Exam 2 Crossword Flashcards by Sara Santisi

The movement of _____ attached to hair cells
within the viscous fluid of the otolithic organs
alerts a change in body position or movement.

Crystals

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These receptors respond to physical deformation or pressure.

Mechanoreceptors

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The membrane within the eye that contains the
receptors that perceive light stimuli:

Retina

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The _____ is the portion of the inner ear that has a
snail shell-like appearance and is primarily
responsible for hearing.

Cochlea

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An _____ molecule, such as a molecule
containing a benzene ring, would be detected by
cells in the olfactory epithelium.

Aromatic

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An example of a type of molecule that can be
detected by a sour taste cell:

Acid

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Sensory signals from nerves travel in an _____ direction.

Afferent

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____ papillae on the tongue are simple
projections from the epithelium that are
commonly located on the front portion of the
tongue.

Fungiform

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The white, protective outer covering of the eye:

Sclera

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The _____ nerve is attached to the back of the eye
and receives the action potentials from light
stimuli, directing them to the brain.

Optic

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This chemical sense involves chemoreceptors
present on a specialized epithelium below the
cribriform plate that detect aerosolized
compounds.

Olfaction

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These receptors are located in the retina.

Photoreceptors

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These receptors detect noxious or harmful stimuli
that may cause bodily injury.

Nociceptors

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The curved outer portion of the eye that aids in
refracting light and focusing an image.

Cornea

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This chemical sense involves chemoreceptors
present in clusters of cells known as taste buds.

Gustation

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When the nervous system receives information
from the external environment, it is known as
_____.

Exteroception

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The vestibular _____ is the portion of the inner ear
made that is responsible for balance or equilibrium
and contains the semicircular canals and otolithic
organs.

Apparatus

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This hormone group is synthesized from
preprohormones, travels freely in the blood, uses
second messengers, and has a rapid onset

Peptide

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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) targets
cells of the adrenal __ on the outer region of the
adrenal gland

Cortex

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The H in HPA axis stands for what. This
structure is important in integrating nervous
information with endocrine output in the pituitary
gland.

Hypothalamus

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Antidiuretic hormone is made in the
hypothalamus and directly acts on kidney tubules.
What hormone is it an example of?

Non-tropic

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Cushing’s disease is caused by an increased
release of ACTH and ___.

Cortisol

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An increase in melatonin levels in horses ___
the hypothalamus.

Inhibits

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What amine hormone is like a peptide, but is polar

Adrenaline

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Unlike the nervous system, the endocrine system relies on ___ transport through the blood to act as a chemical signal

Hormone

Parathyroid hormone increases blood concentration of calcium and decreases blood phosphate. It does so by acting on the kidney and ___.

Bone

The anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) has an ___ connection to the hypothalamus that allows hormones to pass into the pituitary and release other hormones.

Endocrine

Oxytocin is secreted during parturition which leads to uterine contraction and cervical dilation. In this positive feedback system, cervical dilation does what to oxytocin levels?

Stimulates

If an animal hasn’t eaten in a while its blood glucose levels will be low. This signals to the pancreas to release ______.

Glucagon

Thyroid stimulating hormone is made in the anterior pituitary and acts on the thyroid to produce thyroxine hormone. What hormone is it an example of?

Tropic

Signal made by the cell, to stimulate the same cell; important in inflammatory cells

Autocrine

This hormone group is lipid soluble and binds directly to receptors in the cell nucleus.

Steroid

Stress on the body causes the eventual release of cortisol from the kidneys. In this negative feedback system, rising cortisol levels act as what to the anterior pituitary?

Inhibitory

___ feedback is when rising blood concentration of a given hormone causes a biological response that prevents further release of that hormone.

Negative

The ___ cells of the pancreas produce the hormone insulin.

Beta

___ feedback is when rising blood concentration of a given hormone causes a biological response that produces further release of that hormone.

Positive

Prostaglandins, long chain fatty acids, are an example of what signaling molecule group

Eicosanoid

The posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) has a ___ connection to the hypothalamus that allows hormones to pass into the pituitary and release pre-made hormones.

Neural

___ have a thinner tunica media which provides more flexibility to these blood vessels.

Veins

What factor keeps fluid in capillaries (and not forced out into interstitial spaces)? If is generated by plasma proteins.

Osmotic force

Without this semi-lunar valve blood would flow back from the lungs and into the heart.

Pulmonary

The sound of the mitral and tricuspid valves snapping shut as ventricles begin to contract is what?

Lub

What blood vessel carries blood away from the heart and to the body?

Arteries

What layer of the pericardium lines the surface of the heart?

Visceral

Pulmonary circulation needs a ___ pressure pump.

Low

What 3-flapped AV valve lies between the right atrium and ventricle?

