Exam 2 Crossword Flashcards
The movement of _____ attached to hair cells
within the viscous fluid of the otolithic organs
alerts a change in body position or movement.
Crystals
These receptors respond to physical deformation or pressure.
Mechanoreceptors
The membrane within the eye that contains the
receptors that perceive light stimuli:
Retina
The _____ is the portion of the inner ear that has a
snail shell-like appearance and is primarily
responsible for hearing.
Cochlea
An _____ molecule, such as a molecule
containing a benzene ring, would be detected by
cells in the olfactory epithelium.
Aromatic
An example of a type of molecule that can be
detected by a sour taste cell:
Acid
Sensory signals from nerves travel in an _____ direction.
Afferent
____ papillae on the tongue are simple
projections from the epithelium that are
commonly located on the front portion of the
tongue.
Fungiform
The white, protective outer covering of the eye:
Sclera
The _____ nerve is attached to the back of the eye
and receives the action potentials from light
stimuli, directing them to the brain.
Optic
This chemical sense involves chemoreceptors
present on a specialized epithelium below the
cribriform plate that detect aerosolized
compounds.
Olfaction
These receptors are located in the retina.
Photoreceptors
These receptors detect noxious or harmful stimuli
that may cause bodily injury.
Nociceptors
The curved outer portion of the eye that aids in
refracting light and focusing an image.
Cornea
This chemical sense involves chemoreceptors
present in clusters of cells known as taste buds.
Gustation
When the nervous system receives information
from the external environment, it is known as
_____.
Exteroception
The vestibular _____ is the portion of the inner ear
made that is responsible for balance or equilibrium
and contains the semicircular canals and otolithic
organs.
Apparatus
This hormone group is synthesized from
preprohormones, travels freely in the blood, uses
second messengers, and has a rapid onset
Peptide
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) targets
cells of the adrenal __ on the outer region of the
adrenal gland
Cortex
The H in HPA axis stands for what. This
structure is important in integrating nervous
information with endocrine output in the pituitary
gland.
Hypothalamus
Antidiuretic hormone is made in the
hypothalamus and directly acts on kidney tubules.
What hormone is it an example of?
Non-tropic
Cushing’s disease is caused by an increased
release of ACTH and ___.
Cortisol
An increase in melatonin levels in horses ___
the hypothalamus.
Inhibits
What amine hormone is like a peptide, but is polar
Adrenaline
Unlike the nervous system, the endocrine
system relies on ___ transport through the blood
to act as a chemical signal
Hormone
Parathyroid hormone increases blood
concentration of calcium and decreases blood
phosphate. It does so by acting on the kidney and
___.
Bone
The anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) has
an ___ connection to the hypothalamus that
allows hormones to pass into the pituitary and
release other hormones.
Endocrine
Oxytocin is secreted during parturition which
leads to uterine contraction and cervical dilation.
In this positive feedback system, cervical dilation
does what to oxytocin levels?
Stimulates
If an animal hasn’t eaten in a while its blood
glucose levels will be low. This signals to the pancreas to release ______.
Glucagon
Thyroid stimulating hormone is made in the
anterior pituitary and acts on the thyroid to
produce thyroxine hormone. What hormone is it
an example of?
Tropic
Signal made by the cell, to stimulate the same
cell; important in inflammatory cells
Autocrine
This hormone group is lipid soluble and binds
directly to receptors in the cell nucleus.
Steroid
Stress on the body causes the eventual release
of cortisol from the kidneys. In this negative
feedback system, rising cortisol levels act as what
to the anterior pituitary?
Inhibitory
___ feedback is when rising blood
concentration of a given hormone causes a
biological response that prevents further release
of that hormone.
Negative
The ___ cells of the pancreas produce the
hormone insulin.
Beta
___ feedback is when rising blood
concentration of a given hormone causes a
biological response that produces further release
of that hormone.
Positive
Prostaglandins, long chain fatty acids, are an
example of what signaling molecule group
Eicosanoid
The posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) has
a ___ connection to the hypothalamus that allows
hormones to pass into the pituitary and release
pre-made hormones.
Neural
___ have a thinner tunica media which
provides more flexibility to these blood vessels.
Veins
What factor keeps fluid in capillaries (and not
forced out into interstitial spaces)? If is generated
by plasma proteins.
Osmotic force
Without this semi-lunar valve blood would flow
back from the lungs and into the heart.
Pulmonary
The sound of the mitral and tricuspid valves
snapping shut as ventricles begin to contract is
what?
Lub
What blood vessel carries blood away from
the heart and to the body?
Arteries
What layer of the pericardium lines the
surface of the heart?
Visceral
Pulmonary circulation needs a ___ pressure
pump.
Low
What 3-flapped AV valve lies between the
right atrium and ventricle?
Tricuspid/Right AV valve
This is the pacemaker of the heart from
where action potentials are spontaneously
developed allowing for contraction of the heart. (2
words)
SA node
The extracellular fluid that is recovered from
the vascular space by lymphatic vessels is called
what?
Lymph
Fill in the blank in this sequence: arteries-
_____- capillaries
Arterioles
Where do the cranial and caudal vena cava
enter the heart?
Right atrium
What is the amount of blood pumped out of
each ventricle per minute? It is affected by stroke
volume (EDV, ESV) and heart rate.
Cardiac output
Fill in the bank in this sequence: capillaries-Venules- ____
Veins
Fetal circulation does not need to oxygenate
blood in the lungs. It therefore has a foramen oval
which is located where? (Between the right ___
and left ___)
Atrium
This structure of squamous epithelial cells lines
the chambers of the heart.
Endocardium
The smallest form of a vein and artery is a
what?
Capillary
This is a measure of the driving force or the
amount of strain arteries experience as blood
circulates throughout the body.
Hydrostatic pressure
In which area of the heart does oxygenated
blood first enter?
Left atrium
These fibrous structures are important in
preventing valves from flipping inside out while
pumping.
Chorde tendineae
What is an extrinsic mechanism that alters
ESV (or the amount of blood in the ventricle at
the end of contraction)?
Contractility
The sound of the aortic and pulmonary valves
snapping shut at the end of ventricular
contraction is what?
Dub
Is the blood entering the heart oxygenated or
deoxygenated?
Deoxygenated
You can easily distinguish the right and left
ventricles because of the difference in what
muscular layer?
Myocardium
Portal systems are series of capillary beds
between two vessels allowing for gas and
hormone exchange. One exists in the connection
between the anterior pituitary ad the
hypothalamus. Where does the second one occur?
Liver
If this structure was missing the ventricles
would be unable to fill with blood before they
contract (less blood in circulation). It causes a
delay in electrical conduction.
AV node
The left side of the heart pumps blood to the
aorta/systemic circulation. It therefore needs a
___ pressure system.
High
What is the largest artery in the body?
Aorta
This part of the upper respiratory tract is called the
“gatekeeper” to the entrance of the trachea and the
“voice box”:
Larynx
Gas exchange occurs here
Alveoli
When the diaphragm _____, thoracic volume
increases.
Contracts
The _____ muscle affects the diameter of the
trachea.
Trachealis
The _____ is the muscle situated at the bottom of
the thoracic cavity that is responsible for
inhalation and exhalation.
Diaphragm
Respiration brings _____ to cells.
Oxygen
_____ respiration involves gas exchange between
blood and cells within tissues.
External
The fluid covering the alveoli contains _____,
which reduces surface tension and prevents
collapse.
Surfactant
____ are small finger-like projections on the
nasal epithelial cells that trap and move particles
covered in mucus.
Cilia
The trachea divides into the right and left primary
_____, which branch out to form secondary and
tertiary structures.
Bronchi
Inspiration is an example of the body creating
_____ pressure.
Negative
When the tertiary bronchi further divide into
airways less than 1mm in diameter, they become
_____.
Bronchioles
The only point where the lungs are physically
connected to the rest of the body is called the
_____.
Hilus
The _____ is the structure that closes shut during
swallowing to ensure ingested material doesn’t
enter the trachea.
Epiglottis
The pressure of the _____ space is slightly lower
than the pressure within the lungs in order to keep
the lungs inflated.
Intrapleural
When the diaphragm _____, thoracic volume
decreases.
Relaxes
_____ are air-filled cavities within cranial bones
that communicate with the nasal cavity.
Sinusws
Respiration brings _____ away from cells.
Carbon dioxide
_____ respiration involves gas exchange between
the air and blood in the pulmonary capillaries.
Internal
The _____ epithelium contains the sensory
endings of cells responsible for smell.
Olfactory
Nasal _____ are thin, scroll-like bones covered
with nasal epithelium.
Turbinates
The nostril openings are also called _____.
Nares
The mucus-producing cells in the nasal epithelium
are called _____ cells.
Goblet
The _____ lines the thoracic cavity and is well
lubricated to allow the lungs to move easily.
Pleura
When particles are trapped in the nasal passages in
mucus, the _____ apparatus moves the particles
caudally to the pharynx.
Mucociliary
The soft, membrane-lined cavity between the
nose/mouth and the esophagus is called the _____.
Pharynx
The nasal epithelium is classified as _____
epithelium.
Columnar
When the concentration of carbon dioxide
increases in the blood, the pH _____.
Decreases
Which type of cartilage makes up the Adam’s
apple?
Thyroid
Respiratory _____ occurs when the respiratory
system removes too much carbon dioxide which
increases the pH of the blood.
Alkalosis
Respiratory _____ occurs when too much carbon
dioxide accumulates in the blood and the pH
decreases.
Acidosis
What is the actual name of the tube-like structure
we refer to when talking about the “airway”?
Trachea
This ring-like type of cartilage is associated with
the trachea and maintains the structure and
opening of the airway
Cricoid
