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A&P II > Exam 4. Digestive system > Flashcards

Exam 4. Digestive system Flashcards

Digestive system

1
Q

Digestion Stages

A
  • Ingestion
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
  • Compaction
  • Defecation

Absorption: Mainly in the small intestine
Compaction: The materials we can’t digest or can’t absorb

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2
Q

Categories of the digestive system

A
  • Accessory Organs
  • Organs
    Divided on these categories because of how they work
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3
Q

Organs of digestive system

A

These have contact with the food

  • Mouth - Stomach - Rectum
  • Pharynx - Large intestine - Anus
  • Esophagus - Small intestine
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4
Q

Accessory Organs

A

Very important but do not have physical contact.

  • Salivary glands
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Pancreas
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5
Q

Layers of GI tract

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis Externa
  • Serosa
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6
Q

Mucosa

A
  • Lines the lumen
  • Composed of 3 layers
    1. Epithelium. Simple Columnar Epithelium
    2. Fibrous connective tissue. Lamina propia
    3. Muscularis mucosa. Thin layer of smooth muscle
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7
Q

Submucosa

A
  • Blood vessels. Veins transports nutrients
  • Lymphatic vessels. Absorbs lipids
  • Nerves
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8
Q

Muscularis Externa

A
  • Thick layer of smooth muscle
  • 2 separate layer
    1. Circular layer. Deeper one Squeezes and segments food
    2. Longitudinal layer. Muscles are parallel. These produce contraction to push food down the line
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9
Q

Serosa

A
  • Outer most layer

- Fibrous connective tissue that binds and supports GI tract.

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10
Q

Enteric Nervous System

A
  • Regulates motility, secretion, blood flow
    Like personal nervous system of GI tract
  • Independent of CNS, but CNS influences it
  • Two networks: Submucosa plexus and Myenteric plexus
  • Also regulates by hormones and paracrine
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11
Q

Omentum

A
  • Protective and supportive membranes around the GI tract organs
  • Lesser Omentum: Stomach-liver
  • Greater omentum: Fatty apron. Covers the small and large intestine
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12
Q

Mesentery & Mesocolon

A
  • Membranes that keep small and large intestine anchored or coiled in place.
  • Mesentery: Small intestine, blood vessels
  • Mesocolon: anchors large intestines
    provides a route for blood vessels
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13
Q

Peritoneum

A
  • Parietal peritoneum: Lines abdominal cavity

- Visceral peritoneum: Lining the organs. Only lines the anterior side of organs that are posterior. Like the kidneys

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14
Q

Submucosa Plexus

A

Submucosa

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15
Q

Myenteric Plexus

A

Muscularis externa

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16
Q

Salivary Amylase

A

Chemical digestion

Starts in the mouth for carbs

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17
Q

Teeth

A 
32 adult teeth
20 deciduous (baby) teeth 
- 2 incisors
- 1 canine
- 2 premolars (only adults)
- 3 molars

Not bones, made of inorganic salts

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18
Q

Enzymes of digestion

A

Salivary Amylase
Lingual Lipase
Lysozyme (pathogen’s wall)

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19
Q

Part of pharynx where food passes down

A

Oropharynx stratifies squamous

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20
Q

Pharyngeal constrictors

A

constrict pharynx to prevent chocking by continuing to move bolus

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21
Q

Esophagus

A

Lower esophageal sphincter: Not a true sphincter

esophagus opens as food bolus passes through

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22
Q

Stomach

A 
Muscular sac that stores food
Circular and longitudinal muscles
a thirds layer: Oblique layer
Mechanically breaks up food particles
Absorption of lips soluble drugs
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23
Q

Chyme

A

Produced in the stomach.

Pasty soupy mixture of semi-digested food

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24
Q

Oblique layer

A

Third layer in the stomach

Allows the stomach to really mix the food.

