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SLHS 3400 > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

a flexible tube that extends from the larynx to the lips is known as

A

Pharyngeal Oral Apparatus

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2
Q

at the level of the oropharynx, the pharyngeal oral apparatus undergoes what degree of bend

A

90

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3
Q

the pharyngeal oral apparatus is mainly formed of what two subtances?

A

bone and muscle

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4
Q

the upper jaw and most of the hard palate make up the ___

A

Maxilla

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5
Q

What is the Mandible?

A

the lower jaw

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6
Q

the pharyngeal oral apparatus is formed by ___

A

the upper portion of the vertebral column and bones of the skull

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7
Q

what 6 additional bones make up the pharyngeal-oral apparatus (other than maxilla, skull, and mandible)

A

Frontal bone, zygomatic, sphenoid, temporal, parietal, and styloid process

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8
Q

the ____ process is a part of the Maxilla (on the front)

A

Alveolar

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9
Q

the ____ process is a part of the Maxilla (on the bottom)

A

palatine

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10
Q

behind the palatine process of the maxilla is what process?

A

horizontal process of palatine bone

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11
Q

where do the left and right halves of the mandible meet?

A

at the front at a fibrous symphysis

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12
Q

what is a fibrous symphysis?

A

a line of union

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13
Q

to ossify is to ___

A

turn to bone

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14
Q

at what age does the left and right half of mandible join in a fibrous symphysis?

A

the first year of life

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15
Q

what are the two projections as it pertains to the mandible?

A

coronoid process and condylar process

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16
Q

mandible articulates with what bones?

A

the left and right temporal bones

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17
Q

the left and right temporal bones in the mandible form what joints?

A

temporomandibular

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18
Q

each temporomandibular joint is ___

A

condyloid

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19
Q

the egg shaped head of the condylar process fits into an ____ shaped cavity within the ____ bone

A

elliptical, temporal

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20
Q

what are the surfaces of the condyle and temporal bone covered with?

A

fibrocartilage

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21
Q

from top down, the temporomandibular ligaments are:

A

temporomandibular, sphenomandibular
stylomandibular

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22
Q

which ligament limits the degree to which the condyle can be displaced downward and backward?

A

temporomandibular ligament

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23
Q

the ligament that limits downward and backward displacement of mandible is:

A

sphenomandibular ligament

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24
Q

which ligament limits downward and forward displacement of the mandible

A

stylomandibular ligament

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25
Q

the skull is generally considered the more ____ member of the skull-mandible pair

A

fixed/stable

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26
Q

when can the skull not be the more stable or fixed member of the skull-mandible pair?

A

when the skull is rotating up and backward
(ex: when chin is on table and you open your mouth)

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27
Q

most movements of the temporomandibular joint are _______ and ____

A

multidimensional; complex

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28
Q

where is the oral cavity?

A

inside the mouth

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29
Q

what is the oral cavity bounded by at the front and sides?

A

lips, teeth, alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible

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30
Q

what is the front entry to the oral cavity called?

A

oral vestibule

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31
Q

the oral cavity is bounded at the top by what two structures?

A

hard palate and velum

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32
Q

the oral cavity is bounded at the bottom by what

A

the floor of the mouth (most comprised of the tongue)

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33
Q

the oral cavity is bounded at the back by:

A

the anterior faucial pillars

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34
Q

the anterior faucial pillars are also known as the ___ arch

A

palatoglossal

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35
Q

what is the most prominent feature of the oral cavity

A

the tongue

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36
Q

what are the 5 primary functional/anatomical subdivisions

of the tongue

A

tip, blade, dorsum, root, body

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37
Q

which of the 5 primary subdivisions is located nearest the front teeth at rest

A

tip

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38
Q

which of the 5 primary subdivisions is the surface region that lies behind the tip and below the alveolar ridge of the maxilla and the anterior hard plate?

A

blade

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39
Q

which of the 5 primary subdivisions is located behind the blade and below the posterior hard palate and velum?

