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ANIMSCI 3140 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Anatomy?

A

The identification and description of the structures of living things, refers to the location, “blueprint of a building”

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2
Q

What is Physiology?

A

The study of the integrated functions of the body and the functions of all its parts including biophysical and biochemical processes, “the construction company communicating about the building”

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3
Q

What is gross anatomy?

A

Anatomy that is studied with the naked eye

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4
Q

What is microscopic anatomy?

A

Histology or microanatomy

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5
Q

What is comparative anatomy?

A

The study of structures of various species of animals, with particular emphasis on characteristics that aid in classification. I.e. comparing digestive systems of different species

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6
Q

What is Embryology?

A

The study of developmental anatomy, covering the period from conception (fertilization of the female’s egg) to birth. It is how the anatomy of a species develops.

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7
Q

What is Systematic anatomy?

A

The study of anatomy by systems.

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8
Q

What functions associated with life can a single cell perform?

A

Growth, metabolism, response to stimuli, and reproduction

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9
Q

How are new cells created?

A

All cells come from pre-existing cells, cells cannot be created from nothing.

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10
Q

What is a cell?

A

A mass of cytoplasm that is bound by a cell membrane, the smallest structural unit of living matter

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11
Q

What is tissue?

A

A group of specialized cells.

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12
Q

What is an organ?

A

Various tissues with associated functions.

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13
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs that participate in a common enterprise.

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14
Q

What are the four primary types of tissue found in animals?

A

Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue

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15
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

Thin, continuous, protective layer of compactly packed cells with little intercellular matrix

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16
Q

What are the main functions of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Protection of underlying tissue
  2. Can be absorptive
  3. Secretion/excretion
  4. Sensory
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17
Q

How does epithelial tissue form barriers?

A

the tissue lines the outer surface of organs and blood vessels

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18
Q

How does epithelial tissue work functionally?

A

The tissue lines the inner surface (lumen) of cavities in many internal organs

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19
Q

What is the mesothelium?

A

Epithelium that lines the body cavities

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20
Q

What is the endothelium?

A

Epithelium that lines the blood vessels

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21
Q

How can epithelial tissue be classified?

A
  1. Number of layers of cells (simple or stratified)
  2. Shape of cells on the luminal (inner) surface (cuboidal or squamous or columnar)
  3. Presence of surface specializations (cilia, microvilli, keratin)
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22
Q

How can skin be classified as an epithelial tissue?

A

Keratinized, stratified, squamous epithelium

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23
Q

Location of simple squamous?

A

Air sacs of lungs and lining of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

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24
Q

Function of the simple squamous?

A

Single layers have little tensile strength and are found only as a covering for stronger tissues.

Allows materials to pass through by diffusion and filtration, and secretes lubricating substance.

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25
Q

Location of simple cuboidal epithelial tissue?

A

Passageways of the kidneys

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26
Q

Function of simple cuboidal epithelial tissue?

A

Secretes and absorbs fluids

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27
Q

Location of simple columnar epithelial tissue?

A

Ciliated tissues are found in bronchi, uterine tubes, and the uterus

Smooth (non-ciliated) tissues are in the lining regions of the digestive tract and barn

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28
Q

Function of simple columnar epithelial tissue?

A

Protective barriers, especially in the digestive tract

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29
Q

Location of pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue?

A

Ciliated tissues are found in the upper respiratory tract

Smooth (non-Ciliated) tissues are found in the epididymis of the male reproductive tract

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30
Q

Function of pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue?

A

Secretes mucus/fluid (ciliated tissues facilitate mucus/fluid)

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31
Q

Location of stratified squamous epithelial tissue?

A

The digestive tract (stomach), esophagus, mouth and vagina

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32
Q

Function of stratified squamous epithelial tissue?

A

Forms the outer layer of the skin and the lining of the proximal portion of the digestive tract

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33
Q

Location of stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue?

A

Sweat glands, salivary glands, and mammary glands

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34
Q

Function of stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue?

A

Protective tissue
Secretes fluid

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35
Q

Location of stratified columnar epithelial tissue?

A

Lining for the pharynx and salivary ducts

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36
Q

Function of stratified columnar epithelial tissue?

A

Protective tissue
Secretes fluids

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37
Q

Visual of simple squamous

A

Looks like fried eggs

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38
Q

Visual of simple cuboidal

A

Looks cubed shaped, with center ally located nucleus

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39
Q

Visual of simple columnar

A

Nucleus located close to the basement of the membrane

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40
Q

Visual of stratified squamous

A

Thickest and strongest type of epithelium, but flexible

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41
Q

Visual of transitional

A

Primarily found in the bladder and ureter

42
Q

What do glandular epithelial cells sepecialized for secretion do?

A

Release of a substance that has been synthesized by the cell and usually affects other cells in other parts of the body (saliva, mucus, bile, hormones)

43
Q

What do glandular epithelial cells sepecialized for excretion do?

A

Expulsion or removal of waste products from the body (sweat, urine, feces)

44
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Glands without ducts, which empty their secretory products directly into the bloodstream (hormones like insulin)

45
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Glands that empty their secretory products on an epithelial surface, usually by means of ducts (milk secretion)

46
Q

Why are endocrine glands important part of control mechanisms in the body?

