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Microbiology > EXAM 3 P3 > Flashcards

EXAM 3 P3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

sigma factors

A

drives expression of genes needed for some particular process by recognizing different promoters

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2
Q

sigma A

A

housekeeper

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3
Q

sigma N

A

nitrogen simulation

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4
Q

FiA

A

flagella synthesis

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5
Q

bacterial transcription

A

made of a core RNAP plus a sigma factor

-10 and -35 are the recognition sequences

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6
Q

archaeal transcription

A

single many subunit RNAP

utilizes the TATA site and TATA binding protein

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7
Q

eukaryotic transcription

A

3 many subunit RNAP

utilizes the TATA site and TBP

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8
Q

gene structure of bacteria

A

mono or polycistronic

add up to operons and have no introns

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9
Q

gene structure of archaea

A

mono or polycistronic

no introns

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10
Q

gene structure of eukaryote

A

only monocistronic and always have introns

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11
Q

characteristics of prokaryotes

A

little non-coding DNA
no mRNA processing, so it’s ready for translation
transcription and translation are coupled
no nucleus means ribosomes and translation machinery are in the cytoplasm

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12
Q

define coupled transcription and translation

A

in the cytoplasm
they can happen on the same RNA molecule at the same time
results in very fast production of protein products
only in prokaryotes

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13
Q

characteristics of eukaryotes

A 
lots of non-coding DNA
splicing before mRNA can be released into the cytoplasm.
transcription is in the nucleus
translation is in the cytoplasm
no coupling
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14
Q

what is splicing

A

the first step of mRNA processing. it involves taking the introns out and putting the exons together to forma complete protein coding sequence
other step is adding a 5’ cap on the beginning of mRNA and a poly A tail on the end.

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15
Q

where does splicing occur

A

in the nucleus

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16
Q

translation

A

utilizes the universal triplet genetic code
takes place within the ribosomes
starts at the start codon just downstream of RBS. it always encodes insertion of methionine.
terminates at the stop codon

17
Q

what is a triplet code

A

3 bases encoding 1 amino acid

18
Q

ribosomes

A

a single one contains 3 different rRNA molecules and over 40 proteins

19
Q

prokaryotic ribosomes

A

made of a 30S and 50S subunit (=70S)

20
Q

eukaryotic ribosomes

A

made of a 40S and 60S subunit (=80S)

21
Q

rRNA

A

binds to mRNA, allowing it to find the direct start codon
it creates peptide bonds by putting 2 amino acids together
enzyme is the folded up rRNA

22
Q

tRNA

A

decoder between mRNA and the amino acid
looks like an upside down cross
charged with a particular amino acid encoded by that codon
charged with pha found at the acceptor end
anticodon at the tip of the cross binds to the codon of mRNA

23
Q

shine-dalgarno sequence

A

aka the ribosome binding site
immediately upstream of the start codon
not used by eukaryotes

24
Q

N-formyl methionine

A

unique form of methionine used only by bacteria

found at the beginning of every protein made

25
Q

stop codons

A

UAG, UGA, UAA

26
Q

chaperon proteins

A

proteins that have the job to help other proteins fold

27
Q

DNAK/J

A

take the improperly folded protein and unfold it to go through the process correctly.
utilize ATP for energy

28
Q

GroEL/ES

A

chaperone proteins
form a barrel shape with a hydrophobic environment inside and hydrophilic on the outside.
unfolded protein is fed through the barrel and folded properly
utilizes ATP

29
Q

protein export

A

last step in getting proteins to their functional location

30
Q

sec system

A

used for proteins
looks for a signal sequence found at the beginning of the protein. this is recognized by sec A. it interacts with more proteins here that’ll move it across the mem.

31
Q

cytoplasmic proteins

A

those without a signal sequence to be recognized by sec A

32
Q

sec A

A

recognizes the signal sequence

binds to the protein and takes it to the membrane

33
Q

twin-arginine system (TAT)

A

can export certain fully folded proteins

Microbiology (20 decks)

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