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Abnormal Psychology > Exam 4 - Neurodevelopmental Disorders > Flashcards

Exam 4 - Neurodevelopmental Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children?

A

ADHD and separation anxiety

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2
Q

Developmental psychopathology

A

Study of origins and course of individual maladaptation in context of normal growth processes

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3
Q

Who is especially vulnerable to psychological problems? Why? (Important for short answer!!!)

A
  • Children
  • They do not have as complex and realistic view of themselves and their world as they will have later​
  • They have less self-understanding​
  • They have not yet developed stable sense of identity​
  • They have not yet developed a clear understanding of what is expected of them and what resources they might have to deal with problems
  • They have not developed the skills or resiliency to deal with stressors
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4
Q

What were the two childhood disorders included in the DSM-1?

A

Adjustment reaction disorder and childhood schizophrenia

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5
Q

ADHD

A
  • impulsive, overactive behavior that interferes with ability to accomplish tasks
  • trouble with attention, tend to fidget
  • not well-liked by peers due to interruptive and hyperactive personality
  • can see symptoms before 8 y.o.
  • can have a genetic component
  • tend to have lower IQ
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6
Q

How to help someone with ADHD in the classroom (bonus ?):

A
  1. Preferential seating (who and where are they sitting)
  2. Provide fidget tools to help with focus
  3. Don’t let tools become a distraction
  4. Use checklists and graphic organizers to help keep kids organized
  5. Write everything (instructions) down
  6. Give directions in manageable chunks
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7
Q

What are the treatments for ADHD?

A
  • medications: stimulants are commonly used because they stimulate the part of the brain that controls focus, adderall is the most effective
  • behavior therapy
  • family therapy
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8
Q

Research suggests that some children with ADHD go on to have ADHD or other psychological problems later in life. True or false?

A

True, there is an association with aggressive behaviors and substance abuse that occur later on in life, and the frontal area of the brain is delayed developmentally, which can lead to a number of disorders.

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9
Q

Oppositional defiant disorder

A
  • recurrent pattern of negativistic, defiant, disobedient, and hostile behavior toward authority figures that persists for at least 6 months
  • diagnosed by 8 y.o.
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10
Q

Conduct disorder

A
  • persistent, repetitive violation of rules and disregard for rights of others
  • basically antisocial personality disorder but in kids, and the child is more likely to develop antisocial disorder later in life
  • children with conduct disorder most likely had Oppositional defiant disorder in the past
  • diagnosed by 9 y.o.
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11
Q

What are the possible causes of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder?

A
  • biological factors: genetics and temperament
  • personal pathology
  • family patterns: reactions from parents can illicit behaviors from child
    - harsh, inconsistent parenting style can also cause this
    - marriage discord
  • peer relationships: seek out deviant peers, which reinforces their behaviors
  • lower socioeconomic status
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12
Q

What are the effective treatments for oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder?

A
  • cohesive family model and behavioral techniques
  • families are taught how to produce a more structured environment, the child can be removed from the home
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13
Q

What is an ineffective treatment for oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder?

A

punitive treatments

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14
Q

Childhood Depression

A
  • consistently sad mood, which can be replaced by irritability
  • symptoms include: crying, withdrawal, aggression, difficulty sleeping, avoid eye contact, eat less, etc.
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15
Q

Childhood Bipolar disorder

A
  • extreme mood swings and aggressive, irritable behavior
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16
Q

What are some causal factors of childhood depression and bipolar disorder?

A
  • biological factors: higher risk if parent has a mood disorder
  • learning factors: learn maladaptive behaviors from parents
  • exposure to trauma
  • parental negative emotion/behavior
  • could be more common in divorced families
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17
Q

Why is childhood bipolar disorder a controversial diagnosis?

A

because the diagnostic criteria is the same criteria used to diagnose adults, and the medications used to treat childhood bipolar disorder is also adult medication

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18
Q

What are the treatments for childhood bipolar disorder and depression?

