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Pathology > Exam 3: Inflammation and Repair > Flashcards

Exam 3: Inflammation and Repair Flashcards

1
Q

What are the acute inflammation effector cells?

A 
Vascular endothelial cells
Neutrophils
Mast cells and basophils
Eosinophils
Monocytes and macrophages
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2
Q

What role do vascular endothelial cells play in inflammation?

A

Contraction
Release of chemical mediators
Expression of adhesion molecules and receptors

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3
Q

What are cell characteristics of neutrophils?

A

Segmented nucleus

Multiple complex granules

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4
Q

What is the main recruiter or neutrophils?

A

IL-8

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5
Q

How long do neutrophils live?

A

24 hours in the circulation

1-2 days in tissue

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6
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

Innate immunity to bacteria and fungi
Phagocytosis
Release of granular contents

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7
Q

What are the 3 phases of phagocytosis?

A

Attachment of particles to the cell surface
Ingestion of particles
Breakdown of particles

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8
Q

What facilitates phagocytosis?

A

Opsonization

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9
Q

What are the granules in a neutrophil?

A

Myeloperoxidase

Lysozyme

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10
Q

What does myeloperoxidase to?

A

Converts hydrogen peroxide to hypochlorous acid, which is toxic to microbes

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11
Q

Why can brids not liquefy the exudate?

A

Reptiles and birds have reduced concentrations of certain enzymes

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12
Q

What are neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)?

A

Extracellular fibrillary networks that provide a high concentration of antimicrobial substances

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13
Q

What are NETs composed of?

A

A meshwork of nuclear chromatin that binds and concentrates antimicrobial peptides and enzyems

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14
Q

Where does the production and maturation of neutrophils take place?

A

Bone marrow

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15
Q

What percentage of WBCs are eosinophils?

A

1-5%

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16
Q

How long do eosinophils live?

A

12 hours in the circulation

1 week in tissue

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17
Q

When do eosinophils enter lesions?

A

During the transition from acute to more chronic inflammation

18
Q

What are eosinophils attracted by?

A

Histamine

Eosinophil chemoattractant factor A

19
Q

What are the functions of eosinophis?

A

Innate immunity to parasires
Associated with allergic disease or hypersensitivity reactions
Modulate local immune responses

20
Q

What are the cell characteristics of eosinophils?

A

Bilobed nucleus

Cytoplasmic granules

21
Q

What are the granules of eosinophils?

A

Lysosomal enzymes and perioxidases

22
Q

Where are mast cells/basophils found?

A

In all supporting tissues

23
Q

How long do mast cells/basophils live?

A

4-12 weeks

24
Q

What are the metachromatic granules of mast cells/basophils

A

Histamine
Eosinophil chemotactic factor
Synthesize prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and PAF

25
Q

What do mast cells express high affinity for?

A

Receptors for IgE

26
Q

Describe the process of monocytes becoming macrophages

A

Monocytes originate in bone marrow, migrate in blood, then settle in tissues/take up residence as tissue macrophages

27
Q

What is the life span of monocytes/macrophages?

A

Short lived in circulation (monocyte)

Long lived in tissues (macrophage)

28
Q

What are the functions of monocytes/macrophages?

A

Phagocytosis
Antigen presentation
Immune modulation

29
Q

What are the cell characteristics of monocytes?

A

Large nucleus, with indentation

Multiple granules and vacuoles

30
Q

What are the 2 types of macrophages?

A

Those that reside within a specific tissue and those derive from monocytes in response to a stimulus

31
Q

What are the tissue macrophages?

A 
Kupffer cells (liver)
Microglia (CNS)
Alveolar macrophages (lung)
Langerhans cells (skin)
Osteoclasts (bone)
32
Q

How do macrophages recruited to inflammation respond by?

A

Chemotaxis

33
Q

When do macrophages arrive to an area of inflammation?

A

12-48 hours after neutrophils as a second wave

34
Q

What do macrophages secrete to modulate the immune response?

A

Cytokines

35
Q

What do platelets look like?

A

Biconvex discs

36
Q

What do platelets arise from?

A

Megakaryocte fragmentation in marrow

37
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Hemostastis control

Deliver inflammatory mediators to injured sites

38
Q

What is a preformed substance in the granules of paltelets?

A

Histamine

39
Q

What is catarrhal inflammation?

A

Secretion of large amounts of mucus

40
Q

What is seen grossly with catarrhal inflammation?

A

Clear film

41
Q

What is seen microscopically with catarrhal inflammation?

A

Pale blue strands of mucus, may be mixed with inflammatory cells
May have an increase number of goblet cells

42
Q

What is pseudomembranous?

A

A covering of a mucosal surface by a coagulum of fibrin, mucus, necrotic cells, and leukocytes
Same thing as necrotizing

Pathology (16 decks)

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