exam 4 Flashcards
a flexible tube that extends from the larynx to the lips is known as
Pharyngeal Oral Apparatus
at the level of the oropharynx, the pharyngeal oral apparatus undergoes what degree of bend
90
the pharyngeal oral apparatus is mainly formed of what two subtances?
bone and muscle
the upper jaw and most of the hard palate make up the ___
Maxilla
What is the Mandible?
the lower jaw
the pharyngeal oral apparatus is formed by ___
the upper portion of the vertebral column and bones of the skull
what 6 additional bones make up the pharyngeal-oral apparatus (other than maxilla, skull, and mandible)
Frontal bone, zygomatic, sphenoid, temporal, parietal, and styloid process
the ____ process is a part of the Maxilla (on the front)
Alveolar
the ____ process is a part of the Maxilla (on the bottom)
palatine
behind the palatine process of the maxilla is what process?
horizontal process of palatine bone
where do the left and right halves of the mandible meet?
at the front at a fibrous symphysis
what is a fibrous symphysis?
a line of union
to ossify is to ___
turn to bone
at what age does the left and right half of mandible join in a fibrous symphysis?
the first year of life
what are the two projections as it pertains to the mandible?
coronoid process and condylar process
mandible articulates with what bones?
the left and right temporal bones
the left and right temporal bones in the mandible form what joints?
temporomandibular
each temporomandibular joint is ___
condyloid
the egg shaped head of the condylar process fits into an ____ shaped cavity within the ____ bone
elliptical, temporal
what are the surfaces of the condyle and temporal bone covered with?
fibrocartilage
from top down, the temporomandibular ligaments are:
temporomandibular, sphenomandibular
stylomandibular
which ligament limits the degree to which the condyle can be displaced downward and backward?
temporomandibular ligament
the ligament that limits downward and backward displacement of mandible is:
sphenomandibular ligament
which ligament limits downward and forward displacement of the mandible
stylomandibular ligament
the skull is generally considered the more ____ member of the skull-mandible pair
fixed/stable
when can the skull not be the more stable or fixed member of the skull-mandible pair?
when the skull is rotating up and backward
(ex: when chin is on table and you open your mouth)
most movements of the temporomandibular joint are _______ and ____
multidimensional; complex
where is the oral cavity?
inside the mouth
what is the oral cavity bounded by at the front and sides?
lips, teeth, alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible
what is the front entry to the oral cavity called?
oral vestibule
the oral cavity is bounded at the top by what two structures?
hard palate and velum
the oral cavity is bounded at the bottom by what
the floor of the mouth (most comprised of the tongue)
the oral cavity is bounded at the back by:
the anterior faucial pillars
the anterior faucial pillars are also known as the ___ arch
palatoglossal
what is the most prominent feature of the oral cavity
the tongue
what are the 5 primary functional/anatomical subdivisions
of the tongue
tip, blade, dorsum, root, body
which of the 5 primary subdivisions is located nearest the front teeth at rest
tip
which of the 5 primary subdivisions is the surface region that lies behind the tip and below the alveolar ridge of the maxilla and the anterior hard plate?
blade
which of the 5 primary subdivisions is located behind the blade and below the posterior hard palate and velum?
Dorsum
which of the 5 primary subdivisions face the back of the pharynx and front of the epiglottis
Root
which of the 5 primary subdivisions is the central mass underlying the 4 other regions
body
the buccal cavity makes up the ___
cheeks
the sides of the oral cavity between the cheeks and teeth is known as the:
Buccal Cavity
what limits the buccal cavity space in newborns
cheek pads
what is the purpose of cheek pads in newborns that limits the space in the buccal cavity
helps direct liquid bolus down the middle of the oral cavity
what is the benefit of directing liquid bolus down the middle of the oral cavity in newborns? (the benefit of cheek pads)
allows for safer swallowing
the buccal cavity requires monitoring in children and adults with which 2 difficulties
mastication and oral bolus control difficulties
why does the buccal cavity need to be monitored in individuals with mastication or oral bolus control difficulties?
food can get stuck in buccal space (risk of post-swallowing aspiration)
The mucous membranes of oral linings are known as:
oral membranes
what is the surface liquid that keeps the mouth moist?
