Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Abnormal > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

GAD Symptoms

A

Excessive, uncontrollable “free-floating” anxiety over everyday issues, muscle tension, trouble concentrating, restless, easily discouraged, sensitive, worrying, indecisive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Specific Phobia Symptoms

A

Persistent, excessive, or unreasonable fear. Exposure to object of fear -> anxiety response, so avoidance interferes with basic functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Social Anxiety Symptoms

A

Fear of social/performance situation for fear of possible scrutiny

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Agoraphobia Symptoms

A

2 of 5 Fears: Public transport, open spaces, close spaces, crowds/lines, can’t leave house. BASICALLY fear of inescapable/unsafe/outside places

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Panic Disorder Symptoms

A

Sudden surge of fear / intense discomfort, resulting in increased heartrate, dizziness. 13 symptoms in DSM, 4 required for diagnosis; symptoms can change with each attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

OCD Symtpoms

A

Obsessions: Intrusive, uncontrollable thoughts (ego alien).
Compulsions: repetitive behavior/act meant to decrease anxiety/ prevent impending danger. Diagnosis only required one, but 90% have both. Common obsessions: contamination, doubt, symmetry, taboo thoughts.
Common compulsions: cleaning, checking, counting, order.
Symptoms: anxiety, panic, disgust, avoidance. Behavior is often recognized as abnormal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

PTSD Intrusive Symptoms

A

(unwanted memories/dreams/flashbacks, intense distress with exposure to cues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

PTSD Avoidance Symptoms

A

(Avoid memories, feelings, thoughts about stressors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

PTSD Negative Change Symptoms

A

dissociative amnesia, negative mindset, apathy, detachment, persistent neg. thoughts. Diag needs 2+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

PTSD Arousal Symptoms

A

hypervigilance, exagerrated startle response, recklessness, aggression, irritability, outbursts, insomnia, difficulty concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Separation Anxiety Symptoms

A

Fear/Anxiety about seeparation from home/attachment figures. Excessive distress, headaches, nausea, nightmares. In children: 4+ weeks. In adults: 6+ months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Selective Mutism Symptoms

A

Failure to speak in specific social situations. >1 month (1st month of school n/a)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Body Dysmorphic Symptoms

A

Preoccupation w/ 1+ “defect” in appearance (typically face). Leads to repetitive grooming behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Trichotillomania Symptoms

A

Hair pulling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Excorciation Symptoms

A

Recurrent skin picking, resulting in skin lesions, despite repeated attempts to decrease or stop.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hoarding Symptoms

A

Persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value that results in accumulation that congests and clutters active living areas and compromises their intended use.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

GAD Lifetime Prevalence

A

5-6% (female 60%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Specific Phobia Lifetime Prevalence

A

12% (more female, but equal in blood/injury/injection fears)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Social Anxiety Lifetime Prevalence

A

12% (female 3:2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Agoraphobia Lifetime Prevalence

A

1.7% (Female 2:1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Panic Disorder Lifetime Prevalence

A

4.7% (Female 60%)

25% have 1/lifetime; 12% occasionally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

OCD Lifetime Prevalence

A

3% (Equal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

PTSD Lifetime Prevalence

A

8.7% (normal population, not war) (F>M)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Separation Anxiety Lifetime Prevalence

A

0.9-1.9%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Body Dysmorphic Lifetime Prevalence

A

2.4% (equal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Trichotillomania Lifetime Prevalence

A

1-2%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Excorciation Lifetime Prevalence

A

1.4%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Hoarding Lifetime Prevalence

A

2-6%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

GAD Demographic

A

Higher in African Americans and low income groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Specific Phobia Demographic

A

Higher among non-immigrant Hispanics and African Americans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Panic Disorder Demographic

A

Higher in low income groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

PTSD Demographic

A

Hispanics are at a higher risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Selective Mutism Demographic

A

Children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

GAD Age of Onset

A

Any, but primarily late adolescence/early adulthood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Specific Phobia Age of Onset

A

Bimodal: Childhood, Mid-20s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Social Anxiety Age of Onset

