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Abnormal > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

GAD Symptoms

A

Excessive, uncontrollable “free-floating” anxiety over everyday issues, muscle tension, trouble concentrating, restless, easily discouraged, sensitive, worrying, indecisive

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2
Q

Specific Phobia Symptoms

A

Persistent, excessive, or unreasonable fear. Exposure to object of fear -> anxiety response, so avoidance interferes with basic functions

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3
Q

Social Anxiety Symptoms

A

Fear of social/performance situation for fear of possible scrutiny

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4
Q

Agoraphobia Symptoms

A

2 of 5 Fears: Public transport, open spaces, close spaces, crowds/lines, can’t leave house. BASICALLY fear of inescapable/unsafe/outside places

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5
Q

Panic Disorder Symptoms

A

Sudden surge of fear / intense discomfort, resulting in increased heartrate, dizziness. 13 symptoms in DSM, 4 required for diagnosis; symptoms can change with each attack

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6
Q

OCD Symtpoms

A

Obsessions: Intrusive, uncontrollable thoughts (ego alien).
Compulsions: repetitive behavior/act meant to decrease anxiety/ prevent impending danger. Diagnosis only required one, but 90% have both. Common obsessions: contamination, doubt, symmetry, taboo thoughts.
Common compulsions: cleaning, checking, counting, order.
Symptoms: anxiety, panic, disgust, avoidance. Behavior is often recognized as abnormal.

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7
Q

PTSD Intrusive Symptoms

A

(unwanted memories/dreams/flashbacks, intense distress with exposure to cues

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8
Q

PTSD Avoidance Symptoms

A

(Avoid memories, feelings, thoughts about stressors

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9
Q

PTSD Negative Change Symptoms

A

dissociative amnesia, negative mindset, apathy, detachment, persistent neg. thoughts. Diag needs 2+

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10
Q

PTSD Arousal Symptoms

A

hypervigilance, exagerrated startle response, recklessness, aggression, irritability, outbursts, insomnia, difficulty concentration

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11
Q

Separation Anxiety Symptoms

A

Fear/Anxiety about seeparation from home/attachment figures. Excessive distress, headaches, nausea, nightmares. In children: 4+ weeks. In adults: 6+ months

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12
Q

Selective Mutism Symptoms

A

Failure to speak in specific social situations. >1 month (1st month of school n/a)

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13
Q

Body Dysmorphic Symptoms

A

Preoccupation w/ 1+ “defect” in appearance (typically face). Leads to repetitive grooming behavior

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14
Q

Trichotillomania Symptoms

A

Hair pulling

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15
Q

Excorciation Symptoms

A

Recurrent skin picking, resulting in skin lesions, despite repeated attempts to decrease or stop.

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16
Q

Hoarding Symptoms

A

Persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value that results in accumulation that congests and clutters active living areas and compromises their intended use.

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17
Q

GAD Lifetime Prevalence

A

5-6% (female 60%)

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18
Q

Specific Phobia Lifetime Prevalence

A

12% (more female, but equal in blood/injury/injection fears)

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19
Q

Social Anxiety Lifetime Prevalence

A

12% (female 3:2)

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20
Q

Agoraphobia Lifetime Prevalence

A

1.7% (Female 2:1)

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21
Q

Panic Disorder Lifetime Prevalence

A

4.7% (Female 60%)

25% have 1/lifetime; 12% occasionally

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22
Q

OCD Lifetime Prevalence

A

3% (Equal)

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23
Q

PTSD Lifetime Prevalence

A

8.7% (normal population, not war) (F>M)

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24
Q

Separation Anxiety Lifetime Prevalence

A

0.9-1.9%

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25
Q

Body Dysmorphic Lifetime Prevalence

A

2.4% (equal)

