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Abnormal Psychology > Exam 2 - Mood Disorders > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Mood Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is the defining feature of mood disorders?

A

extremes of emotion

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2
Q

What are the two key moods of mood disorders?

A

depression and mania

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3
Q

Depression

A

feelings of extraordinary sadness and dejection

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4
Q

Mania

A

intense and unrealistic feelings of excitement and euphoria

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5
Q

Unipolar depressive disorders

A

only depressive episodes

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6
Q

Bipolar depressive disorders

A

manic/hypomanic and depressive episodes

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7
Q

Who are mood disorders more prevalent in?

A

women

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8
Q

What type disorder has a lifetime prevalence rate that is higher than all other anxiety disorders put together?

A

mood disorders

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9
Q

Major depressive disorder can cause changes to the brain, true or false?

A

True, too much cortisol can damage the hippocampus

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10
Q

Major depressive disorder (MDD), how long do feelings last, and are there any intermittent normal moods in this disorder?

A

a major depressive episode without having manic, hypomanic, or mixed episodes for at least 2 weeks
- no intermittent normal moods

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11
Q

What are some symptoms of major depressive disorder?

A

fatigue, suicidal ideations, hopelessness, sleep disturbances, etc.

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12
Q

What are the three subtypes of major depressive disorder?

A
  1. major depressive episode with melancholic features (no response to positive stimuli)
  2. severe major depressive episode with psychotic features (delusions, hallucinations, etc.)
  3. major depressive episode with atypical features (response to positive stimuli)
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13
Q

Persistent depressive disorder

A

persistently depressed mood most of the day for at least 2 years

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14
Q

What is the main difference between persistent depressive disorder and major depressive disorder?

A

persistent depressive disorder has intermittent normal moods that occur briefly that do not occur in major depressive disorder

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15
Q

Bereavement-triggered depression

A

prolonged mourning

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16
Q

Postpartum depression

A

depression that occurs after childbirth

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17
Q

Is major depressive disorder a unipolar or bipolar disorder?

A

unipolar

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18
Q

What are the biological causal factors of major depressive disorder?

A
  1. heredity
  2. altered neurotransmitter activity (norepinephrine and serotonin)
  3. hormones
  4. combination of alleles
  5. enter REM earlier (less sleep)
19
Q

What is the negative cognitive triad?

A
  1. The self (ex: I’m ugly/worthless)
  2. The world (ex: no one loves me)
  3. The future (It’s all hopeless because things will always be this way)
20
Q

What are the psychological causal factors of major depressive disorder?

A
  1. stressful life events
  2. risk-related vulnerability factors
  3. Beck’s cognitive model
  4. learned helplessness
  5. excessive rumination (overthinking)
  6. lack of social support
21
Q

Beck’s cognitive model of depression

A
  1. early experience
  2. formation of dysfunctional beliefs
  3. critical incidents
  4. beliefs activated
  5. negative automatic thoughts
  6. symptoms of depression
    6a. somatic
    6b. cognitive
    6c. affective
    6d. motivational
    6e. behavioral
22
Q

Cyclothymic disorder, how long do symptoms have to last, and is it as severe as BPD?

A
  • cyclical mood swings
  • at least 2 years
  • less severe than those of bipolar disorder
23
Q

Bipolar 1 disorder (BPD1)

A

includes at least one manic or mixed episode, or depressive episode

24
Q

What is the difference between BPD2 and BPD1?

A

individuals with bipolar 2 disorder only have hypomanic episodes, not full-blown manic episodes like individuals with bipolar 1 disorder

25
Q

Bipolar 2 disorder (BPD2)

A

includes hypomanic episodes but not full-blown manic or mixed episodes

26
Q

What are the biological causes of bipolar disorder?

A
  1. heredity
  2. norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, cortisol
  3. shifting patterns of blood flow to prefrontal cortex (causes poor planning, impulsivity, less motivation, etc.)
  4. disturbances in biological rhythms (different amounts of sleep)
27
Q

What are the psychological causal factors of bipolar disorder?

A
  1. stressful life events
  2. personality events (neuroticism, pessimism, etc.)
  3. low social support
28
Q

Seasonal affective disorder

A

2 episodes that occur at the same time of the year two years in a row

29
Q

What are the treatments for bipolar and depressive disorder?

A
  1. pharmacotherapy
  2. alternative biological treatments
  3. psychotherapy (cognitive behavioral therapy)
30
Q

What three types of drugs are used to treat bipolar and depressive disorder?

A

antidepressants, mood stabilizers, antipsychotic

31
Q

What is the most commonly used mood stabilizer for bipolar disorder?

32
Q

What were the four types of alternative biological treatments?

A
  1. electroconvulsive therapy
  2. transcranial magnetic stimulation
  3. deep brain stimulation
  4. bright light therapy
33
Q

Suicidal self-injury

A

harming oneself with the intent of dying

34
Q

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI)

A

harming oneself without the intent to die (cutting, burning, etc.)

35
Q

Who attempts suicide more?

36
Q

Who dies by suicide more?

37
Q

What age groups attempt/die by suicide?

A

adolescents, elderly, and college students

38
Q

What disorders have an increased risk of suicide?

A
  1. PTSD
  2. Bipolar disorder
  3. conduct disorder (early version of antisocial disorder)
  4. intermittent explosive disorder
39
Q

What are the characteristics of individuals who are suicidal?

A
  • more vocal about their thoughts, and are unsure about their decision until the last moment
  • impulsive
40
Q

What are the effective forms of psychotherapy for bipolar and depressive disorder?

A
  1. cognitive behavioral therapy
  2. behavioral activation treatment (engaging with environment)
  3. interpersonal therapy (improving relationships)
  4. family and martial therapy
41
Q

What are some of the psychosocial factors associated with suicide?

A
  1. impulsivity
  2. aggression
  3. pessimism
  4. family psychopathology or instability
  5. hopelessness
  6. negative affectivity
42
Q

What are the biological factors of suicide?

A
  1. genetics
  2. reduced serotonergic activity
43
Q

Prevention of suicide can take the form of treatment of the underlying mental disorder(s) like:

A
  1. antidepressants or lithium
  2. benzodiazepines
  3. cognitive behavioral therapy

Abnormal Psychology (10 decks)

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