Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Exam 4: Nervous System > Flashcards

Exam 4: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

what is white matter made of

A

bundles of myelinated axons
neural tracts
-propagation of action potential from one area to the next

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is gray matter made of

A

bundles of unmyelinated axons
neuron cell bodies & dendrites
-integration and relaying of signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a synapse

A

junction between two cells in the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the different components of synapses

A

neuron and effector synapse (muscle or gland)
neuron and neuron synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what do pre-synaptic neurons do

A

send signals (away from CNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what do post-synaptic neurons do

A

receive signals (to CNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the types of synapses

A

electrical synapses
chemical synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are electrical synapses

A

pass electrical signal directly from cytoplasm of one cell to another via gap junctions
-allows rapid bidirectional signal conduction (especially important in the heart)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are chemical synapses

A

conducts signals via neurotransmitters
-very common (nervous system uses this communication the most)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Steps of neurotransmitter release

A

Same as acetylcholine release EXCEPT:

-neurotransmitter binds to receptors on post-synaptic neuron’s dendrite (instead of muscle fiber)

-axon terminal of pre-synaptic neuron synapses to post-synaptic neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what do neurotransmitters effect

A

effects are on target cells (like neurons or muscles) via receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how are neurotransmitters classified

A

based on structure
-except acetylcholine - its in its own category

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter that effects skeletal muscle, autonomic nervous system, smooth & cardiac muscle
-within the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is acetylcholine secreted by

A

cholinergic neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does acetylcholine bind to

A

cholinergic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the different neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine
monoamines
amino acids
purines
neuropeptides
gases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the 2 types of monoamine neurotransmitters

A

catecholamines
indolamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are catecholamines

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are indolamines

A

serotonin, melatonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is a specific amino acid neurotransmitter

A

GABA - inhibitory (inhibits things)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is a specific gas neurotransmitter

A

nitric oxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the responses to neurotransmitters

A

response of post-synaptic neuron to a neurotransmitter can vary:
-excitatory and inhibitory responses can occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does an excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP) result in

A

depolarization (+ charge) of post-synaptic neuron
-due to Na+ (sodium) influx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what does an inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP) result in

A

hyperpolarization (- charge) of post-synaptic neuron
-due to Cl- (Chloride) influx or excessive K+ (potassium) efflux (leaving cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

describe summation

A

-signals from other neurons occur at dendrites

-these are graded potentials (weak stimulus produces a weak response, strong stimulus produces strong response)

-graded potentials summate (total up) at trigger zone

-If threshold (-55 mV) is reached, an action potential will be produced and propagated along axon to axon terminals
——> leads to something like neurotransmitter release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How many major regions exist in the adult brain

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what are the 4 major regions of the adult brain

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Brainstem
  4. Cerebellum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what does each region of the brain contain

A

nuclei
-clusters of neuron cell bodies in the Central Nervous System (CNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the cerebrum responsible for

A

higher brain functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what does the cerebrum contain

A

cerebral cortex - layer of gray matter surrounding cerebrum

left & right cerebral hemispheres - separated by longitudinal fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

how does communication across hemispheres of cerebrum occur

A

through commissures
-connections across hemispheres
-corpus callosum - biggest commissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is the left hemisphere of the brain responsible for

A

language function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is the right hemisphere of the brain responsible for

A

spatial perception, nonverbal reasoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

True or False
-myth of lateralization is oversimplified

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what are the cortical lobes of the brain

A

frontal lobe
prefrontal cortex
parietal lobe
occipital lobe
temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what are the functions of the frontal lobe

A

-motor functions
-planning movements and executing movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what are the functions of the prefrontal cortex

A

-most anterior portion of the frontal lobe
-associated with personality
-regulation of emotional behavior & mood
-motor decision making

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is the function of the parietal lobe

A

processing of somatic sensations from body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is the function of the occipital lobe

A

visual processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what are the functions of the temporal lobe

A

-auditory processing
-regions for memory formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what are the special functions of the cerebral cortex

A

-speech
-memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what is speech

A

integration of sensory information and generation of words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what areas of the brain make speech possible