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26
Q

Trichotillomania Lifetime Prevalence

A

1-2%

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27
Q

Excorciation Lifetime Prevalence

A

1.4%

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28
Q

Hoarding Lifetime Prevalence

A

2-6%

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29
Q

GAD Demographic

A

Higher in African Americans and low income groups

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30
Q

Specific Phobia Demographic

A

Higher among non-immigrant Hispanics and African Americans

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31
Q

Panic Disorder Demographic

A

Higher in low income groups

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32
Q

PTSD Demographic

A

Hispanics are at a higher risk

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33
Q

Selective Mutism Demographic

A

Children

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34
Q

GAD Age of Onset

A

Any, but primarily late adolescence/early adulthood

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35
Q

Specific Phobia Age of Onset

A

Bimodal: Childhood, Mid-20s

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36
Q

Social Anxiety Age of Onset

A

Median age 13, but variable

37
Q

Agoraphobia Age of Onset

A

Late adolescence/early adulthood, 40’s

38
Q

Panic Disorder Age of Onset

A

Any, median 20-24

39
Q

OCD Age of Onset

A

Median: 19.5, gradual onset
25% by 13
Not common past 35

40
Q

PTSD Age of Onset

A

Any

41
Q

Separation Anxiety Age of Onset

A

Often after trauma, major choice/loss

42
Q

Selective Mutism Age of Onset

A

Childhood

43
Q

Body Dysmorphic Age of Onset

A

Teens

44
Q

GAD Comorbidity

A

Depression, other anxiety disorders

45
Q

Specific Phobia Comorbidity

A

75% have more than one phobia

46
Q

Social Anxiety Comorbidity

A

GAD, panic disorder, specific phobias, separation anxiety, low stress tolerance, adults 7x depression likelihood, 13x suicide likelihood, 2x alcohol dependence likelihood

47
Q

Agoraphobia Comorbidity

A

Depression, Alcohol abuse, specific phobias, panic, etc.

48
Q

Panic Disorder Comorbidity

A

Phobias, depression, substance abuse

49
Q

OCD Comorbidity

A

Other anxiety disorders (76%), mood disorder (63%), tic disorder (>30%)

50
Q

PTSD Comorbidity

A

80% fulfill criteria for 2+ other disorders

Depression, substance abuse, anxiety disorders, conduct disorders

51
Q

Separation Anxiety

A

Other anxiety disorders

52
Q

Body Dysmorphic Comorbidity

A

Depression, Social Anxiety, Substance-related disorders

53
Q

GAD Biological Theory

A

Moderate genetic influence. 15% have another relative with GAD. Differences in physiological reactivity (muscle tension). GABA deficiency -> less inhibited anxiety

54
Q

Specific Phobia Biological Theory

A

Possible genetic susceptibility

55
Q

Social Anxiety Biological Theory

A

Inherited temperament (infants: had more stress responses to strangers)

56
Q

Agoraphobia Biological Theory

A

Some genetic predisposition. Evolutionary preparedness. Emotional reactivity definitely inherited

57
Q

Panic Disorder Biological Theory

A

Overactivity of noradrenic symptoms from lack of 5HT (fight/flight); especially in the pons, or disturbance in the amygdala/parts of hypothalamus. Some genetic predisposition (MZ .31 DZ .11)

58
Q

OCD Biological Theory

A

High genetic component (MZ .53 DZ .23)
2x higher anxiety disorder frequency in 1st degree family than controls; 10x more in early onset
High incidence of OCD with Tourette’s (basal ganglia)
Possible serotonin and DA component
OCD Loop Theory: miscommunication between orbitofrontal cortex (pleasure anticipation), caudate nuclei in BG (voluntary movement, DA cells, spatial info, social behavior) and anterior cingulate cortex (connection between emotion and logic)

59
Q

PTSD Biological Theory

A

Changes in cortisol and norepinephrine (increased cortisol receptor sensitivity), alterations to hippocampus/amygdala, change in regulation of stress hormones, possible genetic influence on response to trauma

60
Q

Separation Anxiety Biological Theory

A

Possible heritability

61
Q

GAD Behavioral Theory

A

no such thing as free floating anxiety

62
Q

Specific Phobia Behavioral Theory

A

conditioning loop: fear established by classical conditioning, and maintained by operant conditioning

63
Q

Agoraphobia Behavioral Theory

A 
2 Factor (Avoidance Conditioning) Model:
fear established by classical conditioning, maintained by operant conditioning
64
Q

OCD Behavioral Theory

A

Learned behavior is reinforced by consequences; does not help explain obsessions

65
Q

GAD Cognitive Theory

A

Beck/Ellis: mislabeling of automatic thoughts as anxiety-producing
People with GAD attend more to threats, have an external locus of control, and misperceive ambiguous stimuli as threats

