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Pathology > Exam 4: Agenesis/Aplasia, Hypoplasia > Flashcards

Exam 4: Agenesis/Aplasia, Hypoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

What are 2 major classes of cell growth?

A

Congenital

Acquired (after normal development)

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2
Q

What is growth?

A

An increase in the parenchymal mass of a tissue, resulting from an increase in cell size or number, or both

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3
Q

What are examples of a controlled response to an abnormal stimulus?

A

Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia

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4
Q

What are examples of an uncontrolled response to an abnormal stimulus?

A

Dysplasia

Neoplasia

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5
Q

What is necessary to maintain the tissue?

A

Continued cell proliferation

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6
Q

What is quantitative growth?

A

Increased capacity (hypertroohy, hyperplasia), decreased capacity (atrophy)

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7
Q

What is qualitative growth?

A

Alteration of cell form to adapt (metaplasia)

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8
Q

What is agenesis, aplasia, and hypoplasia?

A

A lack of proper growth potential

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9
Q

What does the suffix -plasia mean?

A

A change in the degree of cell proliferation

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10
Q

What does the suffix -ophy mean?

A

A change in the degree of cell/tissue size

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11
Q

Where is agenesis/aplasia common in?

A

Reproductive tract

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12
Q

What are the 3 stages of development?

A

Chromosomes
Gonad
Tubular structures

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13
Q

What are the 4 cell populations that gonads develop from?

A

Germ (yolk sac)
Mesenchyme (supporting cells)
Coelom epithelium (steroid cells)
Mesonephros epithelium (epithelium)

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14
Q

What is agenesis?

A

“Without beginning”

The complete failure of an organ to develop

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15
Q

What is aplasia?

A

“Without formation”

The organ had a beginnin, but little else-rudimentary nubbin or cord of tissue

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16
Q

What determines the development of the gonad?

A

Chromosomal sex

The absence of the Y chromosome, ovaries form

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17
Q

What happens if a Y chromosome is present?

A

Mullerian inhibiting substance (from sertoli cells) causes regression of the female tract, and testosterone (from interstitial cells) stimulates the Wolffian duct system

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18
Q

What does suppressed testosterone lead to?

A

Aplasia of the male reproductive tract

19
Q

If defects occur in the testosterone target tissue receptor, what does testosterone cause?

A

Virilization of Wolffian ducts, while dihydrotestosterone induces virilization changes in the urogenital sinus and external genitalia

20
Q

What are common conditions of cell growth disturbance in the reproductive tract?

A

Failure of normal maturation, hypoplasia, and aplasia of the genitalia
Segmental aplasia of paramesonephric duct

21
Q

What are the 3 main categories of disorders of sexual development with agenesis/aplasia?

A

Abnormal/missing sex chromosome
Female karyotype
Male karyotype

22
Q

What are examples of abnormal/mixed chromosome?

A

XXY Klinefelter’s

XX/XY chimerism

23
Q

What are examples of XY disorders?

A

Testis development

Androgen synthesis defects

24
Q

What are examples of XX disorders?

A

Ovary development

Androgen excess

25
Q

What is a common example of chimerism in cattle?

A

Freemartins

26
Q

What are freemartins?

A

The female twin of the male calf

Vascular anastomoses allows the male calf’s gene products to alter the female’s phenotype

27
Q

What is a common disorder of sexual development in goats?

A

XX DSD, SRY -

Phenotypic females with masculinization, often hermaphrodites

28
Q

What does abnormal gonad development drive?

A

Pehnotypic anomalies, abnormal androgen production, or lack of androgen receptors

29
Q

What happens with male pseudohermaphrodites/testicular feminization/XY sex reversal syndromes?

A

Androgen receptors are lacking
Testosterone is present
Female genitalia

30
Q

What happens in miniature Schnauzers with persistent Mullerian duct syndrome?

A

XY males with normal sex organs, often cryptorchid, and a complete paramesonephric system (uterus)

31
Q

What is hypoplasia?

A

“Deficient formation”

A failure of an organ to obtain full size

32
Q

What is atresia?

A

Lack of an orifice

33
Q

What is hypoplasia/stenosis?

A

Narrowing of lumen

34
Q

What is a fistula?

A

A sinus tract leading from one hollow viscus to another

35
Q

What is congenital cerebellar hypoplasia?

A

Neonatal ataxia due to viral infection during pregnancy

36
Q

What are examples of congenital cerebellar hypoplasia?

A

FPV
Bluetongue virus in lambs
BVDV in calves

37
Q

Describe what happens with congenital cerebellar hypoplasia?

A

Germinal layer cells are specifically destroyed and without their migrations the internal granular layer doesn’t develop –> cerebellar folia are small and fail to function

38
Q

What are examples of hereditary hypoplasia?

A

In the pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, kidney

Auricular hypoplasia

39
Q

What is teratology?

A

A study of congenital malformation

40
Q

What can small defects in tissues lead to?

A

Large lesions, for examples obstruction of fetal urinary tract leads to hydronephrosis

41
Q

What is the most common congenital CNS abnormality?

A

Hydrocephalus (water in the head)

42
Q

What is the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus?

A

Obstruction –> ventricular pressure increases –> ventricles dilate –> ependyma atrophy –> CSF forced into brain –> edema –> degeneration and atrophy of brain –> expansion of ventrciles

43
Q

What diseases are often associated with hydrocephalus?

A

Panleukopenia virus in cat

Parainfluenza of dogs

44
Q

What is hydranencephaly?

A

Cavitary anomaly of the cerebral hemispheres, due to tissue necrosis in utero

Pathology (16 decks)

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