Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is Anatomy?
The identification and description of the structures of living things, refers to the location, “blueprint of a building”
What is Physiology?
The study of the integrated functions of the body and the functions of all its parts including biophysical and biochemical processes, “the construction company communicating about the building”
What is gross anatomy?
Anatomy that is studied with the naked eye
What is microscopic anatomy?
Histology or microanatomy
What is comparative anatomy?
The study of structures of various species of animals, with particular emphasis on characteristics that aid in classification. I.e. comparing digestive systems of different species
What is Embryology?
The study of developmental anatomy, covering the period from conception (fertilization of the female’s egg) to birth. It is how the anatomy of a species develops.
What is Systematic anatomy?
The study of anatomy by systems.
What functions associated with life can a single cell perform?
Growth, metabolism, response to stimuli, and reproduction
How are new cells created?
All cells come from pre-existing cells, cells cannot be created from nothing.
What is a cell?
A mass of cytoplasm that is bound by a cell membrane, the smallest structural unit of living matter
What is tissue?
A group of specialized cells.
What is an organ?
Various tissues with associated functions.
What is an organ system?
A group of organs that participate in a common enterprise.
What are the four primary types of tissue found in animals?
Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue
What is epithelial tissue?
Thin, continuous, protective layer of compactly packed cells with little intercellular matrix
What are the main functions of epithelial tissue?
- Protection of underlying tissue
- Can be absorptive
- Secretion/excretion
- Sensory
How does epithelial tissue form barriers?
the tissue lines the outer surface of organs and blood vessels
How does epithelial tissue work functionally?
The tissue lines the inner surface (lumen) of cavities in many internal organs
What is the mesothelium?
Epithelium that lines the body cavities
What is the endothelium?
Epithelium that lines the blood vessels
How can epithelial tissue be classified?
- Number of layers of cells (simple or stratified)
- Shape of cells on the luminal (inner) surface (cuboidal or squamous or columnar)
- Presence of surface specializations (cilia, microvilli, keratin)
How can skin be classified as an epithelial tissue?
Keratinized, stratified, squamous epithelium
Location of simple squamous?
Air sacs of lungs and lining of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels
Function of the simple squamous?
Single layers have little tensile strength and are found only as a covering for stronger tissues.
Allows materials to pass through by diffusion and filtration, and secretes lubricating substance.
Location of simple cuboidal epithelial tissue?
Passageways of the kidneys
Function of simple cuboidal epithelial tissue?
Secretes and absorbs fluids
Location of simple columnar epithelial tissue?
Ciliated tissues are found in bronchi, uterine tubes, and the uterus
Smooth (non-ciliated) tissues are in the lining regions of the digestive tract and barn
Function of simple columnar epithelial tissue?
Protective barriers, especially in the digestive tract
Location of pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue?
Ciliated tissues are found in the upper respiratory tract
Smooth (non-Ciliated) tissues are found in the epididymis of the male reproductive tract
Function of pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue?
Secretes mucus/fluid (ciliated tissues facilitate mucus/fluid)
Location of stratified squamous epithelial tissue?
The digestive tract (stomach), esophagus, mouth and vagina
Function of stratified squamous epithelial tissue?
Forms the outer layer of the skin and the lining of the proximal portion of the digestive tract
Location of stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue?
Sweat glands, salivary glands, and mammary glands
Function of stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue?
Protective tissue
Secretes fluid
Location of stratified columnar epithelial tissue?
Lining for the pharynx and salivary ducts
Function of stratified columnar epithelial tissue?
Protective tissue
Secretes fluids
Visual of simple squamous
Looks like fried eggs
Visual of simple cuboidal
Looks cubed shaped, with center ally located nucleus
Visual of simple columnar
Nucleus located close to the basement of the membrane
Visual of stratified squamous
Thickest and strongest type of epithelium, but flexible
Visual of transitional
Primarily found in the bladder and ureter
What do glandular epithelial cells sepecialized for secretion do?
Release of a substance that has been synthesized by the cell and usually affects other cells in other parts of the body (saliva, mucus, bile, hormones)
What do glandular epithelial cells sepecialized for excretion do?
Expulsion or removal of waste products from the body (sweat, urine, feces)
Endocrine glands
Glands without ducts, which empty their secretory products directly into the bloodstream (hormones like insulin)
Exocrine glands
Glands that empty their secretory products on an epithelial surface, usually by means of ducts (milk secretion)
Why are endocrine glands important part of control mechanisms in the body?
The glands produce hormones
What are hormones?
