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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Exam 1: Human Body/Organization, Histology, Little bit of Integumentary system > Flashcards

Exam 1: Human Body/Organization, Histology, Little bit of Integumentary system Flashcards

1
Q

Define Anatomy

A

Study of structural components of the body and relationships between body parts

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2
Q

Define Physiology

A

Study of the body’s functions

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3
Q

What defines something as living?

A
  1. Organization
  2. Energy use & metabolism
  3. Response to environmental changes
  4. Regulation & Homeostasis
  5. Growth & Development
  6. Reproduction
  7. Biological evolution
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4
Q

What are the levels of biological organization?

A

(Smallest —> Largest)
Atoms
Molecules
Cells - (Basic unit of life!)
Tissues - (comprised of organized grouping of cells)
Organs - (comprised of organized grouping of tissues)
Organ systems - (comprised of multiple organs)
Organism - (A single human being)

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5
Q

Define Homeostasis

A

Homeo=similar
Stasis=period or state of inactivity or equilibrium

Maintenance of relatively constant internal body conditions - despite changes in the external environment - through activity of regulatory mechanisms.
(A.K.A. Dynamic Equilibrium in which body conditions are maintained within narrow limits)

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6
Q

What happens when homeostasis does not occur/is out of whack?

A

illness and pathology starts to occur

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7
Q

What is an example of your body exercising homeostasis?

A

Sweating - your internal environment stays constant as you sweat to cool off

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8
Q

What are physiological control systems?

A

Physiological control systems help maintain homeostasis

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9
Q

What are the parts of physiological control systems and their functions?

A

Stimulus - causes body to start shifting out of homeostasis

Sensor - Responsible for detecting stimulus

Integrator - Makes the “decision” on how to fix the problem

Effector(s) - Produce the response that returns the body to homeostasis

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10
Q

How do physiological control systems operate?

A

Under one or more feedback loops

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11
Q

What are positive feedback loops?

A

Rare, continued “vicious” cycle until ended by a major event

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12
Q

What is the goal of positive feedback loops?

A

increased stimulus, continual shift away from homeostasis

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13
Q

What are some examples of positive feedback loops?

A

Blood clotting, ovulation, labor during childbirth

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14
Q

What are negative feedback loops?

A

Most common type of feedback, responsible for almost all physiological regulation

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15
Q

What is the goal of negative feedback loops?

A

Reduce stimulus to return body to homeostasis

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16
Q

What are examples of negative feedback loops?

A

Blood sugar regulation, temperature regulation

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17
Q

Define etymology

A

the origin of words, generally Greek or Latin

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18
Q

What is the anatomical body position?

A

position in which feet are pointed forward, body is standing up straight, and palms are facing out

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19
Q

What is the anatomical body position?

A

position in which feet are pointed forward, body is standing up straight, and palms are facing out

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20
Q

What is the importance of different body positions?

A

They help us understand directional relationships of structures on or in the body

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21
Q

What are the non-standing body postions?

A

supine and prone

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22
Q

Define supine

A

body position in which someone is laying on their back, face up

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23
Q

Define prone

A

body position in which someone is laying on their stomach, face down

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24
Q

What are directional terms?

A

They usually come in pairs and compare structures

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25
Q

How are proximal and distal used to compare structures?

A

used to compare linear structures such as the arms or legs

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26
Q

Define proximal

A

closer to the attachment point to the body
(Ex. the elbow is proximal to the wrist)

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27
Q

Define distal

A

farther from the attachment point to the body
(Ex. elbow is distal to the shoulder)

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28
Q

How are superior and inferior used to compare structures?

A

They are NOT used when referring to arms or legs because this is not as accurate in all the body positions

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29
Q

Define superior

A

above
(Ex. The head is superior to the chest)

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30
Q

Define inferior

A

below
(Ex. the nose is inferior to the eyes)

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31
Q

Define medial

A

closer to the midline (middle) of the body
(Ex. The spine is medial to the ribcage)

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32
Q

Define lateral

A

Away from the midline (middle) of the body, closer to the sides of the body
(Ex. The lungs are lateral to the heart)

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33
Q

Define Anterior

A

towards the front of the body
(Ex. the eyes are anterior to the butt)

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34
Q

Define posterior

A

towards the back of the body
(Ex. the achilles tendon is posterior to the nose)

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35
Q

Define superficial

A

closer to the surface of the body
(Ex. the skin is superficial to the bones)

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36
Q

Define deep

A

toward the core (center) of the body
(Ex. The bones are deep to the skin)

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37
Q

What is the sagittal body plane?

A

plane that separates the left and right sides of the body

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38
Q

What is a midsagittal (median) plane?

A

plane that separates the body into exact right and left halves (straight down the middle)

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39
Q

What is a parasagittal plane?

A

plane that is parallel to the midsagittal plane

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40
Q

What is a transverse (horizontal) plane?

A

plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions

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41
Q

What is a frontal (coronal) plane?

A

plane that splits the body into anterior and posterior portions

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42
Q

What is a longitudinal organ section?

A

Section that is cut along the long axis of an organ

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43
Q

What is a cross (transverse) organ section?

A

section that is cut at a right angle to the long axis

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44
Q

What is an oblique organ section?

A

section that is cut along the long axis at any angle that is not 90 degrees

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45
Q

What are body cavities?

A

spaces in the body where organs are found

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46
Q

Which body cavities are open to the external environment?

A

Nasal cavity, oral cavity

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47
Q

What are some enclosed body cavities?

A

cranial - holds brain
vertebral - holds spinal cord
thoracic - holds heart and lungs
abdominal - holds stomach, intestines, liver, etc.
pelvic - holds reproductive organs

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48
Q

What are serous membranes?

A

membranes that surround organs

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49
Q

How many layers do serous membranes have?

A

2

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50
Q

What is the parietal layer of serous membranes?

A

this is the outer layer of serous membranes which lines the wall(s) of body cavities

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51
Q

What is the visceral layer of serous membranes?

A

this is the inner layer of serous membranes which touches the outer wall(s) of organ(s)

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52
Q

What is located between the layers of serous membranes?

A

serous fluid

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53
Q

What is the function of serous fluid?

A

Allows for lubrication and smooth movement

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54
Q

What are examples of serous membranes in the body?

A

Pericardium - heart
Pleura - lungs
Peritoneum - organs in the abdominopelvic cavity

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55
Q

Define histology

A

The study of tissues

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56
Q

What are the 4 major types of tissues?

A
  1. epithelial
  2. connective
  3. muscle
  4. nervous
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57
Q

What are tissues composed of?

A

cells and the extracellular matrix

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58
Q

How are tissues classified?

A

the structure of cells, the composition of the extracellular matrix, and the function of cells

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59
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissues?

A

covers/protects surfaces inside and outside the body and the formation of glands

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60
Q

Where can epithelium be found?

A

lining of the digestive and respiratory systems, heart, blood vessels, inside body cavities

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61
Q

What are epithelial tissues composed of?

A

contains mostly cells with little extracellular matrix

62
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

attaches epithelial tissue to underlying tissues

63
Q

What are the cell surface types?

A

Apical (top), Lateral (side), Basal (bottom)

64
Q

How are epithelial tissues classified?

A

2 part naming system
1. # of cell layers on the basement membrane
2. Shape of cells at the apical surface

65
Q

Simple (tissue) definition

A

one layer of cells on the basement membrane

66
Q

stratified (tissues) definition

A

2 or more cell layers on the basement membrane

67
Q

Squamous (tissue) definition

A

flattened

68
Q

Cuboidal (tissue) definition

A

rounded/cube-shaped

69
Q

columnar (tissue) definition

A

tall/elongated shape

70
Q

Major functions of simple squamous epithelium

A

diffusion, filtration, some protection against friction

71
Q

Location of simple squamous epithelium

A

Bowman’s capsule in kidney, alveoli in lungs

72
Q

Major functions of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

secretion and absorption, movement of particles when ciliated

73
Q

location of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

kidney tubules

74
Q

major functions of simple columnar epithelium

A

movement of particles (when ciliated), secretion and absorption in GI tract

75
Q

location of simple columnar epithelium

A

stomach, fallopian tubes

76
Q

What are the 2 types of stratified epithelium?

A
  1. Keratinized - contains living cells in lower layer near BM and has dead cells containing keratin (hardened) near apical surface
  2. Non-keratinized (moist) - Living cells are in all layers
77
Q

Major functions of stratified squamous epithelium

A

protection, barrier against infection

78
Q

location of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

skin

79
Q

locations of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

mouth, throat, esophagus, larynx (voice-box), anus, vagina

80
Q

What is pseudostratified epithelium?

A

epithelial tissue that looks stratified due the irregular shape of cells, but there is really only one layer of cells on BM

81
Q

major functions of pseudostratified epithelium

A

mucus secretion, movement of particles (when ciliated)

82
Q

location of pseudostratified epithelium

A

lines nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi

83
Q

What are the rare types of stratified epithelium?

A

stratified cuboidal and stratified columnar

84
Q

location of stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

sweat gland ducts, salivary gland ducts, ovarian follicular cells

85
Q

location of stratified columnar epithelium

A

mammary gland ducts, parts of male urethra, parts of larynx

86
Q

What are goblet cells?

A

goblet-shaped cells that are interspersed within columnar epithelium (both simple and pseudostratified)

Function: mucus secretion via secretory vesicles
Location: GI and Respiratory tracts

87
Q

What is transitional epithelium?

A

tissue that can stretch and expand.

The cells within these tissues appear cuboidal or columnar when not stretched

The cells appear squamous when tissue is stretched

Locations: urinary bladder, ureters, superior portion of urethra (all areas where stretch is needed)

88
Q

Function of simple epithelium

A

facilitate movement of materials in and out

89
Q

functions of stratified epithelium

A

provide protection

90
Q

functions of squamous epithelium

A

diffusion and filtration

91
Q

functions of cuboidal and columnar epithelium

A

secretion and absorption

92
Q

Function of smooth apical cell surface

A

reduces friction

93
Q

Function of microvilli on apical cell surface

A

increases surface area of cell - helps with absorption

94
Q

function of cilia on apical cell surface

A

movement of substances across cell surface

95
Q

how do glands form?

A

from epithelial tissue

96
Q

What are exocrine glands

A

glands that have a hollow center with duct that secretes products outside the body
(Ex. sweat and tear glands)

97
Q

what are endocrine glands?

A

have no ducts but have extensive vascularization (blood vessels) responsible for secreting hormones into blood circulation.

98
Q

What is the composition of connective tissues?

A

lots of extracellular matrix, fewer cells

99
Q

What are the types of Connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue proper
-loose and dense CT

Supporting connective tissue
-cartilage and bone

Fluid connective tissue
-blood

100
Q

define suffix -blast in regards to tissue matrix

A

production of matrix

101
Q

define suffix -cyte in regards to tissue matrix

A

maintenance of matrix

102
Q

define suffix -clast in regards to tissue matrix

A

breakdown of matrix

103
Q

What are adipocytes?

A

fat cells that store lipids

104
Q

what are mast cells?

A

responsible for inflammation

105
Q

what are immune cells?

A

leukocytes (white blood cells)
macrophage

106
Q

what are mesenchymal cells?

A

adult stem cells

107
Q

What are the loose connective tissues that fall into the Connective Tissue Proper?

A

Areolar Tissue
Adipose Tissue
Reticular Tissue

108
Q

Areolar tissue functions

A

loose “packing material”, attaches skin to underlying tissues, contains collagen fibers, reticular fibers, and elastic fibers

109
Q

Areolar tissue location

A

beneath skin

110
Q

Adipose tissue location and function

A

located in fat and contains adipocytes with large amounts of lipids

111
Q

Reticular tissue location and function

A

lymphatic system has reticular fibers and cells that produce fibers

112
Q

What are the Dense connective tissues that fall into the connective tissue proper?

A

Dense Regular Collagenous
Dense Regular Elastic

Dense Irregular Collagenous
Dense Irregular Elastic

113
Q

Dense regular collagenous CT location

A

tendons, ligaments and are mostly made up of collagen fibers

114
Q

Dense Regular Elastic CT location

A

ligaments in vocal cords and are made up of collagen and elastin

115
Q

Dense Irregular Collagenous CT location

A

Dermis

116
Q

Dense Irregular Elastic CT location

A

elastic arteries such as the aorta

117
Q

Loose CT meaning

A

has few protein fibers and more ground substance

118
Q

Dense CT meaning

A

more protein fibers, less ground substance

119
Q

Dense Regular meaning

A

fibers are oriented mostly in one direction

120
Q

Dense Irregular meaning

A

randomly or non-parallel oriented fibers

121
Q

What tissues fall into the supporting tissue category for connective tissues?

A

Bone tissue
Cartilage

122
Q

What is the composition of cartilage?

