Exam 3 - Substance related disorders

Question 1

At high levels, alcohol ________ brain functioning, and at low levels alcohol ________ certain brain areas

Answer 1

depresses, stimulates

Question 2

What are the physical effects of alcohol abuse?

Answer 2

• malnutrition
• cirrhosis of the liver
• stomach pains

Question 3

What are the psychosocial effects of alcohol abuse and dependence?

Answer 3

• depression
• oversensitivity
• impaired reasoning
• chronic fatigue
• personality deterioration

Question 4

Tolerance

Answer 4

biochemical changes in the body, need more of a substance to get desired affects

Question 5

Withdrawal

Answer 5

physical symptoms from abstinence, affects are usually opposite of the affects of the drug

Question 6

Alcohol withdrawal delirium

Answer 6

disorientation, and frightening hallucinations

Question 7

Alcohol amnestic disorder

Answer 7

neurodegenerative disorder that causes memory loss and disorientation

Question 8

What are the biological causal factors of alcoholism?

Answer 8

• overactive MCLP (mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway)
• genetic vulnerability (personality, exposure, learning)

Question 9

What are the psychosocial causal factors of alcoholism?

Answer 9

• failures in parental guidance
• psychological vulnerability
• stress, tension reduction and reinforcement
• expectations of social success
• marital or relationship crisis

Question 10

What are the sociocultural causal factors of alcoholism?

Answer 10

• religion
• cultural tradition of aggression
• geographical location (legal age of drinking)

Question 11

What is the first step in the treatment of substance dependence?

Answer 11

detox

Question 12

What are the psychological treatments for alcoholism?

Answer 12

• group therapy (AA)
• environment intervention
• behavioral therapy and CBT

Question 13

What are the biological treatments for alcoholism?

Answer 13

medications - antabuse, naltrexone, and valium

Question 14

What are opiums, what are some examples?

Answer 14

• derived from the opium poppy, powerful analgesics
• morphine, heroin, codeine

Question 15

What are the long-term biological effects of morphine and heroin?

Answer 15

• craving
• withdrawal (flu-like symptoms)
• gradual deterioration of well-being
• tolerance

Question 16

What are the neural bases for addiction?

Answer 16

1. bind to opiate receptors
2. dopamine theory of addiction (low levels of dopamine, so compensate with drugs)
3. reward deficiency syndrome

Question 17

What are the treatments for opioid addiction?

Answer 17

1. methadone and buprenorphine
2. narcan immediately reverses the affects of heroin
3. support groups

Question 18

Stimulants

Answer 18

• increase feelings of alertness and confidence
• cocaine and amphetamines

Question 19

What does cocaine block?

Answer 19

presynaptic dopamine transporter, increasing the availability of dopamine

Question 20

Toxic psychosis

Answer 20

• resembles schizophrenia that is a result of excessive amphetamine and cocaine use

Question 21

What are the long term affects of cocaine use?

Answer 21

• addictive
• may result in brain damage and psychopathy
• withdrawal

Question 22

What are the treatments for cocaine addiction?

Answer 22

• naltrexone and methadone
• CBT
• contingency management

Question 23

Amphetamines

Answer 23

• wonder pills, to stay awake
• weight loss
• treats ADHD and narcolepsy

Question 24

What does long term abuse of amphetamines result in?

Answer 24

• hazardous fatigue
• addictive
• brain damage
• amphetamine psychosis
• withdrawal

Question 25

Methamphetamine

Answer 25

- highly addictive stimulant - increases level of dopamine - very potent

Question 26

What can prolonged use of methamphetamine cause?

Answer 26

structural changes in the brain

Question 27

What are two examples of stimulants?

Answer 27

caffeine and nicotine

Question 28

Why are stimulants problematic?

Answer 28

- easy to abuse - readily available - addictive properties/difficult to quit - withdrawal symptoms - health problems and side effects

Question 29

What receptor does nicotine bind to?

Answer 29

acetylcholine

Question 30

What are sedatives? What is an example of one?

Answer 30

- similar effects to alcohol in that they depress the CNS - barbiturates

Question 31

What receptor do sedatives bind to?

Answer 31

GABA

Question 32

What are the causal factors in sedative/barbiturate abuse?

Answer 32

- physiological and psychological dependence - high tolerance is developed, leading to lethal overdoses

Question 33

What are hallucinogens? What are some examples?

Answer 33

- drugs that distort sensory information and perception - LSD, Ecstasy, Mescaline, Psilocybin

Question 34

LSD

Answer 34

- a hallucinogen that is a.k.a. acid - changes in sensory perception - experience ranges from pleasurable to terrifying - causes flashbacks at some later point

Question 35

What two hallucinogens impact the serotonin system?

Answer 35

mescaline and psilocybin

Question 36

What hallucinogen is chemically similar to amphetamine? What does this drug do?

Answer 36

- ecstasy - causes feeling of "rush" and well-being, followed by serious adverse consequences (hyperthermia, seizures, jaw clenching etc.) - neurotoxin, can damage the serotonin axon terminals

Question 37

Marijuana

Answer 37

- mild hallucinogen that causes euphoria, feelings of well-being, relaxation, mild hallucinations, and hunger - causes distortion in time

Question 38

Can marijuana users still experience withdrawal?

Answer 38

yes

Question 39

Synthetic cannabinoids, what are some examples, and what are some of the adverse side effects?

Answer 39

- mimic effects of THC - "Spice", "K2", "Blaze" - tachycardia, seizures, etc.

Question 40

Synthetic cathinones, what is an example, and what are some of the adverse side effects?

Answer 40

- mimic cocaine and amphetamines - "bath salts" - aggression/violence and other psychotic symptoms

Question 41

Gambling disorder

Answer 41

- addiction to gambling that is similar to chemical addiction in that it impacts dopamine

Question 42

What are some of the personality factors attributed to gambling disorder?

Answer 42

immaturity, impulsivity, antisocial behavior

Question 43

What type of conditioning is attributed to gambling disorder?

Answer 43

operant conditioning

Question 44

What is the mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway?

Answer 44

- increases levels of dopamine - important in addiction, all substances of abuse impact this area