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Pathology > Exam 4: Neoplasia 1 > Flashcards

Exam 4: Neoplasia 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

An abnormal mass of tissue with excessive and uncoordinated growth that persists after the original stimulus is absent

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2
Q

What are causes of neoplasia?

A

Genetic and metabolic cellular changes –> cells fail to respond to normal control
Proliferation –> a microscopic or gross tumor

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3
Q

What is benign neoplasia?

A

Don’t invade local tissues, still may cause disease

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4
Q

What is malignant neoplasia?

A

Invade, spread within the body, resulting in death if not under control

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5
Q

What is metastasis?

A

Spread within the body

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6
Q

What is the preneoplastic change of neoplasia?

A

Stepwise progression
Change in morphology that indicates abnormal cellular content and thus an increased chance for neoplasia
Dysplasia
Anaplasia

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7
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

A disorderly pattern of growth

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8
Q

What is anaplasia?

A

Loss of differentiation

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9
Q

How do you name tumors where the cell of origin is mesenchymal?

A

Benign: -oma
Malignant: -sarcoma

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10
Q

Describe an epithelial tumor

A

Can arise from endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm

Malignant is a “carcinoma”

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11
Q

Describe an adenoma

A

Benign, from a gland, or making a tubular pattern

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12
Q

Describe a papilloma

A

Benign, exophytic/fromdose, from a skin or mucosal surface

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13
Q

Describe a polyp

A

Benign, smooth, bulging, mucosal surface

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14
Q

What is carcinoma in-situ?

A

Preinvasive form, neoplasm remains within the epithelium without invasion

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15
Q

What is a squamous carcinoma?

A

Tumors that demonstrate squamous epithelium

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16
Q

What is a mucinous carcinoma?

A

Tumors that produce abundant mucin

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17
Q

What is desmoplasia/scirrhous response?

A

Formation of abundant collagen stroma

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18
Q

What is a mixed tumor?

A

Multiple cell types in the tumor

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19
Q

What are teratomas?

A

Started from completely undifferentiated cells, developed from stem cells
Generally occur in areas with reproductive tissue

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20
Q

What is a harmatoma?

A

Disorganized mature cells in a normal location

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21
Q

What is a choristoma?

A

Normal mature tissue is an abnormal site

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22
Q

What are tumor characteristics that indicate neoplasia?

A

Loss of differentiation

Unlimited proliferative potential due to continuous cell division and resistance to cell death

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23
Q

What established the prognosis and determines treatment of tumors?

A

Tumor grade (degree of differentiation) and stage (extent of spread)

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24
Q

Describe differentiation of a benign tumor

A

Well differentiated
Structure similar to tissue of origin
No anaplasia

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25
Describe differentiation of a malignant tumor
Poorly differentiated Tissue of origin may be unclear Variable anaplasia
26
Describe growth rate of a benign tumor
Slow, progressive Rare mitoses Normal mitoses Little necrosis
27
Describe growth rate of a malignant tumor
Rapid growth Frequent mitoses Abnormal mitoses Necrosis
28
Describe local invasion of a benign tumor
No invasion Cohesive growth Capsule often present
29
Describe local invasion of a malignant tumor
Local invasion Infiltration Lacks capsule
30
Is there metastasis with a benign tumor?
No
31
Is there metastasis with a malignant tumor?
It is sometimes present
32
Describe differentiation with neoplasia in general
Neoplastic cells lose the mature differentiated features of cell morphology and organization In general, malignancies are less differentiated than benign
33
What does the change in differentiation reflect?
High mitotic rate, chromosomal abnormalitites, and high metabolic activity
34
What is anisocytosis?
Variation in cell size
35
What is anisokaryosis?
Variation in nuclear size
36
What is pleomorphism?
Variation in cell shape
37
What is hyperchromasia?
Dark nuclei due to increased DNA content
38
Why do neoplastic cells have a basophilic cytoplasm?
Due to many ribosomes
39
What is used to identify characteristic features of cells?
Immunohistochemistry
40
How does proliferation occur?
Neoplastic cells escape the normal limits on cell division, are independent from stimulatory/inhibitory factors, and apoptotic signals
41
Is tumor growth exponential?
No, there is irreversible cell cycle arrest and cell death occurs within tumors
42
How do neoplastic cells accumulate more mutations?
Neoplastic cells don't respond to p53 or other signals
43
What is the mitotic index of neoplasia?
Average number of tumor cells in a 400x field that have condensed chromosomes and lack a nuclear membrane
44
What are mechanisms of cell death?
Senescence Apoptosis Autphagy
45
What is senescence?
Damaged cells permanently arrest in G1, a result of p53 or retinoblastoma pathways
46
How do neoplastic cells prevent sensecence?
They maintain telomerase
47
How do neoplastic cells remove a pro-apoptotic pathway?
Inactivate p53
48
What is the latent period of neoplasia transformation?
The time before a tumor is clinically detectable
49
What is transformation of neoplasia altered by?
Cell death rate, mitotic rate, blood supply, and immune response
50
What are the stage in the development of tumors?
Initiation Promotion Progression
51
What is initiation?
The introduction of an irreversible genetic change by a carcinogen which may allow a selective advantage in the cell Genetic and irreversible
52
What is promotion?
Stimuli (promoters) cause the growth of the initiated cells- a benign tumor Promoters are non-mutagenic Nongenetic and reversible
53
What is progression?
Benign tumors become malignant- a complex and poorly understood process of genetic and epigenetic changes in the tumor cells Genetic/nongenetic Irreversible/reversible
54
What are tumors believed to derive from?
A single cell (clonal)
55
When is heterogeneity generated?
During tumor development
56
What does each new mutation in cells lead to?
A subclone of tumor cells
57
What are subclones selected for?
Increased malignancy
58
What is in the stroma of tumors?
The connective tissues
59
What is the stroma of epithelial tumors derived from?
Normal mesenchymal cells
60
What is the stroma of mesenchymal tumors produced by?
The neoplasm
61
What are the stromal interactions of tumors?
Complex- exchange of many factors that modulate growth | An extensive fibrous reaction (desmoplasia) is often referred to as a scirrhous response
62
Describe angiogenesis of neoplasia
Without new vessels, tumor size is limited so the angiogeneic switch allows vessel development This recruits endothelial cells, migration, and maturation
63
What are the vessels of a tumor like?
Tortuous Irregular Unstable Leaky
64
How does the immune system interact with neoplastic cells?
The immune system can detect a variety of antigens expressed by neoplastic cells and destroy them, but as tumors evolve, they figure out ways to get around the immune response Most tumor cells that are developed are killed off by the immune system
65
What is a defining characteristic of malignancy?
Metastasis
66
What does metastasis occur through?
Lymphatics, blood vessels, direct dissemination | This is an inefficient process
67
Why is metastasis the cause of cancer related mortality?
Interference with critical organ functions
68
What must a tumor that is trying to metastasize do?
Learn how to cut through the basement membrane and then learn how to move
69
What is the site of metastasis determined by?
Cell's ability to interact with endothelial cells and ECM-suitable site for growth
70
What do mets to local lymph nodes indicate?
Systemic spread
71
What is lymphatic spread often found with?
Carcinomas
72
What is hematogenous spread preferred by?
Sarcomas
73
If the neoplasm reaches the vena cava/heart, where will it metastasize to?
The lungs
74
If the neoplasm invades the portal vein, where will it metastasize to?
The liver
75
What do malignant pheochtomocytomas commonly invade?
Vena cava

Pathology (16 decks)

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