EXAM 4 P1

Question 1

circulatory system

Answer 1

blood system
2 way system that starts in the heart, goes through the lungs, and into the arteries and capillaries.
it delivers O2 and picks up CO2
it delivers/picks up nutrients 
it delivers fluid (water)

Question 2

lymphatic system

Answer 2

lymph system
1 way system with capillaries in all tissues
takes fluid from these tissues and delivers it back to the core of the body

Question 3

leukocytes

Answer 3

white blood cells

primary cells of the immune system

Question 4

erythrocytes

Answer 4

red blood cells

Question 5

innate immune response

Answer 5

first responders
body’s built in ability to recognize and destroy
non specific for pathogen type, recognizes bacteria/fungi
specific for some pathogen associated molecules on the surface of foreign cells
does not require prior exposure
does not provide memory

Question 6

what primarily carries out innate immune response

Answer 6

phagocytes (engulf, kill, and digest pathogens)

Question 7

adaptive immune response

Answer 7

CDC, backup
body’s acquired ability to recognize and destroy
specific for recognizing defined molecular markers, species or strain
does require prior exposure
does provide memory

Question 8

what primarily carries out adaptive immune response

Answer 8

T cells and B cells (produce antibodies)

Question 9

stem cells

Answer 9

undifferentiated cells that have the ability to divide a lot the progeny differentiate into different cell types
start in the bone marrow
found in leukocyte family

Question 10

T cells

Answer 10

interact with the lymph system and fight non-cell antigens
communicate with plasmid cells
part of the adaptive system
recognize self vs. non self

Question 11

B cells

Answer 11

primarily responsible for producing antibodies

Question 12

antibodies

Answer 12

free floating proteins that recognize antigens

Question 13

phagocytes

Answer 13

primary component of the innate immune response
includes neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes PMNs)
engulfs bacterial cells (phagocytized)

Question 14

monocytes

Answer 14

another phagocyte
gives rise to macrophages and dendritic cells
used in innate immune response

Question 15

first job of phagocytes

Answer 15

engulf, digest, and destroy bacteria

Question 16

second job of phagocytes

Answer 16

take the digested cells and take some of the proteins that are potential foreign antigens to present to T cells

Question 17

phagolysosome

Answer 17

location where phagocytized bacteria ends up inside

Question 18

respiratory burst

Answer 18

process of producing radicals

Question 19

how are killed

Answer 19

lysozymes and oxygen / nitrogen radicals, such as hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl radicals

Question 20

why are phagocytes protected

Answer 20

process takes place within the phagolysosome mem

Question 21

how do phagocytes recognize a pathogen

Answer 21

generic signals, PRRs, PAMPs, and markings

Question 22

PRRs

Answer 22

pattern recognition receptors
protein receptor found on the pathogen’s surface
job is to recognize and bind to other molecules on the surface of the pathogen (PAMPs)
aka toll-like receptors

Question 23

PAMPs

Answer 23

pathogen associated molecular pattern
commonly found on the surface of pathogens
ex is lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on gram neg bacteria and peptidoglycan (PG) on gram pos bacteria

Question 24

toll-like receptors (TLR)

Answer 24

includes TLR-4 that recognizes LPS and TLR-2 that recognizes peptidoglycan

Question 25

characteristics of adaptive immune response

Answer 25

high level of specificity, looking for specific antigens and signals from the pathogen rather than PAMPs
memory cells that recognize a specific antigen from a previous encounter and are able to respond quicker and stronger
tolerance, ability to recognize self vs non-self antigens, ridding of self antigens

Question 26

antigens

Answer 26

most commonly proteins or peptides, but can also be polysaccharides
recognized by specific T cell and B cell receptors, antibodies, and MHC

Question 27

MHC

Answer 27

major histocompatibility complex protein
has a constant, variable, and antigen region
antigen-presenting molecules

Question 28

VDJ recombination

Answer 28

generates diversity
variable domain genes, joining genes, and domain genes.
DNA in a T cell undergoes recombination. as each differentiates, they each do recombination slightly different.
constant domains are specific to T and B cells
a variable and constant will randomly be chosen and linked to the joining region
bases are changed, changing codons and amino acids.
leads to random generation of different antigen recognizing proteins

Question 29

antigen presentation

Answer 29

done by a phagocyte
presented in an MHC molecule
T cell receptor binds to the antigen, but can only see in the context of an MHC
antigen presenting cells process antigens and present them onto cellular surface packaged together with MHC complexes

Question 30

class 1 MHC

Answer 30

on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body (every cell except erythrocytes)

Question 31

class 2 MHC

Answer 31

on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B lymphocytes (phagocytic cells)

Question 32

TCP of T cells

Answer 32

can bind only to a complex of foreign antigen presented in MHC complex
T cells do not interact with a foreign antigen unless it’s in the MHC complex

Question 33

cytotoxic T cells (Tc)

Answer 33

recognize any host cell that is expressing a foreign antigen in the context of class 1 MHC molecule, and kill that cell
is important for combating virus-infected cells and cancer cells

Question 34

apoptosis

Answer 34

programmed cell death

Question 35

T helper 1 cells (TH1)

Answer 35

recognize a phagocyte putting out a foreign antigen in context of a class 2 MHC
release cytokines in response and chemokines to further stimulate the phagocytic response

Question 36

chemokines

Answer 36

cause others to migrate towards that location

Question 37

cytokines

Answer 37

cause them to be more active in what they are doing

Question 38

inflammation

Answer 38

ramp up of the immune response

causes swelling and fever