36
Q

The effect of a hormone is determined by

A

Availability of receptors and concentration of the hormone in the blood

37
Q

Concentration of hormone in the blood is determined by

A

Rate of release and rate of elimination/removal

38
Q

Rate of release is determined by

A

Positive and negative feedback regualtion

39
Q

Peptide hormones and amines are ______ in _______, ‘docking’ for release requires ________

A

Stored; vesicles; calcium

40
Q

Steroid hormones are _____ _______ and must be _________ just prior to release

A

Not stored; synthesized

41
Q

Negative feedback regulation

A
42
Q

Positive feedback regulation

A
43
Q

Examples of negative regulation

A
44
Q

Example of positive feedback regulation

A

ANIMSCI 3140 (11 decks)

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