Tricuspid/Right AV valve

This is the pacemaker of the heart from where action potentials are spontaneously developed allowing for contraction of the heart. (2 words)

SA node

The extracellular fluid that is recovered from the vascular space by lymphatic vessels is called what?

Lymph

Fill in the blank in this sequence: arteries- _____- capillaries

Arterioles

Where do the cranial and caudal vena cava enter the heart?

Right atrium

What is the amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle per minute? It is affected by stroke volume (EDV, ESV) and heart rate.

Cardiac output

Fill in the bank in this sequence: capillaries-Venules- ____

Veins

Fetal circulation does not need to oxygenate blood in the lungs. It therefore has a foramen oval which is located where? (Between the right ___ and left ___)

Atrium

This structure of squamous epithelial cells lines the chambers of the heart.

Endocardium

The smallest form of a vein and artery is a what?

Capillary

This is a measure of the driving force or the amount of strain arteries experience as blood circulates throughout the body.

Hydrostatic pressure

In which area of the heart does oxygenated blood first enter?

Left atrium

These fibrous structures are important in preventing valves from flipping inside out while pumping.

Chorde tendineae

What is an extrinsic mechanism that alters ESV (or the amount of blood in the ventricle at the end of contraction)?

Contractility

The sound of the aortic and pulmonary valves snapping shut at the end of ventricular contraction is what?

Dub

Is the blood entering the heart oxygenated or deoxygenated?

Deoxygenated

You can easily distinguish the right and left ventricles because of the difference in what muscular layer?

Myocardium

Portal systems are series of capillary beds between two vessels allowing for gas and hormone exchange. One exists in the connection between the anterior pituitary ad the hypothalamus. Where does the second one occur?

Liver

If this structure was missing the ventricles would be unable to fill with blood before they contract (less blood in circulation). It causes a delay in electrical conduction.

AV node

The left side of the heart pumps blood to the aorta/systemic circulation. It therefore needs a ___ pressure system.

High

What is the largest artery in the body?

Aorta

This part of the upper respiratory tract is called the "gatekeeper" to the entrance of the trachea and the "voice box":

Larynx

Gas exchange occurs here

Alveoli

When the diaphragm _____, thoracic volume increases.

Contracts

The _____ muscle affects the diameter of the trachea.

Trachealis

The _____ is the muscle situated at the bottom of the thoracic cavity that is responsible for inhalation and exhalation.

Diaphragm

Respiration brings _____ to cells.

Oxygen

_____ respiration involves gas exchange between blood and cells within tissues.

External

The fluid covering the alveoli contains _____, which reduces surface tension and prevents collapse.

Surfactant

____ are small finger-like projections on the nasal epithelial cells that trap and move particles covered in mucus.

Cilia

The trachea divides into the right and left primary _____, which branch out to form secondary and tertiary structures.

Bronchi

Inspiration is an example of the body creating _____ pressure.

Negative

When the tertiary bronchi further divide into airways less than 1mm in diameter, they become _____.

Bronchioles

The only point where the lungs are physically connected to the rest of the body is called the _____.

Hilus

The _____ is the structure that closes shut during swallowing to ensure ingested material doesn't enter the trachea.

Epiglottis

The pressure of the _____ space is slightly lower than the pressure within the lungs in order to keep the lungs inflated.

Intrapleural

When the diaphragm _____, thoracic volume decreases.

Relaxes

_____ are air-filled cavities within cranial bones that communicate with the nasal cavity.

Sinusws

Respiration brings _____ away from cells.

Carbon dioxide

_____ respiration involves gas exchange between the air and blood in the pulmonary capillaries.

Internal

The _____ epithelium contains the sensory endings of cells responsible for smell.

Olfactory

Nasal _____ are thin, scroll-like bones covered with nasal epithelium.

Turbinates

The nostril openings are also called _____.

Nares

The mucus-producing cells in the nasal epithelium are called _____ cells.

Goblet

The _____ lines the thoracic cavity and is well lubricated to allow the lungs to move easily.

Pleura

When particles are trapped in the nasal passages in mucus, the _____ apparatus moves the particles caudally to the pharynx.

Mucociliary

The soft, membrane-lined cavity between the nose/mouth and the esophagus is called the _____.

Pharynx

The nasal epithelium is classified as _____ epithelium.

Columnar

When the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the blood, the pH _____.

Decreases

Which type of cartilage makes up the Adam's apple?

Thyroid

Respiratory _____ occurs when the respiratory system removes too much carbon dioxide which increases the pH of the blood.

Alkalosis

Respiratory _____ occurs when too much carbon dioxide accumulates in the blood and the pH decreases.

Acidosis

What is the actual name of the tube-like structure we refer to when talking about the "airway"?

Trachea

This ring-like type of cartilage is associated with the trachea and maintains the structure and opening of the airway

Cricoid