A

chondrocytes and rigid matrix, perichondrium surrounds cartilage, no blood vessels or nerves present except in perichondrium

123
Q

What are the cartilage types?

A

hyaline cartilage
fibrocartilage
elastic cartilage

124
Q

location of hyaline cartilage

A

ribs, nose, trachea, many joint surfaces

has dispersed collagen fibers

125
Q

location of fibrocartilage

A

intervertebral discs, tendon and ligament attachments to bone, some joint capsules

Has many dense collagen fibers

126
Q

Location of Elastic cartilage

A

external ear, epiglottis, larynx

has elastic and collagen fibers

127
Q

What are lacunae?

A

cavities that house chrondrocytes

128
Q

Bone tissue composition

A

cells (osteocytes) and extracellular matrix that has organic portion containing collagen and inorganic portion containing hydroxyapatite (calcium and phosphate)

129
Q

Tissues that fall into the Fluid Connective tissue category

A

Blood
hematopoietic tissue

130
Q

Blood

A

liquid matrix (plasma)
cellular components (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets)

Location: blood

131
Q

Hematopoietic Tissue Location

A

Bone marrow and is responsible for forming blood cells

132
Q

What are the types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal muscle tissue
Cardiac muscle tissue
smooth muscle tissue

133
Q

What is skeletal muscle tissue?

A

voluntary, striated
enables locomotion and is located attached to bones

134
Q

What is Cardiac muscle tissue?

A

Involuntary, striated
found in the heart

135
Q

What is smooth muscle tissue?

A

involuntary, not striated
found in walls of hollow organs (digestive system), and blood vessels

136
Q

Where is nervous tissue found?

A

Found in brain, spinal cord, nerves

137
Q

What cells are in nervous tissue?

A

neurons - functional signaling cells
Glia - supporting cells for neurons

138
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

A

Protection (this is main function)
sensation (via sensory receptors in skin)
body temperature maintenance (via blood flow & sweat glands)
Vitamin D production (from UV exposure)
Excretion of some waste products

139
Q

How many layers of tissue are located in the skin?

A

2 layers

140
Q

What are the 2 layers that make up the skin?

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Dermis
141
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

most superficial layer of skin that is made up of stratified squamous epithelium and has no vasculature

Function: Protection!, diffusion of nutrients and gas

142
Q

What is the dermis?

A

middle layer of skin responsible for structural support

made up of areolar connective tissue and dense irregular connective tissue

143
Q

What is the hypodermis?

A

Deep layer under the skin (not technically part of skin) that is responsible for connecting skin to the underlying tissues (such as adipose (fat) tissue)

144
Q

What are some accessory structures that may be present in the skin?

A

hairs, glands, follicles

145
Q

What are the cell types in the epidermis?

A

melanocytes - pigmentation
Langerhan’s cells - Immune function
Merkel Cells - light touch & pressure
Keratinocytes - produce Keratin, make up majority of epidermis, process called keratinization

146
Q

What is keratinization?

A
  1. Mitosis occurs in deep layers of cells, which produces new cells
  2. New cells push old cells superficially (up)
  3. The old cells start to change shape and composition
  4. These changed, dead cells form the outer layer of the epidermis
  5. This is a constant process of renewal (~19 days)
147
Q

What are the strata of the epidermis?

A

(Deep to Superficial)
1. Stratum Basale
2. Stratum Spinosum
3. Stratum Granulosum
4. Stratum Lucidum
5. Stratum Corneum

148
Q

Describe the Stratum Basale

A

deepest layer of epidermis anchored to BM. Here keratinocyte stem cells divide via mitosis about every 19 days

149
Q

Describe the Stratum Spinosum

A

2nd strata of epidermis where keratin a lamellar bodies filled with lipids accumulate in cells

150
Q

Describe the Stratum Granulosum

A

3rd strata of epidermis where cells become diamond-shaped. Granules with the protein keratohyalin accumulate and lamellar bodies release their lipids. Cells die here.

151
Q

Describe the Stratum Lucidum

A

4th strata of the epidermis where keratohyalin is dispersed around keratin fibers and cells flatten and overlap

152
Q

Describe Stratum Corneum

A

5th and most superficial strata of the epidermis containing dead and overlapping squamous cells. Cornified cells (cells with “hard” protective layer of keratin) regularly slough off.

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (8 decks)

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