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A&P II > Exam 4. Digestive system > Flashcards

Exam 4. Digestive system Flashcards

Digestive system

1
Q

Digestion Stages

A
  • Ingestion
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
  • Compaction
  • Defecation

Absorption: Mainly in the small intestine
Compaction: The materials we can’t digest or can’t absorb

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2
Q

Categories of the digestive system

A
  • Accessory Organs
  • Organs
    Divided on these categories because of how they work
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3
Q

Organs of digestive system

A

These have contact with the food

  • Mouth - Stomach - Rectum
  • Pharynx - Large intestine - Anus
  • Esophagus - Small intestine
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4
Q

Accessory Organs

A

Very important but do not have physical contact.

  • Salivary glands
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Pancreas
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5
Q

Layers of GI tract

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis Externa
  • Serosa
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6
Q

Mucosa

A
  • Lines the lumen
  • Composed of 3 layers
    1. Epithelium. Simple Columnar Epithelium
    2. Fibrous connective tissue. Lamina propia
    3. Muscularis mucosa. Thin layer of smooth muscle
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7
Q

Submucosa

A
  • Blood vessels. Veins transports nutrients
  • Lymphatic vessels. Absorbs lipids
  • Nerves
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8
Q

Muscularis Externa

A
  • Thick layer of smooth muscle
  • 2 separate layer
    1. Circular layer. Deeper one Squeezes and segments food
    2. Longitudinal layer. Muscles are parallel. These produce contraction to push food down the line
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9
Q

Serosa

A
  • Outer most layer

- Fibrous connective tissue that binds and supports GI tract.

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10
Q

Enteric Nervous System

A
  • Regulates motility, secretion, blood flow
    Like personal nervous system of GI tract
  • Independent of CNS, but CNS influences it
  • Two networks: Submucosa plexus and Myenteric plexus
  • Also regulates by hormones and paracrine
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11
Q

Omentum

A
  • Protective and supportive membranes around the GI tract organs
  • Lesser Omentum: Stomach-liver
  • Greater omentum: Fatty apron. Covers the small and large intestine
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12
Q

Mesentery & Mesocolon

A
  • Membranes that keep small and large intestine anchored or coiled in place.
  • Mesentery: Small intestine, blood vessels
  • Mesocolon: anchors large intestines
    provides a route for blood vessels
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13
Q

Peritoneum

A
  • Parietal peritoneum: Lines abdominal cavity

- Visceral peritoneum: Lining the organs. Only lines the anterior side of organs that are posterior. Like the kidneys

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14
Q

Submucosa Plexus

A

Submucosa

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15
Q

Myenteric Plexus

A

Muscularis externa

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16
Q

Salivary Amylase

A

Chemical digestion

Starts in the mouth for carbs

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17
Q

Teeth

A 
32 adult teeth
20 deciduous (baby) teeth 
- 2 incisors
- 1 canine
- 2 premolars (only adults)
- 3 molars

Not bones, made of inorganic salts

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18
Q

Enzymes of digestion

A

Salivary Amylase
Lingual Lipase
Lysozyme (pathogen’s wall)

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19
Q

Part of pharynx where food passes down

A

Oropharynx stratifies squamous

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20
Q

Pharyngeal constrictors

A

constrict pharynx to prevent chocking by continuing to move bolus

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21
Q

Esophagus

A

Lower esophageal sphincter: Not a true sphincter

esophagus opens as food bolus passes through

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22
Q

Stomach

A 
Muscular sac that stores food
Circular and longitudinal muscles
a thirds layer: Oblique layer
Mechanically breaks up food particles
Absorption of lips soluble drugs
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23
Q

Chyme

A

Produced in the stomach.

Pasty soupy mixture of semi-digested food

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24
Q

Oblique layer

A

Third layer in the stomach

Allows the stomach to really mix the food.

