EXAM 4 P1 Flashcards
circulatory system
blood system 2 way system that starts in the heart, goes through the lungs, and into the arteries and capillaries. it delivers O2 and picks up CO2 it delivers/picks up nutrients it delivers fluid (water)
lymphatic system
lymph system
1 way system with capillaries in all tissues
takes fluid from these tissues and delivers it back to the core of the body
leukocytes
white blood cells
primary cells of the immune system
erythrocytes
red blood cells
innate immune response
first responders
body’s built in ability to recognize and destroy
non specific for pathogen type, recognizes bacteria/fungi
specific for some pathogen associated molecules on the surface of foreign cells
does not require prior exposure
does not provide memory
what primarily carries out innate immune response
phagocytes (engulf, kill, and digest pathogens)
adaptive immune response
CDC, backup
body’s acquired ability to recognize and destroy
specific for recognizing defined molecular markers, species or strain
does require prior exposure
does provide memory
what primarily carries out adaptive immune response
T cells and B cells (produce antibodies)
stem cells
undifferentiated cells that have the ability to divide a lot the progeny differentiate into different cell types
start in the bone marrow
found in leukocyte family
T cells
interact with the lymph system and fight non-cell antigens
communicate with plasmid cells
part of the adaptive system
recognize self vs. non self
B cells
primarily responsible for producing antibodies
antibodies
free floating proteins that recognize antigens
phagocytes
primary component of the innate immune response
includes neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes PMNs)
engulfs bacterial cells (phagocytized)
monocytes
another phagocyte
gives rise to macrophages and dendritic cells
used in innate immune response
first job of phagocytes
engulf, digest, and destroy bacteria
second job of phagocytes
take the digested cells and take some of the proteins that are potential foreign antigens to present to T cells
phagolysosome
location where phagocytized bacteria ends up inside
respiratory burst
process of producing radicals
how are killed
lysozymes and oxygen / nitrogen radicals, such as hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl radicals
why are phagocytes protected
process takes place within the phagolysosome mem
how do phagocytes recognize a pathogen
generic signals, PRRs, PAMPs, and markings
PRRs
pattern recognition receptors
protein receptor found on the pathogen’s surface
job is to recognize and bind to other molecules on the surface of the pathogen (PAMPs)
aka toll-like receptors
PAMPs
pathogen associated molecular pattern
commonly found on the surface of pathogens
ex is lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on gram neg bacteria and peptidoglycan (PG) on gram pos bacteria
toll-like receptors (TLR)
includes TLR-4 that recognizes LPS and TLR-2 that recognizes peptidoglycan
characteristics of adaptive immune response
high level of specificity, looking for specific antigens and signals from the pathogen rather than PAMPs
memory cells that recognize a specific antigen from a previous encounter and are able to respond quicker and stronger
tolerance, ability to recognize self vs non-self antigens, ridding of self antigens
antigens
most commonly proteins or peptides, but can also be polysaccharides
recognized by specific T cell and B cell receptors, antibodies, and MHC
MHC
major histocompatibility complex protein
has a constant, variable, and antigen region
antigen-presenting molecules
VDJ recombination
generates diversity
variable domain genes, joining genes, and domain genes.
DNA in a T cell undergoes recombination. as each differentiates, they each do recombination slightly different.
constant domains are specific to T and B cells
a variable and constant will randomly be chosen and linked to the joining region
bases are changed, changing codons and amino acids.
leads to random generation of different antigen recognizing proteins
antigen presentation
done by a phagocyte
presented in an MHC molecule
T cell receptor binds to the antigen, but can only see in the context of an MHC
antigen presenting cells process antigens and present them onto cellular surface packaged together with MHC complexes
class 1 MHC
on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body (every cell except erythrocytes)
class 2 MHC
on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B lymphocytes (phagocytic cells)
TCP of T cells
can bind only to a complex of foreign antigen presented in MHC complex
T cells do not interact with a foreign antigen unless it’s in the MHC complex
cytotoxic T cells (Tc)
recognize any host cell that is expressing a foreign antigen in the context of class 1 MHC molecule, and kill that cell is important for combating virus-infected cells and cancer cells
apoptosis
programmed cell death
T helper 1 cells (TH1)
recognize a phagocyte putting out a foreign antigen in context of a class 2 MHC release cytokines in response and chemokines to further stimulate the phagocytic response
chemokines
cause others to migrate towards that location
cytokines
cause them to be more active in what they are doing
inflammation
ramp up of the immune response
causes swelling and fever