A

Median age 13, but variable

37
Q

Agoraphobia Age of Onset

A

Late adolescence/early adulthood, 40’s

38
Q

Panic Disorder Age of Onset

A

Any, median 20-24

39
Q

OCD Age of Onset

A

Median: 19.5, gradual onset
25% by 13
Not common past 35

40
Q

PTSD Age of Onset

A

Any

41
Q

Separation Anxiety Age of Onset

A

Often after trauma, major choice/loss

42
Q

Selective Mutism Age of Onset

A

Childhood

43
Q

Body Dysmorphic Age of Onset

A

Teens

44
Q

GAD Comorbidity

A

Depression, other anxiety disorders

45
Q

Specific Phobia Comorbidity

A

75% have more than one phobia

46
Q

Social Anxiety Comorbidity

A

GAD, panic disorder, specific phobias, separation anxiety, low stress tolerance, adults 7x depression likelihood, 13x suicide likelihood, 2x alcohol dependence likelihood

47
Q

Agoraphobia Comorbidity

A

Depression, Alcohol abuse, specific phobias, panic, etc.

48
Q

Panic Disorder Comorbidity

A

Phobias, depression, substance abuse

49
Q

OCD Comorbidity

A

Other anxiety disorders (76%), mood disorder (63%), tic disorder (>30%)

50
Q

PTSD Comorbidity

A

80% fulfill criteria for 2+ other disorders

Depression, substance abuse, anxiety disorders, conduct disorders

51
Q

Separation Anxiety

A

Other anxiety disorders

52
Q

Body Dysmorphic Comorbidity

A

Depression, Social Anxiety, Substance-related disorders

53
Q

GAD Biological Theory

A

Moderate genetic influence. 15% have another relative with GAD. Differences in physiological reactivity (muscle tension). GABA deficiency -> less inhibited anxiety

54
Q

Specific Phobia Biological Theory

A

Possible genetic susceptibility

55
Q

Social Anxiety Biological Theory

A

Inherited temperament (infants: had more stress responses to strangers)

56
Q

Agoraphobia Biological Theory

A

Some genetic predisposition. Evolutionary preparedness. Emotional reactivity definitely inherited

57
Q

Panic Disorder Biological Theory

A

Overactivity of noradrenic symptoms from lack of 5HT (fight/flight); especially in the pons, or disturbance in the amygdala/parts of hypothalamus. Some genetic predisposition (MZ .31 DZ .11)

58
Q

OCD Biological Theory

A

High genetic component (MZ .53 DZ .23)
2x higher anxiety disorder frequency in 1st degree family than controls; 10x more in early onset
High incidence of OCD with Tourette’s (basal ganglia)
Possible serotonin and DA component
OCD Loop Theory: miscommunication between orbitofrontal cortex (pleasure anticipation), caudate nuclei in BG (voluntary movement, DA cells, spatial info, social behavior) and anterior cingulate cortex (connection between emotion and logic)

59
Q

PTSD Biological Theory

A

Changes in cortisol and norepinephrine (increased cortisol receptor sensitivity), alterations to hippocampus/amygdala, change in regulation of stress hormones, possible genetic influence on response to trauma

60
Q

Separation Anxiety Biological Theory

A

Possible heritability

61
Q

GAD Behavioral Theory

A

no such thing as free floating anxiety

62
Q

Specific Phobia Behavioral Theory

A

conditioning loop: fear established by classical conditioning, and maintained by operant conditioning

63
Q

Agoraphobia Behavioral Theory

A 
2 Factor (Avoidance Conditioning) Model:
fear established by classical conditioning, maintained by operant conditioning
64
Q

OCD Behavioral Theory

A

Learned behavior is reinforced by consequences; does not help explain obsessions

65
Q

GAD Cognitive Theory

A

Beck/Ellis: mislabeling of automatic thoughts as anxiety-producing
People with GAD attend more to threats, have an external locus of control, and misperceive ambiguous stimuli as threats

66
Q

Agoraphobia Cognitive Theory

A

Phobia = attention to stimuli, have vulnerability schemas

67
Q

Panic Disorder Cognitive Theory

A

Misinterpretation of physiological sensations

68
Q

OCD Cognitive Theory

A

Cognitive set: having the belief that something will go wrong make it more likely to happen
Salkovski’s Model (Feedback Loop): intrusive thoughts are common and normal to let go, OCD patients cannot dismiss, then blame self and expect worst. Efforts to subdue thoughts increase frequency, reinforced by rituals