A
  • antidepressants (effectiveness is limited because it is the form used for adults)
  • supportive emotional environment
  • CBT (more effective in children than adults)
19
Q

Functional enuresis

A
  • habitual bedwetting that is not organically caused, usually diagnosed if it occurs after 5 y.o.
  • common in boys
  • could be caused by stress or anxiety
20
Q

Somnambulism

A

sleepwalking, occurs in stages 3 and 4 of sleep

21
Q

Tics

A

persistent, intermittent muscle twitches or spasms, usually to a localized muscle group

22
Q

Tourette’s syndrome

A

Extreme tic disorder involving multiple motor and vocal tic patterns, multiple muscle groups

23
Q

What are pervasive developmental disorders, and what are some examples?

A

severely disabling conditions that are among the most difficult to understand and treat
- Autism and Asperger’s

24
Q

Autism

A
  • a spectrum disorder with a wide range of problematic behaviors:
    • social deficit
    • absence of speech/delayed speech
    • self-stimulation (repetitive motor behaviors)
    • impaired intellectual ability
    • preoccupation with maintaining sameness/do not like change
    • impaired motor development
  • cardinal sign is if the child is aloof, or alone, and prefers to be alone
25
Q

What is Autism caused by?

A

precise cause is unknown, but a fundamental disturbance of the central nervous system is likely involved

26
Q

What are the treatments for Autism?

A
  • best option is behavior modification techniques, but the efficacy of treatment depends on where the pt. is on the spectrum
  • medication is not effective but can help with self-harming behaviors
27
Q

Asperger’s Disorder

A
  • often referred to as autistic spectrum disorder
  • appears later and presents as severe delay in language development and social interactions
28
Q

What are the treatments for Asperger’s?

A

medication and behavioral treatment

29
Q

Learning Disabilities

A
  • clear impairment in school performance or daily living activities
  • impairment is not due to intellectual disability or pervasive developmental disorder
30
Q

Nonverbal Learning disability

A
  • R hemisphere deficit
  • affects spatial and arithmetic skills
31
Q

Dyslexia

A
  • a learning disability where an individual has problems with word recognition and reading comprehension
  • due to a deficit in the left temporal lobe (where language is controlled)
  • discrepancy in intellectual level and reading level (grade 8 but reads at a grade 4 level)
32
Q

What is a possible causal factor of learning disabilities?

A

subtle central nervous system impairments

33
Q

Because we do not yet have a confident grasp of what is wrong with the average LD child, we have limited success in treating these children. True or false?

A

True, which is why early assessment and intervention is critical

34
Q

Intellectual disability

A

significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning that is accompanied by significant limitations in adaptive functioning
- diagnosed in early childhood

35
Q

Mild intellectual disability

A
  • IQ ranges from 50 to 55-70
  • equivalent to an 8-12 y.o.
  • most common
  • educable
36
Q

Moderate intellectual disability

A
  • IQ ranges from 35-40
  • equivalent to a 4-7 y.o.
  • can possibly teach basic skills
37
Q

Severe intellectual disability

A
  • IQ ranges from 20-25
  • rudimentary language
  • sensory and motor impairments
38
Q

Profound intellectual disability

A
  • IQ range is below 20
  • usually due to significant damage
39
Q

What biological conditions could lead to mental disability (causal factors)?

A
  • genetic-chromosomal factors (ex: trisomy 21)
  • infections and toxic agents (like mercury and lead)
  • trauma
  • ionizing radiation
  • malnutrition
40
Q

What organic syndromes could be the cause of mental disability?

A
  • down syndrome (trisomy 21)
  • Phenylketonuria (child lacks enzyme that breaks down phenylalanine, which leads to mental disability)
  • cranial anomalies like macro/microcephaly and hydrocephalus
41
Q

What is the most successful form of treatment for mental disabilities? What treatment is the last resort?

A
  • education and inclusion programming
  • institutionalization
42
Q

What are the special factors associated with treatment of children and adolescents?

A
  • child’s inability to seek assistance
  • vulnerabilities that place children at risk (very dependent on others)
  • need for treating parents as well as children
  • using parents as change agents (teaching parents skills)
  • problems with placement outside family (removing the child from the home, last resort)
  • intervening before problems become chronic
43
Q

What does the child advocacy program that advocates for international recognition of rights of children do?

A

globally identify and treat childhood disorders

Abnormal Psychology (10 decks)

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