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Abnormal Psychology > Exam 2 - Anxiety Disorders > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Anxiety Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What are anxiety disorders?

A

Unrealistic, irrational fears or anxieties that cause significant distress and/or impairments

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2
Q

Separation anxiety disorder

A

Anxiety concerning separation from home or caregivers - when separated, fear something terrible will happen to themselves or their parents

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3
Q

How early can separation anxiety disorder begin?

A

13 months

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4
Q

What are some of the symptoms of separation anxiety disorder?

A

internal distress - nightmares, not wanting to go to school, not engaging with peers

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5
Q

Treatment for Separation anxiety disorder

A
  1. systematic desensitization (exposure therapy)
  2. contingency management
  3. self-management
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6
Q

What is Selective mutism?

A

refusing to talk in specific situations

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7
Q

Where does selective mutism occur most frequently?

A

in a classroom setting

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8
Q

Treatment for Selective mutism

A

Behavioral treatments (exposure to settings where they have to talk)

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9
Q

What is a specific phobia? What are they triggered by?

A
  • Strong and persistent fear recognized as excessive or unreasonable
  • triggered by a specific object or situation
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10
Q

What is the cardinal characteristic of specific phobias?

A

avoidance of trigger to a maladaptive point (like going up 14 flights of stairs to avoid going in an elevator)

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11
Q

What are the 5 subtypes of specific phobias identified in the DSM-5?

A
  1. animal
  2. natural environment
  3. blood-injection-injury
  4. situational
  5. other (choking, vomiting, space, clowns, etc.)
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12
Q

Treatment for specific phobias

A
  1. cognitive behavioral therapy (exposure therapy)
  2. participant modeling
  3. virtual reality components
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13
Q

Social anxiety disorder

A

disabling fears of one or more specific social situations (fear of exposure to scrutiny and potential negative evaluation of others)

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14
Q

What are the subcategories of social anxiety disorder?

A

performance (public speaking) and nonperformance

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15
Q

Treatments for social anxiety disorder

A
  1. cognitive behavioral therapy (identify and reanalyze negative thoughts and schemas)
  2. medications (SSRIs)
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16
Q

Panic disorder

A

occurrence of panic attacks that seem to come “out of the blue” - worry about additional attacks

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17
Q

Agoraphobia

A

fear of/avoidance of crowded places, where you think escape is unlikely, or you’ll get sick

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18
Q

50-70% of people with panic disorder will experience serious ________.

A

depression

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19
Q

When does the first panic attack usually occur?

A

following feelings of distress or highly stressful life circumstance

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20
Q

What is the panic cirlce?

A
  1. trigger or stimulus
  2. apprehension or worry
  3. body sensations
  4. interpretation of sensations as catastrophic
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21
Q

What is the common treatment for many of the anxiety, panic, and obsession disorders?

A

cognitive behavioral treatment

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22
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

A

chronic or excessive worry about multiple events and activities - has to occur for at least 6 months

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23
Q

Who are many of the anxiety, panic, and obsession disorders more prevalent in?

A

women

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24
Q

General anxiety disorder is especially comorbid with:

A

other anxiety and mood disorders (PTSD, depression, etc.)

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25
Q

What treatments are used for general anxiety disorder that are unlike other treatments for other disorders?

A

anxiolytic drugs and buspirone

26
Q

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

occurrence of unwanted and intrusive obsessive or distressing images/thoughts, usually accompanied by compulsive behaviors

27
Q

What are some common obsessions seen in OCD?

A
  1. contamination fears
  2. fears of harming oneself or others
  3. need for symmetry
  4. sexuality
  5. religion, aggression
28
Q

Treatment for OCD

A
  1. exposure therapy (have to touch the sole of their shoes)
  2. medications (SSRIs)
29
Q

What are some common compulsions seen in OCD?

A
  1. cleaning
  2. checking
  3. repeating
  4. ordering/arranging
  5. counting
30
Q

Depression occurs in 80% of people with:

A

OCD

31
Q

Treatment for BDD

A
  1. medications (SSRIs)
32
Q

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), what can this be related to?

