Exam 2 - Mood Disorders

Question 1

What is the defining feature of mood disorders?

Answer 1

extremes of emotion

Question 2

What are the two key moods of mood disorders?

Answer 2

depression and mania

Question 3

Depression

Answer 3

feelings of extraordinary sadness and dejection

Question 4

Mania

Answer 4

intense and unrealistic feelings of excitement and euphoria

Question 5

Unipolar depressive disorders

Answer 5

only depressive episodes

Question 6

Bipolar depressive disorders

Answer 6

manic/hypomanic and depressive episodes

Question 7

Who are mood disorders more prevalent in?

Answer 7

women

Question 8

What type disorder has a lifetime prevalence rate that is higher than all other anxiety disorders put together?

Answer 8

mood disorders

Question 9

Major depressive disorder can cause changes to the brain, true or false?

Answer 9

True, too much cortisol can damage the hippocampus

Question 10

Major depressive disorder (MDD), how long do feelings last, and are there any intermittent normal moods in this disorder?

Answer 10

a major depressive episode without having manic, hypomanic, or mixed episodes for at least 2 weeks
- no intermittent normal moods

Question 11

What are some symptoms of major depressive disorder?

Answer 11

fatigue, suicidal ideations, hopelessness, sleep disturbances, etc.

Question 12

What are the three subtypes of major depressive disorder?

Answer 12

1. major depressive episode with melancholic features (no response to positive stimuli)
2. severe major depressive episode with psychotic features (delusions, hallucinations, etc.)
3. major depressive episode with atypical features (response to positive stimuli)

Question 13

Persistent depressive disorder

Answer 13

persistently depressed mood most of the day for at least 2 years

Question 14

What is the main difference between persistent depressive disorder and major depressive disorder?

Answer 14

persistent depressive disorder has intermittent normal moods that occur briefly that do not occur in major depressive disorder

Question 15

Bereavement-triggered depression

Answer 15

prolonged mourning

Question 16

Postpartum depression

Answer 16

depression that occurs after childbirth

Question 17

Is major depressive disorder a unipolar or bipolar disorder?

Answer 17

unipolar

Question 18

What are the biological causal factors of major depressive disorder?

Answer 18

1. heredity
2. altered neurotransmitter activity (norepinephrine and serotonin)
3. hormones
4. combination of alleles
5. enter REM earlier (less sleep)

Question 19

What is the negative cognitive triad?

Answer 19

1. The self (ex: I’m ugly/worthless)
2. The world (ex: no one loves me)
3. The future (It’s all hopeless because things will always be this way)

Question 20

What are the psychological causal factors of major depressive disorder?

Answer 20

1. stressful life events
2. risk-related vulnerability factors
3. Beck’s cognitive model
4. learned helplessness
5. excessive rumination (overthinking)
6. lack of social support

Question 21

Beck’s cognitive model of depression

Answer 21

1. early experience
2. formation of dysfunctional beliefs
3. critical incidents
4. beliefs activated
5. negative automatic thoughts
6. symptoms of depression
   6a. somatic
   6b. cognitive
   6c. affective
   6d. motivational
   6e. behavioral

Question 22

Cyclothymic disorder, how long do symptoms have to last, and is it as severe as BPD?

Answer 22

• cyclical mood swings
• at least 2 years
• less severe than those of bipolar disorder

Question 23

Bipolar 1 disorder (BPD1)

Answer 23

includes at least one manic or mixed episode, or depressive episode

Question 24

What is the difference between BPD2 and BPD1?

Answer 24

individuals with bipolar 2 disorder only have hypomanic episodes, not full-blown manic episodes like individuals with bipolar 1 disorder

Question 25

Bipolar 2 disorder (BPD2)

Answer 25

includes hypomanic episodes but not full-blown manic or mixed episodes

Question 26

What are the biological causes of bipolar disorder?

Answer 26

1. heredity 2. norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, cortisol 3. shifting patterns of blood flow to prefrontal cortex (causes poor planning, impulsivity, less motivation, etc.) 4. disturbances in biological rhythms (different amounts of sleep)

Question 27

What are the psychological causal factors of bipolar disorder?

Answer 27

1. stressful life events 2. personality events (neuroticism, pessimism, etc.) 3. low social support

Question 28

Seasonal affective disorder

Answer 28

2 episodes that occur at the same time of the year two years in a row

Question 29

What are the treatments for bipolar and depressive disorder?

Answer 29

1. pharmacotherapy 2. alternative biological treatments 3. psychotherapy (cognitive behavioral therapy)

Question 30

What three types of drugs are used to treat bipolar and depressive disorder?

Answer 30

antidepressants, mood stabilizers, antipsychotic

Question 31

What is the most commonly used mood stabilizer for bipolar disorder?

Answer 31

lithium

Question 32

What were the four types of alternative biological treatments?

Answer 32

1. electroconvulsive therapy 2. transcranial magnetic stimulation 3. deep brain stimulation 4. bright light therapy

Question 33

Suicidal self-injury

Answer 33

harming oneself with the intent of dying

Question 34

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI)

Answer 34

harming oneself without the intent to die (cutting, burning, etc.)

Question 35

Who attempts suicide more?

Answer 35

women

Question 36

Who dies by suicide more?

Answer 36

men

Question 37

What age groups attempt/die by suicide?

Answer 37

adolescents, elderly, and college students

Question 38

What disorders have an increased risk of suicide?

Answer 38

1. PTSD 2. Bipolar disorder 3. conduct disorder (early version of antisocial disorder) 4. intermittent explosive disorder

Question 39

What are the characteristics of individuals who are suicidal?

Answer 39

- more vocal about their thoughts, and are unsure about their decision until the last moment - impulsive

Question 40

What are the effective forms of psychotherapy for bipolar and depressive disorder?

Answer 40

1. cognitive behavioral therapy 2. behavioral activation treatment (engaging with environment) 3. interpersonal therapy (improving relationships) 4. family and martial therapy

Question 41

What are some of the psychosocial factors associated with suicide?

Answer 41

1. impulsivity 2. aggression 3. pessimism 4. family psychopathology or instability 5. hopelessness 6. negative affectivity

Question 42

What are the biological factors of suicide?

Answer 42

1. genetics 2. reduced serotonergic activity

Question 43

Prevention of suicide can take the form of treatment of the underlying mental disorder(s) like:

Answer 43

1. antidepressants or lithium 2. benzodiazepines 3. cognitive behavioral therapy