shiny squamous epithelium
the shiny squamous epithelium does not cover which 3 structures?
tongue, hard palate, gums
what covers the gums and hard palate?
masticatory mucosa
what does the masticatory mucosa have that causes the epithelium to hold firmly against adjacent bone?
a collagen subflooring
why is the surface of the tongue covered with specialized mucosa?
to house taste buds
passive forces of the pharyngeal oral apparatus arise from:
natural recoil forces of structures that line its walls, pull of gravity, and aeromechanical forces
where do active forces of the pharyngeal oral apparatus arise from?
muscle contraction
muscles that have both ends attached within an oral pharyngeal structure are known as:
intrinsic muscles
muscles that have one end attached within and one end attached outside an oral pharyngeal structure are known as:
extrinsic muscles
muscle contraction can be:
concentric, eccentric, or isometric
what are the muscles of the mandible responsible for?
positioning the mandible for movements allowed by the temporomandibular joint
name the 7 muscles of the mandible
masseter, temporalis, internal pterygoid, external pterygoid, digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid
the flat, quadrilateral structure that covers much of the outer surface of the ramus of the mandible is known as the ____
Masseter
the outer muscle fiber layer courses from front 2/3rds of ____
zygomatic arch inferior and posterior
the outer muscle fiber layer of masseter inserts outer surface of ___
mandibular ramus
what is the action of the outer muscle fiber layer of masseter
elevation of mandible and approximation of the mandible and maxilla
the inner muscle fiber layer of the masseter courses from ____
the zygomatic arch inferior and anterior
where does the inner muscle fiber layer of the masseter insert?
outer surface of the upper half of the ramus and coronoid process
what is the action of the inner muscle fiber layer of the masseter?
elevation of the mandible and exerts force on mandible that pulls it backwards
what direction does the inner muscle fiber layer of the masseter pull the mandible?
backwards
what is the name of the broad, fan-shaped muscle that covers much of the side of the cranium
temporalis
what is the origin of the temporalis
inferior temporal line of the parietal bone and greater wing of the sphenoid bone
what is the course of the temporalis?
downward
the inner surface and front border of the coronoid process and front surface of ramus of mandible is where the ____ inserts
temporalis
what is the pull of the mandible with contraction of the temporalis?
upward and backward
what is the quadrilateral structure oriented parallel to masseter
internal pterygoid
the muscular string formed by the internal pterygoid that surrounds the angle of the mandible serves what purpose?
straps the ramus of the mandible to the skull
the lateral pterygoid plate and palatine bone makeup the _____ of the internal pterygoid
origin
what is the course of the internal pterygoid
downward, backward, outward
the contraction of the internal pterygoid (elevation of the mandible) can cause
pressure to be placed on opposing teeth of mandible and maxilla
activation on only one side of internal pterygoid can move the ____ toward ____
corresponding condyle ; opposite side
external pterygoid origin 2
one from the greater wing of the of the sphenoid bone and one from the lateral pterygoid plate
external pterygoid: course, insterts, and contraction
backwards horizontally, neck of the condyle of the mandible, causes condyle to slide downward and forward
digastric
increased distance between the jaws by having control to lower the mandible. has great relative fixation of the hyoid bone
mylohoid
has great relative fixation of the hyoid bone. contraction lowers the mandible. jaws seperate
geniohyoid
contraction lowers the mandible, increases distance between the jaws
mandible movements
up/down, front/back, side/side
muscles of the tongue (8 total)
superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, vertical, transverse, styloglossus, palatoglossus, hyoglossus, ans genioglossus
4 intrinsic muscles (in tongue)
superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, vertical, and transverse
4 extrinsic muscles (adjacent structure and insertion in tongue)
styloglossus, palatoglossus, hyoglossus, ans genioglossus
superior longitudinal
muscle lies below expansive dorsum of the tongue, top of the tongue, shortens tongue and increases its convexity from front to back
inferior longitudinal
positioned near the underside of the tongue, shortens the tongue and pulls the tip of tongue down and to the sides
vertical
just beneath the dorsum of the tongue, flattens tongue
transverse
major constituent of the mass of the tongue, narrows the tongue and makes skinny
styloglossus
front and side of the styloid process of the temporal bone and stylomandibular, toung can be moved: up/back/concavity/shortened/side
palatoglossus
part of the velopharyngeal-nasal apparatus, pulls up/back/inward on root of tongue
hyoglossus
muscle is shaped like a 4 sided flat plane, lowering the body of the tongue and backward displacement of the tongue mass
genioglossus
fan shaped muscle that makes up a large portion of the tongue, muscle allows tongue to press up and pull back from teeth
adjustments of the tongue
protrude
retract
lateralize
centralize
curl
point
lick
bulge
groove
flatten
rotate
sweeping buccal spaces
muscles of the lips (14)
1 orbicularis oris
2 buccinator
3 risorius
4 levator labii superioris
5 levator labii superioris aleque nasi
6 zygomatic major
7 zygomatic minor
8 depressor labii inferioris
9 mentalis
10 levator anguli oris
11 depressor anguli oris
12 incisivus labii superioris
13 incisivus labii inferioris
14 platysma
orbicularis oris
ring around lips, change the positions of the lips
buccinator
forms part of cheek, pulls corner of mouth back and toward the side
risorious
small muscle located in cheek, draws up the corner of the mouth backward and toward the side
levator labii superioris
below eye in front of the maxillary and zygomatic bone, elevates the upper lip and may turn the lip outward
levator labii superioris aleque nasi
muscle infront of the maxilla, 2 segments: lip part elevates upper lip, nasal part dilates the anterior naris on the corresponding side
zygomatic major
side of the zygomatic bone, pulls back on corners of mouth, lifts the corner of the mouth up and to the side
zygomatic minor
inner surface of the zygomatic bone, elevates the upper lip while pulling the corner of the mouth upward
depressor labii inferioris
small flat muscle off the midline of the lower lip, pulls bottom lip down and to the side
mentalis (vertical facial muscle)
muscle lies in front of the chin, pouting muscle
levator anguli oris
muscle from the front of the maxilla, corners of mouth go up and out, brings lips pressed together
depressor anguli oris
triangular form located on the outer surface of the mandible, pulls corners of mouth down and presses lips together
incisivus labii superioris (parallel facial muscle)
muscle is from maxilla near canine tooth, pulls corner of the mouth up and towards the midline
(upper lip)
incisvus labii inferioris
(lower lip) lies below the corner of the mouth under depressor labii superioris, pulls down and in on corners of mouth
platysma
big muscle that covers most of the front and side of the neck and sides of face, pulls skin of neck to the mandible
pharynx
throat
pharyngeal cavities (cranial-caudal)
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
nasopharynx
lies behind the nose and above the velum
oropharynx
middle part of the pharyngeal tube
laryngopharynx
lowermost part of the pharynx
velum
(curtain) (soft palate) blocks or opens the nasal passage for swallowing, speaking, and breathing.
6 muscles influence the lumen (cross section of pharynx)
superior constrictor
middle constrictor
inferior constrictor
salpingopharyngeus
stylopharyngeus
palatopharyngeus
superior constrictor
located at upper border of pharynx
1. pterygopharyngeus
2. buccopharyngeus
3. mylopharyngeus
4. glossopharyngeus
middle constrictor
fan shaped structure located in the middle of the pharyngeal tube, fibers come up from the hyloid bone and stylohyoid ligament
inferior constrictor
most powerful muscle out of the 3, pushes food down throat
salpingopharyngeus
comes from estachian tube, fibers move downward and attach to pharynx wall, it pulls the pharynx wall inward and upward, narrows the pharynx
stylopharyngeus
comes from styloid process of temporal bone, pulls up on the pharyngeal tube and pulls the lateral walls toward the side- widens the tube, also an upward pull placed on larynx
palatopharyngeus
runs along the pharynx, is part of the soft palate, inserts into the lateral wall of the pharynx and thyroid cartilage, narrows walls and brings them higher for swallowing and speech
palatal levator
bulk of the velum, draws velum upward and backward- lifting velum toward the posterior pharyngeal wall
palatal tansor
lies outside the palatal levator and opens the eustachian tube
uvulus
only insinctric muscle of the soft palate, comes from the posterior nasal spine, creates the convex shape on the nasal surface of the velum, shortens/lifts/increases the bulk of the velum
glossopalatine
muscle of the tongue and velum (side of tongue) downward and forward pull on velum
pharyngopalatine
lower half of the lateral wall of the pharynx and thyroid cartilage, pulls down and back on velum
manner of production
- stop-plosive
- fricative
- affricate
- nasal
- semivowel
stop-plosive
Air builds up behind a block in the mouth, then bursts out. VP port tightly closed.