69
Q

GAD Other Theories/Risk Factors

A

Metacognitive Theory: GAD client has both positive (worrying helps with coping) and negative (worrying about worrying) beliefs about worry
Intolerance of Uncertainty: GAD client cannot tolerate uncertainty, yet life is full of it
Avoidance Theory: worrying serves positive function as it reduces physiological arousal
Sociocultural: there are cultural/social/environmental factors that make people more susceptible

70
Q

Specific Phobia Other Theories/Risk Factors

A

Risk factors: negative encounters with the stimulus (possibly vicarious), panic attack in situation, parental overprotection/loss/separation, abuse

71
Q

Social Anxiety Other Theories/Risk Factors

A

Overprotective parents, emotionally unsupportive parents, parents who prevented socializing

72
Q

Agoraphobia Other Theories/Risk Factors

A

often comes after previously developed anxiety disorders

73
Q

Panic Disorder Other Theories/Risk Factors

A

Fear of fear hypothesis: being afraid of panic attacks makes the more anxious, fear loss of control
Poor coping skills/lack of social support/many unpredictable events in childhood

74
Q

OCD Other Theories/Risk Factors

A

Chronic disorder, but waxes and wanes. 40% of children remiss by adulthood.
Psychoanalytic: exaggerated defense mechanisms against anxiety

75
Q

PTSD Other Theories/Risk Factors

A

Symptoms follow traumatic exposure to actual/threatened death/serious injury/sexual assault (direct or indirect)
Symptoms more severe if stressor is human designed
Traumatic brain injury is possible contributor, particularly with vets
Civilian trauma: 10x more common, often rape (1/6 women)
Prior personality, anxiety, psychological problems, or coping strategies have an effect

76
Q

GAD Medication

A

Benzodizapines (anti-anxiety), buspirone, atypical anti-psychotics, anti-depressants (SSRIs SNRIs)

77
Q

Specific Phobia Medication

A

Benzos

78
Q

Social Anxiety Medication

A

SSRIs, SNRIs, Triglycerides, MAOIs

79
Q

Panic Disorder Medication

A

SSRIs, SNRIs, Benzos, Atypical anti-psychotics

80
Q

OCD Medication

A

SSRIs

81
Q

PTSD Medication

A

SSRIs

82
Q

GAD Psychotherapies

A

Short-term psychodynamic therapies (especially with relationship/depression problems)
Cognitive: a) Change automatic thoughts (Beck/Ellis)
b) Evoke worry - counteract/control.
c) cognitive-based mindfulness therapy.
d) acceptance and commitment therapy: accepts anxiety as a normal point of life
Behavioral: relaxation training, biofeedback (control anxiety by being conscious of body processes and attempting to control them)

83
Q

Specific Phobia Psychotherapies

A 
Exposure Therapy (systematic desensitization, hierarchy, flooding, modeling)
In vivo exposure is most effective
84
Q

Social Anxiety Psychotherapies

A

Behavioral: exposure, social skills training
Cognitive: CBT (reduces fear/anxiety, but does not improve social skills)

85
Q

Agoraphobia Psychotherapies

A

Cognitive: CBT, exposure, relaxation training
Short-term psychodynamic
Family dynamic restructuring

86
Q

Panic Psychotherapies

A

Cognitive: CBT (misinterpretation of body responses)
Panic Control Therapy (CBT + Relaxation + Exposure) 70-80% success
Biological: relaxation/breathing techniques

87
Q

OCD Psychotherapies

A

Behavioral: Exposure and Response Prevention (55-75% improve considerably, 25% little help); helps more with compulsions than obsessions
Short-term psychodynamic
Cognitive: challenges beliefs on what will happen if rituals are not performed

88
Q

PTSD Psychotherapies

A

1) Face Trauma (Exposure therapy: imaginal, virtual reality, EMDR)
2) Process Emotions (CBT to reduce self-blame and guilt, insight)
3) Develop coping strategies
Support Groups
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: desensitize trauma/memory by thinking about it while paying attention to a physical stimulus at hand (moving hands/lights)

Abnormal (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions