Exam 3 - Digestive - Ruminants Flashcards

1
Q

Where digestion and absorption take place

A

Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT)

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2
Q

Alimentary tract

A

Tube that reaches from the mouth to the anus

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3
Q

Digestion x Absorption =

A

Nutrients actually available for the body

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4
Q

Digestion

A

Preparation of food for absorption

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5
Q

Absorption

A

Consists of the process that results in the passage of small molecules from the lumen of the GI tract through the mucosal cella’s lining the surface of the lumen and into the blood or lymph system

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6
Q

Teeth that do not continuously grow

A

Brachyodont

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7
Q

Teeth that continue to erupt

A

Hypsodont

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8
Q

Which type of teeth are better suited for abrasive, fiber or silica-based diets

A

Hypsodont

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9
Q

Purpose of these types of teeth:
Incisors -
Canines -
Molars -
Carnassial -

A

Incisors - Taking bites, ruminants only have bottom incisors
Canines - Tearing
Molars - Grinding/shearing
Carnassial - Shredding (like scissors)

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10
Q

Heterodonts possess more than one type of tooth what does this allow

A

Greater diversity of food choices

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11
Q

When molars erupt in the back and then migrate forwards

A

Medial drift

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12
Q

______ covers the trachea to block food

A

Epiglottis

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13
Q

Esophagus

A

A simple tube in the neck that carries food to the stomach

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14
Q

Equine stomach what jobs do the following parts have
1. Esophageal Sphincter
2. Cardia
3. Fundus
4. Pylorus
5. Duodenum

A
  1. Where food enters
  2. Mucus Secretion
  3. Acid/enzymes
  4. Fill indicator mucus
  5. Digests exit, increase pH
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15
Q

In the ________ if pH is not increased then nutrient absorption is _______ _________

A

Duodenum; not efficient

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16
Q

Small intestine function and components

A

Major site of nutrient absorption
1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum

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17
Q

Duodenum job

A

Brunner’s glands secrete musin to neutralize pH of stomach.

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18
Q

Jejunum job

A

Primary site of absorption, most blood flow (darker), contains Peyer’s patches

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19
Q

Ileum job

A

Continued absorption, contains most peyer’s patches for immune surveillance of the GIT, some hormone/mucus/enzyme secretiob

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20
Q

Once nutrients cross int the body from the GI tract, the nutrients enter the ______ (fat) or _______ (all other nutrients)

A

Lymph; blood

21
Q

Cecum job

A

Fermentation and microbial metabolism, breakdown of cellulose, VFA production and absorption

22
Q

Large intestine (colon) job

A

Water reabsorption, B-vitamin absorption, microbial metabolism

23
Q

When classifying animal’s digestive systems what do you look at first?

A

Where primary fermentation occurs

24
Q

Ruminant definition and examples

A

Four-compartmented stomach that form cud, regurgitate bolus, re-chew
Sheep, deer, cattle

25
Pseudo-ruminants definition and examples
Ruminate, but three compartment stomachs rather than four Llamas, alpacas
26
Non-ruminant definition and examples
Mono gastric or simple stomach Mouse, rat, dog, pig Includes hind-gut fermenters like horses and pseudo-ruminants
27
Animals ______ digest fiber themselves
Cannot
28
Why can’t animals digest fiber?
They lack the enzymes to break down the fiber
29
Gastric microbes harvest energy _________
Anaerobically
30
The three primary VFAs
Acetic, propionic, butyric
31
Are microbes innate?
No they must be acquired from the environment
32
What element can you user yo make microbial protein
Nitrogen
33
Microbes thrive in _____ , _____ places
Warm; moist
34
What can microbes in the GI tract provide
VFA and vitamins B and K
35
Order of the ruminants 4 stomachs
1. Rumen 2. Reticulum 3. Omasum 4. Abomasum
36
Rumen
Giant fermentation vat consisting mostly of water, break food down to be absorbed
37
Why is the rumen a pretty advantage
Can pack the rumen full and then don’t have to eat for a couple of days
38
Rumination
Chew, swallow, mix, regurgitate bolus, early learned behavior (6 weeks)
39
How do ruminants pull bolus up into mouth
Form a vacuum
40
________ makes gas and ______ releases gas
Fermentation; erucatation
41
______ is essential for developing early rumen and maintaining papillae
Grain
42
Reticulum
Honeycomb shape, traps large feed particles from leaving the rumen
43
Omasum
Spiky, many folds, filters water for recycling
44
Abomasum
Smooth to protect from stomach acid, functions like a “true stomach”, chemical and enzymatic breakdown
45
_________ _______ shunts milk into omasum in nursing animals to bypass microbial fermentation
Reticular groove
46
Pseudo-ruminants C1
Larger first compartment (83%), full of symbiotic bacteria, no papillae, but highly absorptive VFAs, secretes buffers
47
Pseudo-ruminants C2
Smaller middle compartment, full of symbiotic bacteria, mixing, motility and fermentation, filters material
48
Pseudo-ruminants C#
Glandular stomach, first 4/5ths produce mucus last 1/5 produces gastric secretions
49
Kangaroos
Foregut fermenters, not ruminants because divisions are made by muscular bans, some regurgitation but not true rumination