fricative
Air flows fast through a narrow space, creating friction. VP port tightly closed.
affricate
Starts like a stop-plosive but releases air more smoothly. VP port tightly closed.
nasal
Mouth is blocked, but air flows through the nose. VP port open.
semivowel
Mouth slightly constricted, more than vowels but less than other consonants. VP port varies.
places of production
labial-lips
labiodental-lip/teeth
dental-tongue/teeth
alveolar-tongue/gum
palatal-tongue/hardpalate
velar- tongue/velum
glottal-vocal folds
differentiating vowels
no signifacant constriction of the vocal tract, open sounds/voiced, intense sounds
differentiating consonants
significant constriction of the vocal tract, constricted sounds, less intense
forward coarticulation
anticipatory co-articulation
backward coarticulation
regressive co-articulation
assimilation
the result of coarticulation
assimilatory processes- contact
processes that modify directly adjacent sounds
assimilatory processes - remote
if at least one other segment separates the sounds in question, especially when the 2 sounds are in 2 different syllables
progressive assimilation
segment influences a following sound in a left to right manner
regressive assimilation
sound segment influences a preceding sound
aerodynamic considerations
speech sound production requires a supply of air and valving of the air
inadequate air pressure buildup is usually due to faulty:
- velopharyngeal mechanism
- laryngeal mechanism
- oral cavity (loss of tissue/muscle)
- respiratory system
reduced inraoral air pressure for consonants may be related to :
1.) respiratory weakness
2.) loss of air through nose
3.) allowing air to escape
frequency
pitch
amplitude
loudness
duration
lenght
tactile
touch and pressure
proprioceptive
knowledge of position in space
kinesthetic
knowledge of movement
auditory
knowledge of how it sounds
what is the primary role of velopharyngeal nasal function
for speech to control the degree of coupling between the oral and nasal cavities
For oral speech sounds the VP valve is usually _____-, aerodynamic and
acoustic energies are channeled through the oral cavity
closed
For nasal speech sounds, the VP valve is ____ and aerodynamic & acoustic
energies are channeled through the nasal cavities
open
oral nasal coupling has 2 parts
airflow and sound energy control
airflow control
The velopharynx closes to direct airflow through the mouth for oral sounds.
sound energy control
Balancing sound energy between the mouth and nose is key for making oral and nasal consonants
high oral air pressure
production of oral consonants with closed vp port
low oral air pressure
production of nasal consonants with open vp port
How does VP function influence speech breathing?
Opening the VP valve during oral inhalation reduces inspiratory resistance, allowing the breath to refill easily for speech.
how is the infant vp-nasal apparatus different from an adults?
the infants vp-nasal apparatus is not a mini version of the adults; it undergoes significant changes as the child grows
what happens to the velum and epiglottis at birth?
at birth the lower boarder of the velum approximates the upper border of the epiglottis.
what changes occur between 4-6 months in vp development?
the velum and epiglottis separate as the larynx lowers, and the soft palates grow.
how do structural changes affect the vp function?
as the palate grows muscles like the paired palatal levators improve their mechanical advantages for velar elevation
how are early infant vocalizations produced?
early infant vocalizations are made with an open velum.
when does the velum begin to close for oral sound production?
the velum starts to close for oral sound production around 4-6 months.
what has a bigger pharynx? (men or women)
men
velopharyngeal function disorders (congenital)
-cleft palate
-short velum
-deep pharynx
-neuromuscular difficulties
velopharyngeal function disorders (acquired)
-traumatic brain injury
-stroke
-progressive neuromuscular disorder