A

The glands produce hormones

47
Q

What are hormones?

A

A class of signaling molecules found in the body that regulates physiology and behavior, critical for maintains homeostasis, e.g. epinephrine, low concentrations needed to have a large effect on organs and tissue

48
Q

What do connective tissues do

A

Connect tissues with themselves and one another, provide strength, protection, leverage and support

49
Q

What produces collagen fibers?

A

Fibroblasts

50
Q

Elastic tissue

A

Kinked fibers with extreme tensile strength, regains shape after stretching, important in neck/cervical region

51
Q

What is the most common type of cell found in connective tissue

A

Fibroblasts

52
Q

Collagenous tissue

A

Coiled extracellular proteins; while and fibrous, found throughout the body in various forms

53
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

Fibers arranged in parallel bundles, bands, considerable tensile strength, tendon and ligaments

54
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A

Fibers arranges in thick mat with random directionality, epidermis layer

55
Q

Areolar tissue

A

Loose, found in areas where protective cushion and flexibility are needed, found under epidermis layer providing a barrier between epidermis and muscle/fat, the reason we can lay down fat

56
Q

Reticular tissue

A

Fine fibrils, creating scaffolding for other cells, net like, also produced from fibroblasts

57
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Fat! Adipocytes store fat within the cytoplasm of cells, when completely maxed out the nucleus will no longer be centrally located will go to edge

58
Q

White adipose tissue

A

Most common in adults, Low mitochondrial density, energy storage, endocrine

59
Q

Beige adipose tissue

A

Rare, medium mitochondrial density

60
Q

Brown adipose tissue

A

Found in newborns, more immediate source of energy, high mitochondrial density, has useable ATP, thermogenesis

61
Q

What are chondrocytes

A

Cartilage cells

62
Q

Cartilage

A

Firmer, rather than fibrous but not as hard as bone

63
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Glass like, bluish, densely packed collagen fibers, tough but flexible, forms smooth surface that reduces friction, allows blonde to glide over one another, cover bones within joints, rings of trachea

64
Q

Epiglottis

A

Flap of elastic cartilage that opens and closes as to not allow water into the windpipe

65
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Mixture of cartilage and elastic fibers, shape and general rigidity, top part of the ear

66
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Associated most with cushion, where something needs compressed, mixture of cartilage and collagenous fibers, forms semi-elastic cushion, designed to take compression, great tensile strength, between vertebrae

67
Q

Functions of bone

A
  1. Structural support
  2. Pretexts sensitive organs
  3. Production of blood cells (in bone marrow)
  4. Mineral storage reservoir (calcium, phosphorous)
68
Q

Spongy bone

A

Cancellous/trabecular bone, found in the long bones and it is surrounded by compact bones

69
Q

Compact bone

A

Cortical bone, surrounds spongy bone, heavy, tough and compact in nature

70
Q

Composition of blood

A

Plasma (55%), White blood cells and platelets (4%), Red blood cells (41%)

71
Q

Blood

A

Fluid matrix that circulates in arteries and veins

72
Q

Muscle tissue

A

band or bundle of fibrous tissue; can contract to produce movement or maintain positions

73
Q

Skeletal tissue (nuclei, pattern, control, example)

A

Multi-uncleaned, striated, voluntary, biceps

74
Q

Cardiac tissue (nuclei, pattern, control, example)

A

Single nucleus (sometimes bi-nucleated), striated, involuntary, heart

75
Q

Smooth tissue (nuclei, pattern, control, example)

A

Single nucleus, non-striated, involuntary, intestine

76
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Control and regulation, body-wide, neurons form connections with other tissue

77
Q

Axon

A

A single axon conducts impulses away from the cell body

78
Q

Dendrites

A

Multiple dendrites conduct impulses toward the cell body

79
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

Terminal end of digestive system (rectum) internal part of urogenital system not found in abdominal cavity

80
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

Kidneys, digestive organs, reproductive organs (variable)

81
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Heart, lungs

82
Q

Where is the pericardial sac located

A

Around the heart

83
Q

Where are the pleural sacs located

A

Around the lungs

84
Q

What is serosa

A

A single layer of simple squamous epithelium bound to loose connective tissue

85
Q

Visceral

A

Membrane on the side of the organ, touching the organ

86
Q

Parietal

A

The side that interacts with the rest of the cavity and what is outside of the cavity

87
Q

Are lungs connected to the outer part of the thoracic cavity?

A

No they are not

88
Q

Parts of the lung sac

A

Visceral pleura, pleura space/cavity, parietal pleura

89
Q

Parts of the heart sac

A

Visceral pericardium, pericardial cavity, parietal pericardium

90
Q

Ventral

A

Towards the belly

91
Q

Dorsal

A

Towards the spine

92
Q

Cranial

A

Towards the head

93
Q

Caudal

A

Towards the tail (also applies when moving up head towards ears)

94
Q

Rostral

A

Towards the nose

95
Q

Proximal

A

Towards the center body or beginning

96
Q

Distal

A

Away from the central body or beginning

97
Q

Medial

A

Towards the midline

98
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline

99
Q

Axial

A

Towards the midline of a limb

100
Q

Abaxial

A

Away from the midline of a limb

ANIMSCI 3140 (11 decks)

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