EXAM 4 P5

Question 1

epidemiology

Answer 1

study of the occurrence, distribution, and determinants of heath and disease in a population

Question 2

infectious disease

Answer 2

accounts for 30% of all deaths worldwide

Question 3

vaccines and antibiotics

Answer 3

used to help prevent disease

Question 4

influenza (1920s)

Answer 4

was especially has on younger people (20-30s)
flourished for a longer time since people still had to work and go to school.
cannot be eliminated since it affects animals

Question 5

endemic

Answer 5

disease is constantly present at a relatively low/consistent level in a population
colds and strep throat
people get it and are immune for a while afterward

Question 6

epidemic

Answer 6

diseases are simultaneous infections within a larger number of people in a population
first cases are within one location
AIDS and influenza

Question 7

pandemic

Answer 7

disease are extremely widespread, worldwide

COVID

Question 8

incidence

Answer 8

number of new cases observed in a particular time period

Question 9

prevalence

Answer 9

total number of cases at a particular time, both new and existing (old) cases

Question 10

mortality

Answer 10

incidence of death in a population

Question 11

morbidity

Answer 11

incidence including both fatal and nonfatal disease

generally the same as incidence

Question 12

reservoir

Answer 12

site in which infectious agents remain viable and from which infection of individuals can occur
used to describe where people are getting infected from (animal, human, or environmental)

Question 13

zoonosis

Answer 13

any disease that primarily infects animals, but humans can catch it (rabies, tumerania, anthrax, Lyme disease)
makes some diseases hard to control when in the presence of a reservoir since we cannot control spread through animals

Question 14

smallpox

Answer 14

a disease we have eliminated since there are no animal reservoirs for smallpox

Question 15

epidemiological factors

Answer 15

correlation of geographical data (location), climatic data (temperature), social data, and demographical data (gender, race, age)

Question 16

direct host-to-host transmission

Answer 16

infected individual transmits the disease to another without the assistance of an intermediary (flu, cold, ringworm, STD)
can be caught from being in the same room or from sexual contact

Question 17

indirect host-to-host transmission

Answer 17

moves from one individual to another with facilitation by a living or nonliving agent

Question 18

vectors

Answer 18

living agents
ticks, fleas, mosquitos
you wouldn’t catch Lyme disease just from being in the same room as an infected deer

Question 19

fomites

Answer 19

non living agents

door knobs, toys, surgical instruments, cash

Question 20

common source epidemics

Answer 20

usually arise from contamination of water or food
causes a lot of cases at once
it grows and drops rapidly
cholera
cone shaped on graph

Question 21

host-to-host epidemic

Answer 21

when the disease shows a slow, progressive rise and fall
influenza
speed bump on graph

Question 22

herd immunity

Answer 22

when a significant percentage of the population is immune to disease and the other individuals who aren’t immune are protected, giving them resistance

Question 23

current pandemic of COVID-19

Answer 23

SARS-CoV-2 is the name of the virus
COVID-19 is the name of the disease
spreads by direct host-host transmission through respiratory droplets and indirectly through contaminated surfaces
highly contagious

Question 24

R0

Answer 24

reproduction number

the average number of individuals that one infected individual will spread the infection to.

Question 25

R0: COVID vs influenza

Answer 25

R0 for influenza is 1.3

R0 for COVID is 2 - 2.5

Question 26

incubation: COVID vs influenza

Answer 26

time from exposure to first symptoms
1 - 4 days for influenza
1 - 14 days for COVID

Question 27

hospitalization rate: COVID vs influenza

Answer 27

2% for influenza

19% for COVID

Question 28

fatality rate: COVID vs influenza

Answer 28

.1% or less for influenza

1 - 3.4% for COVID