A

Wernicke’s area
-language development

Broca’s area
-word formation

Arcuate Fasiculus
-connects Wernicke’s & Broca’s areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is memory

A

storage of knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what are the different kinds of memory

A

working memory
short-term memory
long term memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

describe working memory

A

transient (shorter than short-term memory)
-task associated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

describe short-term memory

A

lasts minutes to day
-susceptible to trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

describe long-term memory

A

lasts for years or more
-consolidation (transfer of short-term to long-term memory)
-strengthening of synaptic connections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

how are synaptic connections strengthened in long-term memory

A

-cAMP responsive transcription factor activates transcription for proteins
-dendritic spines - more/stronger synaptic connections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what are the types of long-term memory

A

declarative
procedural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what is declarative long-term memory

A

retention of facts
-hippocampus=facts
-amygdala=associated emotions

52
Q

what is procedural long-term memory

A

skills
cerebellum and premotor area

53
Q

what makes up the limbic system

A

olfactory cortex, deep cortical regions

54
Q

what does the limbic system effect

A

-mood (production)

-emotions/visceral responses to emotions (production)

-motivation

55
Q

how is there a close relationship between hippocampus & limbic system

A

evolutionary adaptation

56
Q

what makes up the diencephalon

A

-thalamus
-hypothalamus & pituitary

57
Q

what is the function of the thalamus

A

relay between cerebrum and rest of nervous system

58
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus & pituitary

A

-homeostatic regulation
-signal for regulatory mechanisms
-endocrine function

59
Q

what makes up the brainstem

A

-midbrain (superior)
-pons
-medulla (inferior)

60
Q

The location of nuclei of most cranial nerves

A

brainstem

61
Q

what functions are regulated by the brainstem

A

-respiration
-cardiac rhythm
-eye movements
-chewing (mastication)
-communication

62
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum

A

balance and coordination

63
Q

how does the cerebellum work

A

using the cerebellar comparator function

64
Q

describe the cerebellar comparator function

A

-receives output from cerebrum to spinal cord
-compares with sensory input from environment
-sends information to correct motor commands for coordination

65
Q

what is the function of the autonomic nervous system

A

unconscious/involuntary control of organ functions
Examples:
-GI Function
-Heart Rate
-Blood Pressure
-Stress Response
-diameter of airways
-pupil dilation/constriction, etc.

66
Q

what are the 2 branches of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic
parasympathetic

67
Q

What is the sympathetic branch of the ANS responsible for

A

“fight-or-flight” response
-physical activity & stress
Ex. increase Heart Rate, blood pressure, respiration

68
Q

what is the parasympathetic branch of the ANS responsible for

A

“Rest-and-digest” response
-slow functions like digestion
-Vagus nerve stimulation (Cranial Nerve X (10))
Ex. decrease heart rate, blood pressure, respiration

69
Q

Describe the 2 neuron series of the ANS

A

preganglionic neuron
-cell body located within the CNS

postganglionic neuron
-cell body located within an autonomic ganglia
*sympathetic chain ganglia (sympathetic branch)

*terminal ganglia, near or on surface of effector (parasympathetic branch)

70
Q

True or false
-autonomic neurons secrete neurotransmitters

A

True

71
Q

what in the ANS is based on the type of neurotransmitter that is released

A

neuron type

72
Q

what do cholinergic neurons secrete

A

acetylcholine neurotransmitter

73
Q

what do adrenergic neurons secrete

A

norepinephrine neurotransmitter

74
Q

what neurotransmitter do cholinergic receptors bind to

A

acetylcholine

75
Q

what are the 2 subtypes of cholinergic receptors

A

nicotinic receptors
muscarinic receptors

76
Q

where are nicotinic receptors found

A

on all postganglionic neurons of the ANS
-both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches

77
Q

where are muscarinic receptors found

A

on effectors of the parasympathetic branch of ANS

78
Q

what neurotransmitter do adrenergic receptors bind to

A

norepinephrine and epinephrine

79
Q

where are adrenergic receptors found

A

on effectors of the sympathetic branch of ANS

80
Q

what are the 2 subtypes of adrenergic receptors

A

alpha adrenergic receptors
-respond more to norepinephrine than epinephrine

Beta adrenergic receptors
-respond equally to norepinephrine & epinephrine

81
Q

function of preganglionic neurons

A

secrete neurotransmitter that exerts its effects on postganglionic neurons

82
Q

function of postganglionic neurons

A

secrete neurotransmitters that exert their effects on effector organs

83
Q

where do many effector organs have input from

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system
-often antagonistic effects (opposite) of one another

84
Q

describe the response to stress

A

fast acting response (within seconds) resulting in mass activity by sympathetic branch of ANS:

-activates adaptations to escape stressor
*increase HR, BP, blood flow to muscles, respirations
*inhibits non-essential activities like digestion, reproduction

-sympathetic preganglionic neurons innervate adrenal medulla

-adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine

-epinephrine travels to multiple effectors in the body via the bloodstream
——-> Results in widespread effects

85
Q

Describe ANS activity of the Eyes

A

sympathetic: pupil dilation
parasympathetic: pupil constriction

86
Q

Describe ANS activity of the GI Tract

A

sympathetic: decrease digestive activity
parasympathetic: increase digestive activity

87
Q

Describe ANS activity of the heart

A

sympathetic: increase heart activity
parasympathetic: decrease heart activity

88
Q

Describe ANS activity of the blood vessels

A

sympathetic: mostly vasoconstriction (alpha adrenergic receptors) - increases BP
*some vasodilation (beta adrenergic receptors)

parasympathetic: vasodilation of some blood vessels

89
Q

what are receptor agonists

A

drugs/medications that mimic the natural effects of neurotransmitters

sympathetic drug example: epi pen
parasympathetic drug example: diuretics

90
Q

what are receptor antagonists

A

drugs/medications that block the natural effects of neurotransmitters

ex. anticholinergics (block acetylcholine)

91
Q

what are special senses

A

those that use a specific sensory organ:
-vision (the eye)

-hearing and balance (the ear, which includes the auditory system and vestibular system)

-smell (the nose)

-Taste (the tongue)

92
Q

what are general senses

A

those that are detected across the body
-includes visceral senses (organs)

-includes somatic senses (5)
*touch
*pressure
*temperature
*pain
*proprioception (awareness of body position)

93
Q

what are the different sensory receptors

A

-mechanoreceptors
-chemoreceptors
-thermoreceptors
-nociceptors

94
Q

what do mechanoreceptors detect

A

mechanical stimuli
-vibration
-touch
-pressure

95
Q

what do chemoreceptors detect

A

chemical stimuli

96
Q

what do thermoreceptors detect

A

temperature

97
Q

what do nociceptors detect

A

pain

98
Q

what is receptor potential

A

graded potential due to sensory detection

99
Q

what do primary receptors do

A

conduct action potentials in response to sensory stimulus

100
Q

what do secondary receptors do

A

have no axons
-release of neurotransmitters to trigger action potential in adjacent neuron

101
Q

what properties of a stimulus must the Central Nervous system distinguish

A

modality
-what kind of stimulus (touch, temp, pain, etc.) depending on the type of receptor activated

location
-where the stimulus is, based on topographical organization of receptors
*lateral inhibition=strong contrast between activated and inactive neurons (helps isolate location of stimulus)

Intensity
-strength of signal, based on Action potential frequency

Duration
-length of signal, based on duration of series of action potentials
*adaptation=decreased sensitivity to continuous stimulation

102
Q

why does rate of adaptation vary

A

due to different adaptation receptor types

103
Q

what are slow adapting receptors

A

Tonic Receptors
-generate signal as long as stimulus is present
Ex. baroreceptors, irritant receptors (things that should be monitored continuously)

104
Q

what are fast adapting receptors

A

phasic receptors
-reduced signal with continued stimulus
Ex. long, non-painful touch - adapting filters out extra information such as wearing glasses or a bracelet

