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Pathology > Exam 4: Neoplasia 2 > Flashcards

Exam 4: Neoplasia 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the direct effects of neoplasia?

A 
Replace normal tissues
Compression of neighbor tissue
Obstruction or rupture
Disrupt anatomical relationships
Vascular compression/infiltration- infarction --> necrosis
Erosion of vessels- rupture, hemorrhage
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2
Q

What are the paraneoplastic effects of neoplasia in the systemic system?

A

Anorexia/cachexia, fever

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3
Q

What are the paraneoplastic effects of neoplasia in the endocrine system?

A

Hypercalcemia
Hypoglycemia
Hyperestrogenism
Thyrotoxicosis

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4
Q

What are the paraneoplastic effects of neoplasia in the skeletal system?

A

Myelofibrosis

Hypertrophic osteopathy

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5
Q

What are the paraneoplastic effects of neoplasia in the vascular/hematopoietic system?

A

Leukocytosis
Leukopenia
Anemia
DIC

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6
Q

What are the paraneoplastic effects of neoplasia in the neruologic system?

A

Myasthenia gravis

Peripherial neuropathy

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7
Q

What are the paraneoplastic effects of neoplasia in the cutaneous system?

A

Alopecia

Nodular dematofibrosis

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8
Q

What can paraneoplastic effects facilitate?

A

Early tumor detection

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9
Q

What is cachexia?

A

Weigh loss and debility associated with cancer
Muscle and fat are lost
No compensatory decrease in basal metabolism
Added caloric intake does bot alleviate
TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6

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10
Q

What do thyroid carcinomas cause?

A

Hyperthyroidism

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11
Q

What do pancreas islet cell carcinomas (insulinomas) of β cells cause?

A

Hyperinsuilinemia/hypoglycemia

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12
Q

What is ectopic hormone production?

A

Production of hormone not normally found in tissue of origin

This is a paraneoplastic effect

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13
Q

What causes hypercalcemia?

A

Parathyroid hormone-related peptide: humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy
Adenocarcinoma of the apocrine glands of the anal sac
Lymphoma
Multiple myeloma

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14
Q

How does Parathyroid hormone-related peptide cause hypercalcemia?

A

It mimics the function of PTH, inducing calcium release from bone, reabsorption from kidneys, and absorption from intestine

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15
Q

What are the hematopoietic/vascular paraneoplastic effects?

A

Eosinophilia, neutrophilia, basophilia, mast cells- cytokines
Anemia- chronic disease, blood loss, bone marrow invasion, hemolysis
Thrombocytopenia- immune mediated, hemangiosarcoma
Gastric mast cell tumors- histamine release, ulcerations

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16
Q

What are the hallmarks of cancer?

A 
Avoiding immune destruction
Evading growth suppressors
Enabling replicative immortality
Tumor-promoting inflammation
Activating invasion and metastasis
Genomic instability
Inducing angiogenesis
Resisting cell death
Deregulating cellular energetics
Sustaining proliferative signaling
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17
Q

What are heritable alterations to neoplasia?

A

A progressive accumulation of genetic and epigenetic abnormalities

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18
Q

What do heritable alterations lead to?

A

Cell growth, death, differentiation, DNA repair

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19
Q

What are cancer phenotypes due to?

A

DNA mutations
Epigenetic changes
Chromosomal alterations

20
Q

What is karyotype?

A

Number and arrangement of chromosomes

21
Q

What are telomeres?

A

Terminal DNA sequences that protect cells from DNA damage

22
Q

What are molecular determinants of neoplasia?

A

Driver mutations (oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes)
Multiple changes needed for neoplasia to occur
Proto-oncogenes
Mutation leads to overexpression (oncogene) and cells become less responsive to inhibitory signals

23
Q

What are proto-oncogenes?

A

Normal genes that regulate growth

24
Q

What is a tumor suppressor gene?

A

Genes that control cell cycle, apoptosis, DNA repair

25
Q

What is p53?

A

A tumor suppressor gene that is commonly mutated in cancer

26
Q

What happens to a cell with a normal p53?

A

DNA damage increases p53 levels
Transcription dependent and independent p53 effects on targets
p21 is upregulated causing G1 to arrest, GADD 45 directs DNA repair or causes apoptosis with no DNA repair, and BAX upregulation causes apoptosis

27
Q

What happens to a cell with p53 mutation or loss?

A

DNA damage
No p53 activation
No cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, sensescence, or apoptosis
Mutant cells are produced
Expansion and additional mutations leading to a malignant tumor

28
Q

What causes carcinogenesis?

A

Chemicals

29
Q

What is direct carcinogenesis?

A

Effective in causing damage in the form encountered

30
Q

What is indirect carcinogenesis?

A

Require metabolic activation in the body

31
Q

What is radiation?

A

A complete carcinogen (can initiate and promote)

32
Q

What are examples of oncogenic viruses?

A

Feline leukemia virus (leukemia/lymphoma)
Bovine leukemia virus (leukemia/lymphoma)
Feline immunodeficiency virus (lymphoma)
Poxviruses

33
Q

What are round cell tumors?

A 
Histiocytoma
Cutaneous lymphoma
Plasmacytoma
Mast cell tumors
Transmissible venereal tumors
34
Q

What are histiocytomas?

A 
Only in dogs (most common skin tumor)
Young
Rapid growth, button-like
Skin around head most common
Spontaneous regression
Round to oval cells
Oval nuclei, fine chromatin
Abundant pale blue cytoplasm, few vacuoles
Ulcerated/alopecici
Junctional activity/epitheliotropism
35
Q

Describe cutaneous lymphoma

A

Can be epitheliotropic (mycosis fungoides) or nonepitheliptrophic
B and T cells
Large cells, abundant cytoplasm, nucleoli

36
Q

Describe plasmacytoma

A

Benign, older dogs, head feet
Rarely functional
Round cells, dense, chromatin, 1-3 nuclei
Abundant blue cytoplasm, prominent Golgi zone

37
Q

Describe mast cell tumors

A 
Nodules, well circumscribed or poorly defined/edematous
Solitary or multiple
Older dogs
All are potentially malignant
Dermal (graded)
Subcutaneous
Eosinophils
Abundant metachromatic cytoplasmic granules
38
Q

What is an example of transmissible tumors?

A

Transmissible venereal tumor of dogs

39
Q

Describe transmissible venereal tumor of dogs

A

Direct physical spread/contact
Cells in all tumors have similar genetic and cytologic character that differ from the host (dog)
A single tumor that disseminated to multiple hosts

40
Q

Which cells produce tumors?

A

Undifferentiated stem cells

41
Q

How many cells does it take to produce a tumor?

A

1

42
Q

What are the angiogenesis factors?

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor
TGF-β
Angiogenin

43
Q

How do RNA viruses make tumors?

A

RNA viruses transcribe RNA backwards into DNA using reverse transcriptase. They insert that DNA copy of the viral genome in the host DNA - a provirus. They steal the genes from the cell and turn them into oncogenes or tumor genes

44
Q

How do DNA viruses make tumors?

A

No stolen oncogenes are associated with DNA viruses, but they may carry genes that code for transforming genes

45
Q

What is carcinomatosis?

A

The diffuse seeding or spread via lymphatics of carcinomas on serosal surfaces

Pathology (16 decks)

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