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25
Rugue
Ridges in the stomach
26
Mucosa
Simple columnar epithelium
27
Gastric Pits
Depressions in mucosa - Cardiac, pyloric and gastric glands - Produce gastric juice
28
Mucous cell
-Secret mucous lines entire stomach for protection against gastric juice At top of the pit
29
Regenerative (stem) cell
Base of the pit | Regenerate and replace other cells
30
Pariental cells
``` -Secret Hydrochloric acid with the help of CAH - Also secret intrinsic factor Vit B12 Important to be able to absorb B12 - Ghrelin the hunger hormone ```
31
Chief cells
- Secrete enzymes Pepsinogen and lipase proteins and lipids digestion through their enzymes
32
Enteroendocrine cells
Lower end of pit | Secrete hormone and paracrine messengers that regulate digestion
33
Functions of HCl
Activates pepsin and lipase Helps liquify things to form chyme Iron II to Iron III which is used for hemoglobin synthesis Destroys many pathogens
34
Protection against HCl in stomach
Mucos Tight junctions Cell replacement
35
Regulatory phases of the gastric system
Cephalic Gastric Intestinal
36
Cephalic regulatory phase
Sensory info preps GI tract -Stomach responds to sensory and mental info smelling the food, seeing the food
37
Gastric regulatory phase
Food gets tot he stomach stretching it The stomach produces secretions to stimulate gastric activity: Histamine, Gastrin, Ach Chyme is produced
38
Gastrin
Produces positive feedback making the stomach produce more secretions
39
Intestinal gastric phase
Small intestine. as chyme moves into the duodenum it stimulates gall bladder and pancreas to secrete their enzymes and chemicals to complete digestion. Secretion os secretin and cholecystokinin
40
Secretin
Hormone that stimulates gall bladder and pancreas to secrete their secretions. In duodenum
41
CCK
Cholecystokinin. It slows down the digestive system to have enough time to absorb all nutrients. suppress motility
42
Small intestine
digestion and absorption completed
43
Duodenum
Shortest region Pancreatic and gall bladder enzymes Most of the digestive process happens here
44
Jejunum
Highly vascularized Absorption villi liver-hepatic PV- VC
45
Ileum
Last segment absorption Ileocecal valve
46
Ileocecal valve
One way valve in the cecum | Between ileocecal and cecum
47
Intestinal Motility in small intestine
Segmentation | Peristalsis
48
Segmentation
Circular layer Aids absorption chunks of stuff
49
Peristalsis
Longitudinal layer | Moves the material
50
Large Intestine
``` Starts at the cecum Ascending colon Transverse Descending Sigmoid ```
51
Hepatic flexure
Where ascending colon turns under the liver giving rise to transverse colon
52
Splenic Flexure
Where transverse colon bends at the spleen site giving rise to descending colon
53
Sigmoid Colon
S-shape to make way to the medial side ending at rectum
54
Muscularis externa (longitudinal) of the colon
Does not surround entire structure | There are 3 small bands around colon
55
Taenia coli
3 bands in the colon Little longitudinal strips of the muscularis externa Produce segments names haustra
56
Haustra
Formed by the taenia coli | Where compaction happens to get feces ready to be dumped out
57
Recto valve
In the rectum | Allows the removal of gas without defecating
58
Internal anal sphincter
Smooth muscle Involuntary Relaxes so feces can move into anal canal
59
External anal sphincter
Skeletal muscle Voluntary We learn to control this one As we get older we lose control of this one.
60
Liver
4 lobes right/left/quadrate/caudate produces and secretes bile
61
Hepatocytes
Liver cells in the lobules | discontinues capillaries surrounding hepatocytes
62
Gall bladder
Stores and concentrates bile | Releases bile once we consume a fatty meal into the duodenum
63
Bile
Not an enzyme An emulsifying agent to increase surface are of the lipids by separating them into smaller globules Contains cholesterol
64
Secretin
Stimulates gall bladder to release bile
65
Common bile duct
From gall bladder to duodenum to release the bile into it.
66
Pancreas
Endocrine and exocrine organ. As an endocrine it secretes Insulin, glucagon As an exocrine secretes chemicals and enzymes to complete digestion
67
Sodium Carbonate NaCO3
Released by the pancreas into the duodenum to neutralize chime. This allows the other enzymes to work properly
68
Zymogens of pancreas
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, procarboxipeptin
69
Enzymes of pancreas
Lipase, amylase, ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease

A&P II (12 decks)

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