105
Q

how does adaptation occur

A

K+ (potassium) channels opening, causing repolarization

Na+ (sodium) channels inactivating

106
Q

what are the components of the special sense vision

A

-eyes

-accessory structures:
*eyebrows, eyelashes - protection

*eyelids, lacrimal glands - lubrication & antimicrobial properties via tears

*extrinsic eye muscles - movement of the eye

-Optic nerves and other nervous system components
*results in transmission & reception of signals

107
Q

anatomy of the eye

A

sclera - whites of eyes

cornea - allows light to refract (bend)

iris - colored portion

pupil - lets light in

lens - flat or round in shape depending on how closely you are looking at an object

retina

optic disk

blind spot

108
Q

describe the eye focusing system

A

-light rays are refracted by the eye

-focal point where light rays converge

-projection of object image at retina

distant object (>20 feet)
-parallel light rays
-in focus when lens is flatter in shape

near object (<20 feet)
-light rays come in at oblique angles
-in focus when lens in rounder in shape

109
Q

What is accommodation when referring to vision

A

keeping objects in focus via lens changing shape (use of ciliary muscle)

Distant objects:
-ciliary muscles relax, there is ligament tension on lens —->flatter lens shape

Near objects:
-ciliary muscles contract, less ligament tension on lens —->rounder lens shape

*as we age, lose ability to accommodate lens for vision
-can also be genetic (why people need glasses)

110
Q

Are images inverted at the retina

A

yes

111
Q

what are the components of the retina

A

neurons
-photoreceptors (rods & cones)
-bipolar cells
-ganglion cells (axons form optic nerve)

retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)
-dark epithelium that absorbs light & reduces scatter

112
Q

what are photoreceptors

A

rods and cones

113
Q

what are rod photoreceptors

A

responsible for non-color, & low-light vision
-most numerous photoreceptor, distributed over most of the retina

114
Q

what are cone photoreceptors

A

responsible for color vision & visual acuity
-less numerous
-concentrated at fovea (fovea centralis)

115
Q

describe photoreceptor structure

A

-visual pigments (of both rods and cones) bound to disk membranes in outer segments
-ion channels

116
Q

what is the rods pigment

A

rhodopsin
-purple pigment
-opsin bound to 11-cis-retinal

117
Q

what are the cones pigments

A

three photopsins
-analogous to rhodopsin
-have color-sensitive pigments that are sensitive to different wavelengths of light

118
Q

describe process of phototransduction in the dark

A

-11-cis retinal is bound to opsin (keeps ion channels open)
-photoreceptors continuously depolarize
-causes continuous release of glutamate (neurotransmitter)
-glutamate binds to receptors on bipolar cells

Effects on bipolar cells:
ON bipolar cells
-glutamate binds to receptors, ion channels close
-ON bipolar cells hyperpolarize (inhibited)

OFF bipolar cells
-glutamate binds to receptors, influx of ions
-OFF bipolar cells depolarize (excited/active)

119
Q

describe the process of phototransduction in the light

A

-11-cis retinal changes shape
-opsin converts from dark to light state
-biochemical pathway leads to hyperpolarization of photoreceptor
-inhibition of glutamate release

Effects on bipolar cells:
ON bipolar cells depolarize (active)
OFF bipolar cells hyperpolarize (inhibited)

120
Q

How does the optic nerve carry signals to the brain

A

-bipolar cells synapse with ganglion cells
-ganglion cell axons are what create optic nerve

121
Q

describe the visual pathway

A

-visual field: temporal and nasal halves
-each half projects on opposite side of retina
-optic chiasm
*nasal part of optic nerve crosses over
*temporal part of optic nerve does not cross
-axons synapse in thalamus
-project to visual cortex in occipital lobe

122
Q

what is the human visible spectrum

A

400 - 700 nanometers

123
Q

Explain human trichromatism

A

humans have 3 types of cones
-short, medium, long wavelength cones
-each opsin is color sensitive
*short=blue, medium=green, long=red

124
Q

what does tetrachromatic mean

A

something has 4 types of cones
-gives ability to see in ultraviolet (UV) spectrum
-like constantly viewing things under a black light

birds are tetrachromatic

125
Q

what does dichromatic mean

A

something has 2 cones
-see more diluted colors like yellows, blues, grays

dogs are dichromatic

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions