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Pathology > Exam 4: Atrophy > Flashcards

Exam 4: Atrophy Flashcards

1
Q

What is atrophy?

A

A condition where the decrease in the size of normally developed cells, tissues, or organs occurs
Decrease in cell number or size

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2
Q

What is the response to an altered cell environment?

A

Atrophy

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3
Q

What are the 2 ways that an organ can shrink with atrophy?

A

Cell deletion-apoptosis

Cell shrinkage

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4
Q

What happens with cell deletion-apoptosis?

A

The most specialized cells removed first, leaving stroma

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5
Q

What is cell shrinkage?

A

Each cell must trim down excess

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6
Q

What must occur with cell shrinkage?

A

Proteolysis

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7
Q

What is autophagy?

A

A survival mechanism during ischemia or a response to hormones

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8
Q

How does autophagy occur?

A

Cells consume damaged organelles and recycle proteins and carbohydrates
An autophagosome is produced, containing dysfunctional organelles –> residual bodies –> may be retained

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9
Q

What are the protein removal control systems associated with atrophy?

A

Ubiquitin-proteasome
Chapeone mediated autophagy
Macroautophagy

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10
Q

What is atrophy caused by decreased use/function?

A

Inactivity or limited movement- promotes protein catabolism

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11
Q

What is physiologic atrophy?

A

Programmed cell death of certain tissues

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12
Q

What is atrophy caused by cachexia?

A

Diffuse muscle wasting- catabolism via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway
Serous atrophy of fat- utilization

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13
Q

What is atrophy due to impaired bloodflow?

A

Chronic ischemia- prolonged partial inadequacy of blood

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14
Q

What is atrophy due to pressure?

A

Growing tumors cause local pressure in part due to reduced bloodflow. Constant local pressure stimulates osteoclasts- bone loss

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15
Q

What is atrophy due to duct occlusion?

A

Exocrine glands- pancreas, salivary glands lose secretory cells by apoptosis
KIdney- occlusion of ureter leads to hydronephrosis

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16
Q

What is atrophy due to hormones/endocrine?

A

Natural sexual cycles- ovary and testicles

Iatrogenic supply of hormone- the best way to atrophy an endocrine gland is with its own hormone

17
Q

What is affected by atrophy due to age?

A

Reproductive organs, then muscles, bone, and nervous system

18
Q

What is atrophy due to denervation?

A

Motor nerve- marked effects on skeletal muscle
Sensory nerve- skin atrophies, nails become brittle
Sympathetic- metabolic effects on arteries, salivary gland atrophy, perirenal fat metaplasia

19
Q

What is atrophy due to inflammation?

A

Cytokines cause atrophy in organs

20
Q

What is seen grossly with atrophy?

A

Reduction in the size of the organ or tissue
Normal shape and form are usually maintained
May be firmer in consistency
May be darker in color because the blood vessels will be closer together

21
Q

What is seen microscopically with atrophy?

A

Cells are smaller
A given field may look more cellular due to smaller size and closer proximity of cells
Increased connective tissue from condensation or from replacement of tissues lost to ischemia or exhaustion
Lipochrome pigments may be present in the cytoplasm of atrophic heart and liver cells. May give these organs a brown appearance, termed brown atrophy

22
Q

What may replace atrophied tissue in the pancreas and skeletal or heart muscle?

A

Fat

23
Q

What are the 2 options available for an organ to shrink?

A

Loss of cells or reduction in cell size

24
Q

How does cell deletion by programmed cell death (apoptosis) occur?

A

By heirarchy
In glands, the most specialized cells are removed before the ducts
The stroma however is spared, thus atrophied organs appear to contain too much connective tissue

25
Q

What must a cell do in order to shrink?

A

It must lyse its proteins (proteolysis) through the autophagocytosis pathway or the proteasome pathway

26
Q

How does obstruction cause atrophy in the kidney?

A

The obstructions causes pressure to build up in the kidney, and the pressure interferes with both the blood supply and with the lymph and blood drainage from the kidney. Catabolic products accumulate and cells are forced to decrease in size and number. The renal pelvis expands and the medullary and cortical tissues diminish

Pathology (16 decks)

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