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211 > Exam 4-Infection > Flashcards

Exam 4-Infection Flashcards

1
Q

Definition

Infection

A

the invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be unapparent or the result of local cellular injury caused by metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response

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2
Q

Definition

Asepsis

A

freedom from and prevention of disease-causing contamination

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3
Q

Signs and Sx’s of

Localized Infection

A
  • redness
  • swelling
  • warmth
  • tenderness
  • numbness/tingling
  • loss of function in area
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4
Q

Signs/Sx’s of

Systemic Infections

A
  • fever
  • increased HR
  • increased RR
  • lethargy
  • anorexia
  • lymph node tenderness/enlargement
  • muscle aches
  • headache
  • acute confusion (elderly)
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5
Q

Inflammation

Responses to acute inflammation

3

A
  • vascular permeability
  • cellular chemotaxis
  • systemic response
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6
Q

Inflammation

Describe vascular permeability

A

inflammatory mediators (like histamine) cause blood vessels to dilate and be more permeable which causes fluid and WBCs to go to site of infection (creates warmth and swelling)

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7
Q

Inflammation

Describe Cellular Chemotaxis

A

when chemical signals from WBCs and other microbial agents attract platelets and other WBCs to the site of infection

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8
Q

Inflammation

Describe systemic response

A

Sx’s throughout whole body:
* fever
* pain
* swollen lymph nodes
* sleepiness
* wt loss
* Chemical mediators are responsible for most of these effects

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9
Q

Definition

Inflammation

A

a local response to cellular injury or infection that includes capillary dilation and leukocyte infiltration

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10
Q

Humoral immunity

A

WBC produces antibodies in response to antigens or pathogens

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11
Q

Cellular Immunity

A

defense the body does not recognize; WBCs directly attack antigens; helper T cells stimulate antibody production

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12
Q

Assessing for Infection

4

A
  • Vital signs
  • Assessment questions (asking about signs/sxs)
  • Nutrition assessment
  • Risk assessment (chronic disease, skin integrity, etc)
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13
Q

Definition

Colonization

A

when microorganisms are in or on the body but do not cause any signs/sxs
-basically a carrier

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14
Q

Examples of

Colonization

A
  • TB
  • MRSA (methicillin resistant staph aureus)
  • C. Diff
  • VRE (vancomycin resistant enterococcus)
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15
Q

Transmission Precautions

Types of Precautions

4

A
  • contact
  • droplet
  • airborne
  • protective isolation
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16
Q

Contact Precautions

Examples

A
  • multidrug resistant organisms
  • scabies
  • HSV
  • draining wounds
  • C. Diff
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17
Q

Contact Precautions

PPE

A

gown and gloves

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18
Q

Airborne Precautions

Used when what?

A

when known or suspected contagious diseases can be transmitted by means of small dropets that can remain in the air for long periods of time

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19
Q

Airborne Precautions

Examples

A
  • TB
  • varicella
  • disseminated herpes
20
Q

Airborne Precautions

PPE

4

A
  • gloves
  • gown
  • mask (N95)
  • negative pressure room
21
Q

Droplet Precautions

Used when what

A

when known or suspected contagious diseases can be transmitted though large droplets suspended in the air

22
Q

Droplet Precautions

PPE

4

A
  • gloves
  • gown
  • mask
  • goggles
23
Q

Droplet Precautions

Examples

A
  • flu
  • rubella
  • mumps
  • pneumonia
  • diphtheria
24
Q

Protective Isolation

Used when what?

A

when patients have a compromised immune system

25
Q

Protective Isolation

Precautions that MAY be used (not always)

A
  • filters
  • masks
  • meticulous handwashing
  • no live items brought into the room
  • positve pressure room
    (all varies on patient)
26
Q

Chain of Infection

The 6 components

A
  • mode of transmission
  • portal of entry
  • susceptible host
  • infectious agent
  • source
  • portal of exit
27
Q

Definition and examples

Source of Infection

A

reservoir or host
* inanimate objects
* humans
* animals

28
Q

Definitions and examples

Portal of exit

A

the means by which the pathogen escapes from the reservoir of infection
* emesis
* sputum
* urine
* stool
* blood
* wound drainage
* genital secretions

29
Q

Definitions and Examples

Mode of Transmission

A

form of transport
* direct contact
* indirect contact (uses vehicle)
* airborne
* droplet
* vector borne (animal or insect carrying pathogen from host to host)

30
Q

Definitions and Examples

Portal of Entry

A

means by which the microorganism enters the host
* GI tract
* GU tract
* Respiratory tracts
* Broken skin

31
Q

Definitions and Examples

Susceptible Host

A

someone exposed to an infectious disease

32
Q

Factors that INCREASE host susceptibility

A
  • break in 1st line of defense
  • illness/injury
  • tobacco use
  • substance abuse
  • multiple partners
  • chronic disease
  • meds
  • medical procedures
33
Q

Factors at AFFECT susceptibility

A
  • extremes in ages
  • gender (depending on infection)
  • obesity
  • geographic area
  • disabilities
  • culture/ethnicity/religion
34
Q

Staph Aureus

Characteristics

A
  • hardy gram pos, round, form clusters
  • can survive long periods on surfaces
  • can colonize on skin, vagina, nares, and oropharynx as normal flora
  • Leading cause of nosocomial and surgical wound infections
35
Q

2 exmples of Staph Aureus

A
  • MRSA
  • VRSA
36
Q

C. diff

Signs/Sx’s

A
  • prolonged frequent diarrhea
  • fever
  • abd pain
37
Q

C. Diff

Causes

A
  • long term abx use
  • prolonged use of PPI
  • acquired from a different pt
38
Q

C. Diff

Tx

A
  • d/c abx
  • hand hygeine
  • bleach to disinfect
  • rehydration
  • metronidazole (to control diarrhea)
  • fecal transplantation
39
Q

Labs

Which ones assess for infection?

A
  • CBC
  • WBC diff
  • C & S
  • CRP
  • ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate)
40
Q

Normal Range

WBC

A

5-10,000 cells/ cubic mm

41
Q

WBC diff breakdown

A
  • neutrophils
  • monocytes
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
42
Q

Neutrophils

immature ones too

A
  • 50-70% of WBCs
  • short lived phagocytes
  • immature ones are called bands
43
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • the “brains” of the immune system
  • associated with viral
  • Tcells (immunity on/off)
  • Bcells (produce antibodies)
44
Q

CRP

A
  • indicates inflammation
  • has pro and anti-inflammatory actions
  • helps identify foreign from self
45
Q

ESR

range and indication

A

range: less than 20 mm/hr
indicates whether inflammation is present

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