A class of signaling molecules found in the body that regulates physiology and behavior, critical for maintains homeostasis, e.g. epinephrine, low concentrations needed to have a large effect on organs and tissue
What do connective tissues do
Connect tissues with themselves and one another, provide strength, protection, leverage and support
What produces collagen fibers?
Fibroblasts
Elastic tissue
Kinked fibers with extreme tensile strength, regains shape after stretching, important in neck/cervical region
What is the most common type of cell found in connective tissue
Fibroblasts
Collagenous tissue
Coiled extracellular proteins; while and fibrous, found throughout the body in various forms
Dense regular connective tissue
Fibers arranged in parallel bundles, bands, considerable tensile strength, tendon and ligaments
Dense irregular connective tissue
Fibers arranges in thick mat with random directionality, epidermis layer
Areolar tissue
Loose, found in areas where protective cushion and flexibility are needed, found under epidermis layer providing a barrier between epidermis and muscle/fat, the reason we can lay down fat
Reticular tissue
Fine fibrils, creating scaffolding for other cells, net like, also produced from fibroblasts
Adipose tissue
Fat! Adipocytes store fat within the cytoplasm of cells, when completely maxed out the nucleus will no longer be centrally located will go to edge
White adipose tissue
Most common in adults, Low mitochondrial density, energy storage, endocrine
Beige adipose tissue
Rare, medium mitochondrial density
Brown adipose tissue
Found in newborns, more immediate source of energy, high mitochondrial density, has useable ATP, thermogenesis
What are chondrocytes
Cartilage cells
Cartilage
Firmer, rather than fibrous but not as hard as bone
Hyaline cartilage
Glass like, bluish, densely packed collagen fibers, tough but flexible, forms smooth surface that reduces friction, allows blonde to glide over one another, cover bones within joints, rings of trachea
Epiglottis
Flap of elastic cartilage that opens and closes as to not allow water into the windpipe
Elastic cartilage
Mixture of cartilage and elastic fibers, shape and general rigidity, top part of the ear
Fibrocartilage
Associated most with cushion, where something needs compressed, mixture of cartilage and collagenous fibers, forms semi-elastic cushion, designed to take compression, great tensile strength, between vertebrae
Functions of bone
- Structural support
- Pretexts sensitive organs
- Production of blood cells (in bone marrow)
- Mineral storage reservoir (calcium, phosphorous)
Spongy bone
Cancellous/trabecular bone, found in the long bones and it is surrounded by compact bones
Compact bone
Cortical bone, surrounds spongy bone, heavy, tough and compact in nature
Composition of blood
Plasma (55%), White blood cells and platelets (4%), Red blood cells (41%)
Blood
Fluid matrix that circulates in arteries and veins
Muscle tissue
band or bundle of fibrous tissue; can contract to produce movement or maintain positions
Skeletal tissue (nuclei, pattern, control, example)
Multi-uncleaned, striated, voluntary, biceps
Cardiac tissue (nuclei, pattern, control, example)
Single nucleus (sometimes bi-nucleated), striated, involuntary, heart
Smooth tissue (nuclei, pattern, control, example)
Single nucleus, non-striated, involuntary, intestine
Nervous tissue
Control and regulation, body-wide, neurons form connections with other tissue
Axon
A single axon conducts impulses away from the cell body
Dendrites
Multiple dendrites conduct impulses toward the cell body
Pelvic cavity
Terminal end of digestive system (rectum) internal part of urogenital system not found in abdominal cavity
Abdominal cavity
Kidneys, digestive organs, reproductive organs (variable)
Thoracic cavity
Heart, lungs
Where is the pericardial sac located
Around the heart
Where are the pleural sacs located
Around the lungs
What is serosa
A single layer of simple squamous epithelium bound to loose connective tissue
Visceral
Membrane on the side of the organ, touching the organ
Parietal
The side that interacts with the rest of the cavity and what is outside of the cavity
Are lungs connected to the outer part of the thoracic cavity?
No they are not
Parts of the lung sac
Visceral pleura, pleura space/cavity, parietal pleura
Parts of the heart sac
Visceral pericardium, pericardial cavity, parietal pericardium
Ventral
Towards the belly
Dorsal
Towards the spine
Cranial
Towards the head
Caudal
Towards the tail (also applies when moving up head towards ears)
Rostral
Towards the nose
Proximal
Towards the center body or beginning
Distal
Away from the central body or beginning
Medial
Towards the midline
Lateral
Away from the midline
Axial
Towards the midline of a limb
Abaxial
Away from the midline of a limb