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25
Q

Rugue

A

Ridges in the stomach

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26
Q

Mucosa

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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27
Q

Gastric Pits

A

Depressions in mucosa

  • Cardiac, pyloric and gastric glands
  • Produce gastric juice
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28
Q

Mucous cell

A

-Secret mucous lines entire stomach for protection against gastric juice
At top of the pit

29
Q

Regenerative (stem) cell

A

Base of the pit

Regenerate and replace other cells

30
Q

Pariental cells

A 
-Secret Hydrochloric acid  
with the help of CAH 
- Also secret intrinsic factor Vit B12
Important to be able to absorb B12
- Ghrelin the hunger hormone
31
Q

Chief cells

A
  • Secrete enzymes
    Pepsinogen and lipase
    proteins and lipids digestion through their enzymes
32
Q

Enteroendocrine cells

A

Lower end of pit

Secrete hormone and paracrine messengers that regulate digestion

33
Q

Functions of HCl

A

Activates pepsin and lipase
Helps liquify things to form chyme
Iron II to Iron III which is used for hemoglobin synthesis
Destroys many pathogens

34
Q

Protection against HCl in stomach

A

Mucos
Tight junctions
Cell replacement

35
Q

Regulatory phases of the gastric system

A

Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal

36
Q

Cephalic regulatory phase

A

Sensory info preps GI tract
-Stomach responds to sensory and mental info
smelling the food, seeing the food

37
Q

Gastric regulatory phase

A

Food gets tot he stomach stretching it
The stomach produces secretions to stimulate gastric activity:
Histamine, Gastrin, Ach
Chyme is produced

38
Q

Gastrin

A

Produces positive feedback making the stomach produce more secretions

39
Q

Intestinal gastric phase

A

Small intestine.
as chyme moves into the duodenum it stimulates gall bladder and pancreas to secrete their enzymes and chemicals to complete digestion.
Secretion os secretin and cholecystokinin

40
Q

Secretin

A

Hormone that stimulates gall bladder and pancreas to secrete their secretions.
In duodenum

41
Q

CCK

A

Cholecystokinin.
It slows down the digestive system to have enough time to absorb all nutrients.
suppress motility

42
Q

Small intestine

A

digestion and absorption completed

43
Q

Duodenum

A

Shortest region
Pancreatic and gall bladder enzymes
Most of the digestive process happens here

44
Q

Jejunum

A

Highly vascularized
Absorption
villi
liver-hepatic PV- VC

45
Q

Ileum

A

Last segment
absorption
Ileocecal valve

46
Q

Ileocecal valve

A

One way valve in the cecum

Between ileocecal and cecum

47
Q

Intestinal Motility in small intestine

A

Segmentation

Peristalsis

48
Q

Segmentation

A

Circular layer
Aids absorption
chunks of stuff

49
Q

Peristalsis

A

Longitudinal layer

Moves the material

50
Q

Large Intestine

A 
Starts at the cecum
Ascending colon
Transverse
Descending
Sigmoid
51
Q

Hepatic flexure

A

Where ascending colon turns under the liver giving rise to transverse colon

52
Q

Splenic Flexure

A

Where transverse colon bends at the spleen site giving rise to descending colon

53
Q

Sigmoid Colon

A

S-shape to make way to the medial side ending at rectum

54
Q

Muscularis externa (longitudinal) of the colon

A

Does not surround entire structure

There are 3 small bands around colon

55
Q

Taenia coli

A

3 bands in the colon
Little longitudinal strips of the muscularis externa
Produce segments names haustra

56
Q

Haustra

A

Formed by the taenia coli

Where compaction happens to get feces ready to be dumped out

57
Q

Recto valve

A

In the rectum

Allows the removal of gas without defecating

58
Q

Internal anal sphincter

A

Smooth muscle
Involuntary
Relaxes so feces can move into anal canal

59
Q

External anal sphincter

A

Skeletal muscle
Voluntary
We learn to control this one
As we get older we lose control of this one.

60
Q

Liver

A

4 lobes
right/left/quadrate/caudate
produces and secretes bile

61
Q

Hepatocytes

A

Liver cells in the lobules

discontinues capillaries surrounding hepatocytes

62
Q

Gall bladder

A

Stores and concentrates bile

Releases bile once we consume a fatty meal into the duodenum

63
Q

Bile

A

Not an enzyme
An emulsifying agent
to increase surface are of the lipids by separating them into smaller globules
Contains cholesterol

64
Q

Secretin

A

Stimulates gall bladder to release bile

65
Q

Common bile duct

A

From gall bladder to duodenum to release the bile into it.

66
Q

Pancreas

A

Endocrine and exocrine organ.
As an endocrine it secretes Insulin, glucagon
As an exocrine secretes chemicals and enzymes to complete digestion

67
Q

Sodium Carbonate NaCO3

A

Released by the pancreas into the duodenum to neutralize chime. This allows the other enzymes to work properly

68
Q

Zymogens of pancreas

A

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, procarboxipeptin

69
Q

Enzymes of pancreas

A

Lipase, amylase, ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease

A&P II (12 decks)

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