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A&P II > Exam 4. Metabolism > Flashcards

Exam 4. Metabolism Flashcards

Chapter 26. Metabolism

1
Q

Nutrient

A

Anything we consume that will help to grow, repair or maintain

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2
Q

Macronutrients

A

Large quantities

water, carbs, lipids, proteins

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3
Q

Micronutrients

A

Small quantities

minerals and vitamins

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4
Q

Calorie

A

Unit of energy

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5
Q

Short tern regulators

A

Work hourly giving us sensations of hunger or not
Ghrelin
Peptide
CCK

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6
Q

Ghrelin

A

From pariental cells in the stomach

Sensation of hunger

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7
Q

Peptide YY

A

Sensation of satisfaction

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8
Q

CCK

A

Slows down motility

From small intestine

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9
Q

Long term regulators

A

Suppress appetite
Leptin
Insulin

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10
Q

Leptin

A

Potent
From adipose tissue
The more adipose, the more leptin, the more we inhibit appetite in the long term

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11
Q

Insulin

A 
Pancreas B-cells
Decreases blood glucose
After a meal we secrete insulin
The more we eat the more we secrete
Long term inhibitor or appetite
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12
Q

Leptin and obese individuals

A

The hormone is secreted but they lack the receptors for the hormone. This means the hormone doesn’t bind and has no effect causing overeating. The person is not getting the signal.

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13
Q

Hypothalamus stimulator and suppressant

A

NPY- stimulator. Influenced by ghrelin. Influences appetite

Melanocortin- Suppressor of hunger

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14
Q

The primary source of energy

A

Carbohydrates

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15
Q

Pathway of glucose catabolism

A

Glycolysis
Anaerobic Fermentation
Aerobic respiration

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16
Q

Gycolosys

A

In the cytosol, where the enzymes needed are.
We start with glucose and end with 2 pyruvic acid molecules. 2 ATP and 2 NADH
Glucose (6C) to pyruvic (3C)

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17
Q

Anaerobic fermentation

A

For example when the muscles have used up all the oxygen.
Pathway when no oxygen is available
The pyruvic acid molecules get converted to lactic acid
The lactic acid gets stored until oxygen is available.
It then gets converted to pyruvic acid again and moved to aerobic respiration pathway

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18
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Oxygen is available
Continue to oxidize pyruvic molecules producing CO2 H2O and ATP.
From here we go to the acetyl coe, Krebb cycle, and electron transport chain.

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19
Q

Coenzymes of glucose catabolism

A

Electron carriers
NAD+
FAD
Undergo redox reactions

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20
Q

Glycolysis

A

Happens in cytosol

2 ATP required

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21
Q

Hexokinase

A

Initiates glycolysis

It phosphorylates glucose into glucose 6 phosphate to keep glucose gradient.

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22
Q

PGAL

A

Lipids can be turned into PGAL

23
Q

Glycolysis

A

1st step: Glycolysis
Where is it happening: Cytosol
Products: 2 pyruvic acids, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

24
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Lactid acid was converted to pyruvic acid and continues to mitochondria.

25
Q

Pyruvic decarboxylation

A

Where it’s happening? outside matrix of mitochondria in
the intermembrane space
What is the product? 2 Acetyl CoA
Pyruvic Cannot get into the matrix of mitochondria
It has to go through pyruvic decarboxylation
This produces CO2 which converts to Acetyl CoA
Acetyl groups are left which combine with coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA which can now move into mitochondria matrix

26
Q

Matrix reactions

A

Krebb cycle
Enzymes are in the fluid of mitochondrial matrix
Where its happening? Matrix of mitochondria
Products? Electron carriers which go to the electron transport chain

27
Q

Membrane reactions

A

Enzymes are bound to membranes of the mitochondrial cristae
Where? Mitochondria membrane
Purpose? Take electrons from electrons carriers to create ATP and recycle electron carriers (NAD+, FAD)

28
Q

Members of the transport chain

A

FMN
CoQ
Cytochromes

29
Q

FMN

A

Where NADH and H+ dumps its electrons

30
Q

CoQ

A

Where FADH2 drops electrons

31
Q

Cytochromes

A

a3 the last member of the electron chain

after this, the electron has to jump off and Oxygen needs to pick it up.

32
Q

Chemiosmotic mechanism

A

Chemical osmosis
Diffusion of chemicals
H+

33
Q
  1. Glycolysis
A

In cytosol

Produces 2 pyruvic acid, NADH, H+

34
Q
  1. Pyruvic decarboxylation
A

Oxygen has to be present (if not, anaerobic fermentation)
- Happens in intermembrane space of mitochondria
-Decarboxylate pyruvic into an acetyl group
-Acetyl group combines with Coenzyme A making Acetyl-CoA
- Main product? 2 Acetyl-CoA
it goes into the Kreb cycle

35
Q
  1. Kreb cycle
A

In the matrix of mitochondria

Products? Electron carriers

36
Q
  1. Electron transport chain
A

happens in Inner mitochondria membrane

Produces ATP

37
Q

Glycogen

A

Short term energy storage molecule

Can be broken down to make more glucose

38
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Making of glycogen.
Starting with glucose
- Stimulated by insulin
- After a meal

39
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Breaking down glycogen into glucose

- Stimulated by glucagon and epinephrine

40
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Not consuming carbs, the body will use other molecules to make glucose.

41
Q

Hexokinase

A

Starts glycolosys

42
Q

Triglycerides

A

3 carbon glycerol bound to 3 fatty acid tails
stored in body’s adipocytes
Gets converted into lipids

43
Q

Lipogenesis

A

Synthesis of fat from other molecules
AA and sugars used to make fatty acids and glycerol
we make triglycerides

44
Q

Lipolysis

A 
Breaking down fat for fuel
we break apart the triglycerides
we end with glycerol and FFA
that can be converted to PGAL and plugged in to glycolysis
1 triglyceride 1 PGAL
45
Q

Beta oxidation

A

Cutting the fatty acid tails
2 carbons at a time
Produces 2 carbon molecule (Acetyl CoA)
This can not be plugged in to the Kreb cycle
16 carbons, so 8 times around Kreb cycle more electron carriers than glucose.
Gives more energy than glucose

46
Q

protein metabolism

A

Deamination (into urea cycle)

What remains is 2 carbon molecule, which can be plugged into acetyl-coA step

47
Q

NH3

A

By product of using protein as energy source
Toxic to us
in the liver it goes through urea cycle

48
Q

Urea cycle

A

Liver takes two NH3 and combines them with CO2
This forms Urea
Urea is still toxic, but less than NH3 and we can tolerate higher levels
Then, urea gets dumped in the urine

49
Q

Deaminate

A

Remove amino group
NH2 breaks off
It picks up another H, making NH3
What remains is 2 carbon molecule

50
Q

Liver in metabolism

A

Urea cycle
Glucogenesis
Detoxify

51
Q

Metabolic rate

A

How we use macromolecules as energy source

Amount of energy used and produced per unit time

52
Q

Absorptive state

A

Nutrients are being absorbed

and that is what we are using for metabolic demands

53
Q

Post absorptive state

A

Energy needs met from stored fuel

A&P II (12 decks)

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