Exam 3: Inflammation and Repair

Question 1

What are the acute inflammation effector cells?

Answer 1

Vascular endothelial cells
Neutrophils
Mast cells and basophils
Eosinophils
Monocytes and macrophages

Question 2

What role do vascular endothelial cells play in inflammation?

Answer 2

Contraction
Release of chemical mediators
Expression of adhesion molecules and receptors

Question 3

What are cell characteristics of neutrophils?

Answer 3

Segmented nucleus

Multiple complex granules

Question 4

What is the main recruiter or neutrophils?

Answer 4

IL-8

Question 5

How long do neutrophils live?

Answer 5

24 hours in the circulation

1-2 days in tissue

Question 6

What is the function of neutrophils?

Answer 6

Innate immunity to bacteria and fungi
Phagocytosis
Release of granular contents

Question 7

What are the 3 phases of phagocytosis?

Answer 7

Attachment of particles to the cell surface
Ingestion of particles
Breakdown of particles

Question 8

What facilitates phagocytosis?

Answer 8

Opsonization

Question 9

What are the granules in a neutrophil?

Answer 9

Myeloperoxidase

Lysozyme

Question 10

What does myeloperoxidase to?

Answer 10

Converts hydrogen peroxide to hypochlorous acid, which is toxic to microbes

Question 11

Why can brids not liquefy the exudate?

Answer 11

Reptiles and birds have reduced concentrations of certain enzymes

Question 12

What are neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)?

Answer 12

Extracellular fibrillary networks that provide a high concentration of antimicrobial substances

Question 13

What are NETs composed of?

Answer 13

A meshwork of nuclear chromatin that binds and concentrates antimicrobial peptides and enzyems

Question 14

Where does the production and maturation of neutrophils take place?

Answer 14

Bone marrow

Question 15

What percentage of WBCs are eosinophils?

Answer 15

1-5%

Question 16

How long do eosinophils live?

Answer 16

12 hours in the circulation

1 week in tissue

Question 17

When do eosinophils enter lesions?

Answer 17

During the transition from acute to more chronic inflammation

Question 18

What are eosinophils attracted by?

Answer 18

Histamine

Eosinophil chemoattractant factor A

Question 19

What are the functions of eosinophis?

Answer 19

Innate immunity to parasires
Associated with allergic disease or hypersensitivity reactions
Modulate local immune responses

Question 20

What are the cell characteristics of eosinophils?

Answer 20

Bilobed nucleus

Cytoplasmic granules

Question 21

What are the granules of eosinophils?

Answer 21

Lysosomal enzymes and perioxidases

Question 22

Where are mast cells/basophils found?

Answer 22

In all supporting tissues

Question 23

How long do mast cells/basophils live?

Answer 23

4-12 weeks

Question 24

What are the metachromatic granules of mast cells/basophils

Answer 24

Histamine
Eosinophil chemotactic factor
Synthesize prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and PAF

Question 25

What do mast cells express high affinity for?

Answer 25

Receptors for IgE

Question 26

Describe the process of monocytes becoming macrophages

Answer 26

Monocytes originate in bone marrow, migrate in blood, then settle in tissues/take up residence as tissue macrophages

Question 27

What is the life span of monocytes/macrophages?

Answer 27

Short lived in circulation (monocyte) | Long lived in tissues (macrophage)

Question 28

What are the functions of monocytes/macrophages?

Answer 28

Phagocytosis Antigen presentation Immune modulation

Question 29

What are the cell characteristics of monocytes?

Answer 29

Large nucleus, with indentation | Multiple granules and vacuoles

Question 30

What are the 2 types of macrophages?

Answer 30

Those that reside within a specific tissue and those derive from monocytes in response to a stimulus

Question 31

What are the tissue macrophages?

Answer 31

``` Kupffer cells (liver) Microglia (CNS) Alveolar macrophages (lung) Langerhans cells (skin) Osteoclasts (bone) ```

Question 32

How do macrophages recruited to inflammation respond by?

Answer 32

Chemotaxis

Question 33

When do macrophages arrive to an area of inflammation?

Answer 33

12-48 hours after neutrophils as a second wave

Question 34

What do macrophages secrete to modulate the immune response?

Answer 34

Cytokines

Question 35

What do platelets look like?

Answer 35

Biconvex discs

Question 36

What do platelets arise from?

Answer 36

Megakaryocte fragmentation in marrow

Question 37

What is the function of platelets?

Answer 37

Hemostastis control | Deliver inflammatory mediators to injured sites

Question 38

What is a preformed substance in the granules of paltelets?

Answer 38

Histamine

Question 39

What is catarrhal inflammation?

Answer 39

Secretion of large amounts of mucus

Question 40

What is seen grossly with catarrhal inflammation?

Answer 40

Clear film

Question 41

What is seen microscopically with catarrhal inflammation?

Answer 41

Pale blue strands of mucus, may be mixed with inflammatory cells May have an increase number of goblet cells

Question 42

What is pseudomembranous?

Answer 42

A covering of a mucosal surface by a coagulum of fibrin, mucus, necrotic cells, and leukocytes Same thing as necrotizing