66
Q

Agoraphobia Cognitive Theory

A

Phobia = attention to stimuli, have vulnerability schemas

67
Q

Panic Disorder Cognitive Theory

A

Misinterpretation of physiological sensations

68
Q

OCD Cognitive Theory

A

Cognitive set: having the belief that something will go wrong make it more likely to happen
Salkovski’s Model (Feedback Loop): intrusive thoughts are common and normal to let go, OCD patients cannot dismiss, then blame self and expect worst. Efforts to subdue thoughts increase frequency, reinforced by rituals

69
Q

GAD Other Theories/Risk Factors

A

Metacognitive Theory: GAD client has both positive (worrying helps with coping) and negative (worrying about worrying) beliefs about worry
Intolerance of Uncertainty: GAD client cannot tolerate uncertainty, yet life is full of it
Avoidance Theory: worrying serves positive function as it reduces physiological arousal
Sociocultural: there are cultural/social/environmental factors that make people more susceptible

70
Q

Specific Phobia Other Theories/Risk Factors

A

Risk factors: negative encounters with the stimulus (possibly vicarious), panic attack in situation, parental overprotection/loss/separation, abuse

71
Q

Social Anxiety Other Theories/Risk Factors

A

Overprotective parents, emotionally unsupportive parents, parents who prevented socializing

72
Q

Agoraphobia Other Theories/Risk Factors

A

often comes after previously developed anxiety disorders

73
Q

Panic Disorder Other Theories/Risk Factors

A

Fear of fear hypothesis: being afraid of panic attacks makes the more anxious, fear loss of control
Poor coping skills/lack of social support/many unpredictable events in childhood

74
Q

OCD Other Theories/Risk Factors

A

Chronic disorder, but waxes and wanes. 40% of children remiss by adulthood.
Psychoanalytic: exaggerated defense mechanisms against anxiety

75
Q

PTSD Other Theories/Risk Factors

A

Symptoms follow traumatic exposure to actual/threatened death/serious injury/sexual assault (direct or indirect)
Symptoms more severe if stressor is human designed
Traumatic brain injury is possible contributor, particularly with vets
Civilian trauma: 10x more common, often rape (1/6 women)
Prior personality, anxiety, psychological problems, or coping strategies have an effect

76
Q

GAD Medication

A

Benzodizapines (anti-anxiety), buspirone, atypical anti-psychotics, anti-depressants (SSRIs SNRIs)

77
Q

Specific Phobia Medication

A

Benzos

78
Q

Social Anxiety Medication

A

SSRIs, SNRIs, Triglycerides, MAOIs

79
Q

Panic Disorder Medication

A

SSRIs, SNRIs, Benzos, Atypical anti-psychotics

80
Q

OCD Medication

A

SSRIs

81
Q

PTSD Medication

A

SSRIs

82
Q

GAD Psychotherapies

A

Short-term psychodynamic therapies (especially with relationship/depression problems)
Cognitive: a) Change automatic thoughts (Beck/Ellis)
b) Evoke worry - counteract/control.
c) cognitive-based mindfulness therapy.
d) acceptance and commitment therapy: accepts anxiety as a normal point of life
Behavioral: relaxation training, biofeedback (control anxiety by being conscious of body processes and attempting to control them)

83
Q

Specific Phobia Psychotherapies

A 
Exposure Therapy (systematic desensitization, hierarchy, flooding, modeling)
In vivo exposure is most effective
84
Q

Social Anxiety Psychotherapies

A

Behavioral: exposure, social skills training
Cognitive: CBT (reduces fear/anxiety, but does not improve social skills)

85
Q

Agoraphobia Psychotherapies

A

Cognitive: CBT, exposure, relaxation training
Short-term psychodynamic
Family dynamic restructuring

86
Q

Panic Psychotherapies

A

Cognitive: CBT (misinterpretation of body responses)
Panic Control Therapy (CBT + Relaxation + Exposure) 70-80% success
Biological: relaxation/breathing techniques

87
Q

OCD Psychotherapies

A

Behavioral: Exposure and Response Prevention (55-75% improve considerably, 25% little help); helps more with compulsions than obsessions
Short-term psychodynamic
Cognitive: challenges beliefs on what will happen if rituals are not performed

88
Q

PTSD Psychotherapies

A

1) Face Trauma (Exposure therapy: imaginal, virtual reality, EMDR)
2) Process Emotions (CBT to reduce self-blame and guilt, insight)
3) Develop coping strategies
Support Groups
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: desensitize trauma/memory by thinking about it while paying attention to a physical stimulus at hand (moving hands/lights)

Abnormal (8 decks)

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