EXAM 4 P5 Flashcards
epidemiology
study of the occurrence, distribution, and determinants of heath and disease in a population
infectious disease
accounts for 30% of all deaths worldwide
vaccines and antibiotics
used to help prevent disease
influenza (1920s)
was especially has on younger people (20-30s)
flourished for a longer time since people still had to work and go to school.
cannot be eliminated since it affects animals
endemic
disease is constantly present at a relatively low/consistent level in a population
colds and strep throat
people get it and are immune for a while afterward
epidemic
diseases are simultaneous infections within a larger number of people in a population
first cases are within one location
AIDS and influenza
pandemic
disease are extremely widespread, worldwide
COVID
incidence
number of new cases observed in a particular time period
prevalence
total number of cases at a particular time, both new and existing (old) cases
mortality
incidence of death in a population
morbidity
incidence including both fatal and nonfatal disease
generally the same as incidence
reservoir
site in which infectious agents remain viable and from which infection of individuals can occur
used to describe where people are getting infected from (animal, human, or environmental)
zoonosis
any disease that primarily infects animals, but humans can catch it (rabies, tumerania, anthrax, Lyme disease)
makes some diseases hard to control when in the presence of a reservoir since we cannot control spread through animals
smallpox
a disease we have eliminated since there are no animal reservoirs for smallpox
epidemiological factors
correlation of geographical data (location), climatic data (temperature), social data, and demographical data (gender, race, age)
direct host-to-host transmission
infected individual transmits the disease to another without the assistance of an intermediary (flu, cold, ringworm, STD)
can be caught from being in the same room or from sexual contact
indirect host-to-host transmission
moves from one individual to another with facilitation by a living or nonliving agent
vectors
living agents
ticks, fleas, mosquitos
you wouldn’t catch Lyme disease just from being in the same room as an infected deer
fomites
non living agents
door knobs, toys, surgical instruments, cash
common source epidemics
usually arise from contamination of water or food causes a lot of cases at once it grows and drops rapidly cholera cone shaped on graph
host-to-host epidemic
when the disease shows a slow, progressive rise and fall
influenza
speed bump on graph
herd immunity
when a significant percentage of the population is immune to disease and the other individuals who aren’t immune are protected, giving them resistance
current pandemic of COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2 is the name of the virus
COVID-19 is the name of the disease
spreads by direct host-host transmission through respiratory droplets and indirectly through contaminated surfaces
highly contagious
R0
reproduction number
the average number of individuals that one infected individual will spread the infection to.
R0: COVID vs influenza
R0 for influenza is 1.3
R0 for COVID is 2 - 2.5
incubation: COVID vs influenza
time from exposure to first symptoms
1 - 4 days for influenza
1 - 14 days for COVID
hospitalization rate: COVID vs influenza
2% for influenza
19% for COVID
fatality rate: COVID vs influenza
.1% or less for influenza
1 - 3.4% for COVID