A
  • Obsessed/preoccupied with perceived or imagined flaw in appearance that causes clinically significant distress or impairment
  • can be related to OCD
33
Q

Hoarding

A

acquire and fail to discard limited value possessions - this level of disorganization interferes with daily life

34
Q

Trichotillomania

A

urge to pull out hair from any body location - get the relief by doing so

35
Q

Excoriation

A

recurrent picking at one’s own skin

36
Q

Reactive attachment disorder

A

severe disturbance in the ability to relate to others in which the individual is unresponsive to people, is apathetic, and prefers to be alone than to interact with family and friends

37
Q

Disinhibited social engagement disorder

A

Diagnosis given to children who engage in culturally inappropriate, overly familiar behavior with people who are relative strangers

38
Q

Prolonged grief disorder

A
  • a prolonged maladaptive grief reaction to a death
  • intense yearning/learning for the deceased individual/preoccupation with thoughts or memories of the deceased individual
39
Q

Posttraumatic stress disorder (DSM classification)

A

trauma and stressor-related disorder

40
Q

Posttraumatic stress disorder (clinical description)

A

trauma memory reexperienced involuntarily, with some emotional force that lasts at least 1 month

41
Q

Treatment for PTSD

A
  1. cognitive behavioral therapy (exposure therapy)
  2. social support
  3. medication (SSRIs)
42
Q

Not everyone exposed to a trauma will develop PTSD. True or False?

A

True

43
Q

Can psychological trauma play a role in our physical wellbeing?

A

yes, can cause CV events

44
Q

Treatments for panic disorder

A
  1. medications
  2. cognitive behavioral therapy
45
Q

Symptoms of GAD

A

restlessness, trouble concentrating, fatigue, irritability, muscle tension, etc.

46
Q

Treatments for GAD

A
  1. cognitive behavioral therapy
  2. medication
47
Q

What are the psychological causal factors of specific phobias?

A
  1. Psychoanalytical viewpoint (id has repressed and impulse and has displaced it onto something else)
  2. Learned behavior (conditioning)
48
Q

What are the psychological causal factors of social anxiety disorder?

A
  1. Learned behavior
  2. Evolutionary factors
  3. Perceptions of uncontrollability and unpredictability
  4. Cognitive biases toward “danger schemas” (automatically think something bad is going to happen)
49
Q

What are the biological causal factors of specific phobias and social anxiety disorder?

A
  1. Temperament
  2. Genetics
50
Q

What are the biological causal factors of panic disorder?

A
  1. Genetics
  2. Over-active amygdala, hippocampus, and higher cortical centers
  3. Biochemical abnormalities
    3a. Higher serotonin that decreases norepinephrine
    3b. Low levels of GABA
51
Q

What are the psychological causal factors of panic disorder?

A
  1. Cognitive theory of panic (catastrophic way of thinking)
  2. Comprehensive learning theory of panic disorder (panic attacks become associated with internal events)
  3. Anxiety sensitivity and persistence of panic (dire interpretation of bodily functions)
  4. Cognitive biases and maintenance of panic (the panic circle)
52
Q

What are the psychological causal factors of general anxiety disorder?

A
  1. Psychoanalytical viewpoint (defense mechanisms aren’t developed)
  2. Perceptions of uncontrollability and unpredictability
  3. Sense of mastery
  4. Negative consequences of worry
  5. Cognitive biases for threatening information
53
Q

What are the biological causal factors of general anxiety disorder?

A
  1. Genetics
  2. Neurotransmitters (norepinephrine and serotonin)
  3. Hyperactive CRH (cortico-releasing hormone)
54
Q

What are the psychological causal factors of OCD?

A
  1. Mowrer’s two-process theory of avoidance learning
    1a. Fear/negative association becomes associated with anxiety
    1b. Anxiety is reduced by compulsions
  2. Evolutionary adaptive nature
  3. Attempts to suppress thoughts cause increase of thoughts
55
Q

What are the biological causal factors of OCD?

A
  1. Genetics
  2. Abnormal circuit to Basal Ganglia causes the inability to stop certain thoughts
  3. Serotonin
56
Q

What are the treatments for body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)?

A
  1. Antidepressants
  2. Cognitive behavioral therapy/exposure therapy (most effective)
57
Q

What is the treatment for hoarding disorder?

A
  1. Exposure therapy - professional organizer
58
Q

What is the treatment for both trichotillomania and excoriation?

A

Habit reversal treatment (taught behaviors that contradict the initial behavior, like putting hand in fist when the urge to pull hair arrives)

59
Q

What are both reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder caused by?

A

Exposure to trauma like neglect or deprivation

60
Q

Acute stress disorder, how long do symptoms last, what can it develop into?

A

Diagnostic category for use when symptoms develop shortly after traumatic event and last for at least 2 days
- can develop into PTSD

61
Q

What are the causal factors in PTSD ?

A
  1. Individual risk factors
  2. Biological factors (gender, serotonin transporter genes, reduced size of hippocampus)
  3. Sociocultural factors

Abnormal Psychology (10 decks)

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