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A&P II > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine glands

A

No ducts

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2
Q

Hormone

A

Chemical messenger that gets dumped in the blood.

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3
Q

Chemical classes of hormones

A

Steroids - WILL GO INTO THE CELL
Peptides - SECONDARY MESSAGING SYSTEM. (faster actions)
Monoamines

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4
Q

Steroids

A

Cholesterol, hydrophobic
Gonads and adrenal glands
Estrogens, progesterone, testerone, calcitrol

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5
Q

Peptides

A

Proteins, ribosomes
pituitary and hypothalamus
Oxytocin, antidiuretic

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6
Q

Monoamines

A

Derived from amino acids
adrenal, pineal, thyroid gland
melatonin, epinephrine

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7
Q

Hypothalamus

A

8 hormones. 6 are regulatory and the other 2 are produced here but released somewhere else.

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8
Q

Pituitary (hypophysis)

A 
Anterior Lobe (glandular)
Posterior Lobe (neural)
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9
Q

Anterior pituitary (hypophysis) hormones. Adeno

A 
Follicle-stimulating  FSH
Luteinizing LH
Thyroid stimulating  TSH (Thyrotropin)
Adrenocorticotropic
Prolactin
Growth hormone
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10
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Gonadotropin-releasing GRH. Goes down and the adenohypophysis will secrete FSH and LH.
Thyrotropin-releasing. Goes down and adeno will secrete TSH
Corticotropin-releasing
Prolactin inhibiting hormone PIH. ade will not secrete prolactin
Growth hormone-releasing hormone. GHRH
Somatostatin (growth hormone and TSH inhibiting)

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11
Q

Gonadotropins

A

FSH follicle stimulating

LH luteinizing

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12
Q

FSH

A

Influences gonads to produce their follicles.
Testes = sperm cells
Ovaries = egg cells

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13
Q

LH

A

Acts on gonads to secrete its hormones
Testes = testosterone
Ovaries = Estrogen

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14
Q

TSH

A

Stimulates thyroid to secrete its hormones

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15
Q

ACTH

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates adrenal glands to secrete its hormones

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16
Q

PRL

A

Prolactin. After birth stimulates the mammary gland to synthesize milk.
In males testosterone in males.

17
Q

GH

A

growth hormone
various tissues to undergo mitosis to grow
The initial target organ and cells are in the liver, and it influenced the hepatocytes to produce 2 secondary hormones.
IGF1 and IGF2: because it has a short half-life, these two hormones prolong the life of the hormones. They act like GH hormone (almost an entire day)

18
Q

Tropic hormones

A

Influences other glands to secrete their hormones
TSH
LH

19
Q

Posterior pituitary Neurohypophysis

A

Antidiuretic hormone ADH

oxytocin

20
Q

ADH. Supraoptic nucleus

A

Influences kidney to retain water
Can influence vessels to vasalconstrict
water back to blood, blood pressure increases
Can also influence vessels to constrict

21
Q

Oxytocin. Paraventricular nucleus

A

OT
Bonding hormone
influences mammary glands to release milk.
Influences uterus to contract

22
Q

Secondary messaging system

A

Allows peptide hormones to have an effect on the cell without having to go in.
Binding to a receptor and then activating the internal protein.

23
Q

G protein-mediated

A

Start by activating a G protein (signal molecule)
The peptide hormone cant cross the membrane because it’s not fat soluble. that hormone will bind to the receptor on the outside. Once it binds the G protein becomes active. It splits into 3 subunits. Those subunits can move inside the cell and activate other things. All the subunits bind to a secondary membrane protein adenylate cyclase activating it. Once that it’s activated it will pick up ATP and convert it to cAMP. By doing that 2 phosphates are freed up. cAMP is the secondary messenger, it activates protein kinase (signal molecule). Protein kinase will phosphorylate enzymes. Once pho[horylated the enzymes can start doing whatever they are supposed to do.

24
Q

Protein kinase

A

Phosphorylates enzymes, turning them on.

25
Q

IP3

A

Calcium has to be present in the cell somehow

26
Q

MCR. Metabolic clearance rate

A

The rate at which hormones clear from the blood.

27
Q

Half-life

A

Time to remove 50% of hormone from the body

28
Q

Hypophyseal portal system

A

It allows us to have a double exchange, and control over pituitary. Extra capillary bed.
Hypothalamus and hypophysis

29
Q

Pineal gland

A

Secretes melatonin from serotonin
SADs
May regulate the timing of puberty

30
Q

Thymus

A

Endocrine, lymphatic and immune.
T-cell maturation
Thymopoietin, thymosin, thymulin that stimulates the activity of T-lymphocytes
It Shrinks

31
Q

Thyroid

A

Largest truest endocrine gland. Composed of follicles that make the thyroid hormone.
Increases metabolic rate
Secretes

32
Q

Follicular cells

A

make thyroid hormone.

T3 and T4 are the active forms of thyroid hormone.

33
Q

Thyroid hormone

A

increases metabolic rate
T3 and T4
Hypo and Hyper secreted

A&P II (12 decks)

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