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Abnormal > Exam 4: Depression > Flashcards

Exam 4: Depression Flashcards

1
Q

Major Depressive Disorder Symptoms

A

change from previous functioning, causes significant distress/dysfunction, 5 of 9 symptoms present for 2 week period: weight gain/loss, insomnia/hypersomnia, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue/energy loss, feelings of worthlessness or excessive/inappropriate guilt, diminished ability to think/concentrate or indecisiveness, recurrent thoughts of death or suicidal ideation/attempt/plan, depressed mood, diminished interest/pleasure

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2
Q

Persistent Depressive Disorder Symptoms

A

(previously Dysthymic Disorder) chronic (can be mild or major), depressed most of the day more days than not for 2+ years (1 in kids), poor appetite/overeating, insomnia/hypersomnia, low energy/fatigue, low self-esteem, poor concentration or difficulty decision-making, feelings of hopelessnesss; never a manic, mixed, or hypomanic episode; substance abuse is an increased risk

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3
Q

PDD Onset

A

often begins in early adulthood, sometimes follows a major depression but less common than MDD

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4
Q

MDD Prevalence

A

19%

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5
Q

MDD High-risk Groups

A

F2:M1; Poor 3x risk; unrelated to ethnicity or education

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6
Q

MDD Age of Onset

A

any age, average first episode in 20’s

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7
Q

MDD Course

A

Single episode: 60% have second
2 episodes: 70% chance of third
3 episodes: 90% chance of fourth

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8
Q

MDD Specifier: Anxious Mood

A

anxious depression, often with insomnia and agitation

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9
Q

MDD Specifier: Psychotic Features

A

hallucinations, delusions, or some other break from reality

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10
Q

MDD Specifier: Seasonal Pattern

A

depression occuring late fall-winter with symptoms disappearing in spring/summer; symptoms as severe as MDD, rarely with anxious mood; not considered chronic
treatment: exposure to light during normal daylight hours to reset original biological sleep/wake cycles

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11
Q

Peripartum Depression

A

onset: during or after pregnancy; affects around 10% of women but 50% have some symptoms due to dramatic hormone changes, lack of sleep, and lifestyle changes; symptoms of MDD, severe anxiety, panic attacks, possibly psychotic symptoms

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12
Q

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder Symptoms

A

At least 5 symptoms only present during period: 1 of these: irritability/anger/increased conflicts, depressed mood/hopelessness/self-depracating thoughts, anxiety and 1 of these: decreased interest, difficulty concentrating, lethargy, change in appetite, insomnia/hypersomnia, overwhelmed or out of control
Symptoms as severe as MDD & GAD
Occurs for at least 1 year

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13
Q

PMDD Prevalence

A

1.8-3.8% - not culture bound

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14
Q

PMDD Controversy

A

said to be pathologizing normal symptoms; there have been 20 years of research but it is still controversial

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15
Q

Culture and Depression

A

found in every culture, but symptoms are not always the same: doesn’t always present itself as sadness or guilt (nerves, headaches, weakness, fatigue)

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16
Q

Depression in Zimbabwe

A

depression is 2nd leading cause of disability, possibly more common than US, but there is no term for depression and it is not getting treated or recognized

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17
Q

Depression in Children: Prevalence

A

< 13: 2%, m=f
13-8 years: 6-8%, f > m
As many as 20% of teens have had depressive episode

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18
Q

Depression in Children: Symptoms

A

Children can have same symptoms, but usually manifests in irritability and aggression; adolescents present more like adults

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19
Q

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

A

diagnosed in school-aged children over 6; chronic, severe symptoms of irritability and temper outburts out of proportion to the stressor; lasts 1+ year at least 3x a week in more than one setting with irritability most days; alternative to the over-diagnosis of bipolar in children who had no mania, just depression and aggression

20
Q

Psychodynamic Theory: Freud

A

early loss or percieved loss, needs not met by parents, early trauma created by hypersensitivity to loss in later years

21
Q

Psychodynamic Theory: Klerman (Interpersonal Approach)

