Exam 3 - Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders

Question 1

What is the hallmark of schizophrenia?

Answer 1

psychosis - a significant loss of contact with reality

Question 2

When was the first clinical description of schizophrenia?

Answer 2

1810

Question 3

What are the risk factors for schizophrenia?

Answer 3

• Lifetime prevalence​
• Age of father​
• Country​
• Onset age​
• Gender

Question 4

What is the age of onset for schizophrenia? Gender differences?

Answer 4

• 18-30
• Males peak @ 20-24
• Women peak @ 40 and just after 60

Question 5

What are the hallmark symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 5

• delusions
• hallucinations
• disorganized speech
• disorganized and catatonic behavior

Question 6

Delusions

Answer 6

• erroneous belief
• fixed and firmly held
• disturbance in the content of thought

Question 7

Hallucinations

Answer 7

• sensory experience, can occur in any sensory modality, but the most common is auditory
• seems real but occurs in absence of any external perceptual stimulus

Question 8

What are neologisms?

Answer 8

form of disorganized speech, made up words that sound like real words

Question 9

Disorganized speech

Answer 9

• manifestation of delusions
• failure to make sense - have a multitude of thoughts in the middle of sentences

Question 10

Disorganized and catatonic behavior

Answer 10

• impairment of goal-directed activity
• occurs in areas of daily functioning
• almost no movement
• disregard personal safety and hygiene

Question 11

What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 11

• delusions and hallucinations
• normal people do not exhibit these symptoms

Question 12

What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 12

• decreased speech and catatonia
• absence or deficit of normally present behaviors

Question 13

Schizoaffective disorder

Answer 13

have all of the symptoms of schizophrenia, and a mood disorder

Question 14

Schizophreniform disorder

Answer 14

schizophrenia symptoms for no longer than 6 months, usually about 1 month

Question 15

Delusional disorder

Answer 15

normal overall, but have delusions

Question 16

Brief psychotic disorder

Answer 16

experience all of the symptoms of schizophrenia for only a few days due to stress

Question 17

Shared psychotic disorder

Answer 17

sharing a delusion with someone

Question 18

Genetic factors are clearly implicated in schizophrenia. True or false?

Answer 18

True, the closer the relation, the more at risk

Question 19

What are the prenatal exposure causal factors for schizophrenia?

Answer 19

• prenatal infections
• rhesus incompatibility (R+ mom and R- infant)
• early nutritional deficiencies
• perinatal birth complications (hypoxia, breaching, etc.)

Question 20

Brain lesions/abnormalities lie ______ until normal developmental changes occur.

Answer 20

dormant

Question 21

What brain areas are abnormal in schizophrenia?

Answer 21

• decreased brain volume
• enlarged ventricles
• frontal lobe dysfunction (underactive frontal lobe)
• reduced volume of the thalamus
• abnormalities in temporal lobe areas (auditory stimuli are processed here)

Question 22

Brain abnormalities are found in all patients with schizophrenia. True or false?

Answer 22

False

Question 23

Which neurotransmitters are implicated in schizophrenia, and what symptoms are they responsible for?

Answer 23

• dopamine - positive symptoms
• glutamate - positive and negative symptoms

Question 24

The ____________ of the brain may also be implicated in schizophrenia.

Answer 24

cytoarchitecture

Question 25

Do “bad families” cause schizophrenia?

Answer 25

No, they are not the sole cause, but they can cause a relapse or be a trigger for it.

Question 26

What are the psychosocial and cultural aspects of schizophrenia?

Answer 26

• socioeconomic status
• immigrants
• cannabis smokers

Question 27

What are the pharmacological treatments for schizophrenia? Which of these helps with positive and negative symptoms?

Answer 27

• antipsychotics and second-generation antipsychotics
• second-generation antipsychotics

Question 28

What are the psychosocial approaches to treating schizophrenia?

Answer 28

• family therapy
• case management
• social-skills training
• cognitive remediation
• CBT (not as effective for negative symptoms)
• stress management to avoid relapse

Question 29

Who is Wednesday the Rat?

Answer 29

Jenny’s hallucination/delusion

Question 30

What is the long-term institutionalization rate for individuals with schizophrenia?

Answer 30

about 12%

Question 31

How many patients with schizophrenia had improved?

Answer 31

about 38% in 15-25 year outcomes

Question 32

What are neologisms?

Answer 32

form of disorganized speech, made up words that sound like real words