A

both past and current relationships interfere with depression (cylical): relationships can cause depression, relationships are affected by depression; based on Bowlby’s Attachment Theory (disrupted attachment bonds can cause depression vulnerability)

22
Q

Research: Death of a Parent

A

loss of parent in childhood can increase depression rate; affected by quality of parenting before and after the loss
Japan: loss of same-sex parent causes more severe depression

23
Q

Learning/Behavioral: Social Reinforcement

A

reduction in social reinforcement; positive correlation between social rewards and depression

24
Q

Learning/Behavioral: Learned Helplessness

A

Seligman’s Dogs: when helpless group was put in a scenario in which they could escape, they did not try to or learned slowly; had symptoms of human depression; external locus of control

25
Q

Cognitive: Beck (Negative Cognitive Set)

A

core feature of depression; disturbance in thinking leads to disturbance in mood; tend to be overly critical

26
Q

Cognitive Pattern: Overgeneralization

A

generalizing one thing to many other things (this failed, so everything else is going to fail)

27
Q

Cognitive Pattern: Selective Abstraction

A

preoccupied with negative details

28
Q

Cognitive Pattern: Arbitrary Influences

A

draw conclusions without sufficient evidence

29
Q

Cognitive Pattern: Magnification/Minimization

A

magnify mistakes and minimizing achievements when evaluating yourself

30
Q

Cognitive Pattern: Negative Triad

A

negative view of self, world, and future

31
Q

Psychosocial Research: Stress

A

stressful life events are strongly related to onset of depressin; reciprocal pattern: stress contributes to depression, depression causes stress, people place themselves in riskier situations/relationships which causes more stress

32
Q

Psychosocial Research: Marital Dissatisfaction

A

marital distress can lead to depression, and depression does not help a marriage; men are more apt to withdraw from rleationships, women are more likely to become depressed from relationships; good marriages can be protection against depression, especially for men

33
Q

Psychosocial Research: Family and EE

A

high EE rates in family can predict a depression relapse

34
Q

Psychosocial Research: Social Support

A

helpful in treating depression, does not matter how many people are in network, percieved support helps us to deal with stressors; intimacy (presence of someone close, like sibling, spouse, best friend, etc.) is helpful

35
Q

Psychosocial Research: Caring for Young Children; Unemployment

A

both associated with higher rates of depression

36
Q

Psychosocial Research: Gender/Employment/Marriage Interaction

A

highest rates: unemployed divorced women
lowest rates: employed married men
widows show no gender differences

37
Q

Role of Genetics

A

modest heritability; twin studies: heritability ~37%, higher in inpatient populations (stronger role in severe depression), larger role in females than males, specific gene 5HTT on chromosome 17 (affects serotonin messages)

38
Q

Neurotransmitters: Early Theory Biogenic Amines

A

dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin; originally: low NE = depression/high NE = mania; low 5HT = depression

39
Q

Neurotransmitters: Early Theory Drug Research

A

tricyclics: increase NE & 5HT by blocking reuptake
MAOIs: prevent NE & 5HT breakdown
Resperine causing depression: reduced levels of all biogenic amines, created to relieve muscle tension

40
Q

Neurotransmitters: Early Theory Problems

A

drugs take 1-2 weeks to relieve symptoms, but effect on neurotransmitters are immediate; increase levels when first taken, but later go back to normal levels

41
Q

Neurotransmitters: Revised Theory

A

focus on post synaptic receptor sensitivity and the interactions of biogenic amines and other neurotransmitters

42
Q

Neurotransmitters: BDNF Research

A

deficiencies in BDNF (neuron growth chemical): exercise increases BDNF and helps with depression

43
Q

Neurotransmitters: Animal Research

A

proves that depressed behavior is not just cognitive

44
Q

Hormonal Imbalance

A

malfunction of hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, and estrogen levels can cause depression; high cortisol levels (also associated with PTSD); dysregulation of hypothalamus/pituitary axis (also associated with child maltreatment/early life stressors)

45
Q

Sleep Disturbances

A

suggest a problem with a biological clock

46
Q

Environmental Factors

A

past experiences with loss/trauma affect current stressors

Abnormal (8 decks)

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