A

Dorsum

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40
Q

which of the 5 primary subdivisions face the back of the pharynx and front of the epiglottis

A

Root

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41
Q

which of the 5 primary subdivisions is the central mass underlying the 4 other regions

A

body

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42
Q

the buccal cavity makes up the ___

A

cheeks

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43
Q

the sides of the oral cavity between the cheeks and teeth is known as the:

A

Buccal Cavity

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44
Q

what limits the buccal cavity space in newborns

A

cheek pads

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45
Q

what is the purpose of cheek pads in newborns that limits the space in the buccal cavity

A

helps direct liquid bolus down the middle of the oral cavity

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46
Q

what is the benefit of directing liquid bolus down the middle of the oral cavity in newborns? (the benefit of cheek pads)

A

allows for safer swallowing

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47
Q

the buccal cavity requires monitoring in children and adults with which 2 difficulties

A

mastication and oral bolus control difficulties

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48
Q

why does the buccal cavity need to be monitored in individuals with mastication or oral bolus control difficulties?

A

food can get stuck in buccal space (risk of post-swallowing aspiration)

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49
Q

The mucous membranes of oral linings are known as:

A

oral membranes

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50
Q

what is the surface liquid that keeps the mouth moist?

A

shiny squamous epithelium

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51
Q

the shiny squamous epithelium does not cover which 3 structures?

A

tongue, hard palate, gums

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52
Q

what covers the gums and hard palate?

A

masticatory mucosa

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53
Q

what does the masticatory mucosa have that causes the epithelium to hold firmly against adjacent bone?

A

a collagen subflooring

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54
Q

why is the surface of the tongue covered with specialized mucosa?

A

to house taste buds

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55
Q

passive forces of the pharyngeal oral apparatus arise from:

A

natural recoil forces of structures that line its walls, pull of gravity, and aeromechanical forces

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56
Q

where do active forces of the pharyngeal oral apparatus arise from?

A

muscle contraction

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57
Q

muscles that have both ends attached within an oral pharyngeal structure are known as:

A

intrinsic muscles

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58
Q

muscles that have one end attached within and one end attached outside an oral pharyngeal structure are known as:

A

extrinsic muscles

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59
Q

muscle contraction can be:

A

concentric, eccentric, or isometric

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60
Q

what are the muscles of the mandible responsible for?

A

positioning the mandible for movements allowed by the temporomandibular joint

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61
Q

name the 7 muscles of the mandible

A

masseter, temporalis, internal pterygoid, external pterygoid, digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid

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62
Q

the flat, quadrilateral structure that covers much of the outer surface of the ramus of the mandible is known as the ____

A

Masseter

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63
Q

the outer muscle fiber layer courses from front 2/3rds of ____

A

zygomatic arch inferior and posterior

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64
Q

the outer muscle fiber layer of masseter inserts outer surface of ___

A

mandibular ramus

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65
Q

what is the action of the outer muscle fiber layer of masseter

A

elevation of mandible and approximation of the mandible and maxilla

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66
Q

the inner muscle fiber layer of the masseter courses from ____

A

the zygomatic arch inferior and anterior

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67
Q

where does the inner muscle fiber layer of the masseter insert?

A

outer surface of the upper half of the ramus and coronoid process

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68
Q

what is the action of the inner muscle fiber layer of the masseter?

A

elevation of the mandible and exerts force on mandible that pulls it backwards

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69
Q

what direction does the inner muscle fiber layer of the masseter pull the mandible?

A

backwards

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70
Q

what is the name of the broad, fan-shaped muscle that covers much of the side of the cranium

A

temporalis

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71
Q

what is the origin of the temporalis

A

inferior temporal line of the parietal bone and greater wing of the sphenoid bone

72
Q

what is the course of the temporalis?

A

downward

73
Q

the inner surface and front border of the coronoid process and front surface of ramus of mandible is where the ____ inserts

A

temporalis

74
Q

what is the pull of the mandible with contraction of the temporalis?

A

upward and backward

75
Q

what is the quadrilateral structure oriented parallel to masseter

A

internal pterygoid

76
Q

the muscular string formed by the internal pterygoid that surrounds the angle of the mandible serves what purpose?

A

straps the ramus of the mandible to the skull

77
Q

the lateral pterygoid plate and palatine bone makeup the _____ of the internal pterygoid

A

origin

78
Q

what is the course of the internal pterygoid

A

downward, backward, outward

79
Q

the contraction of the internal pterygoid (elevation of the mandible) can cause

A

pressure to be placed on opposing teeth of mandible and maxilla

80
Q

activation on only one side of internal pterygoid can move the ____ toward ____

A

corresponding condyle ; opposite side

81
Q

external pterygoid origin 2

A

one from the greater wing of the of the sphenoid bone and one from the lateral pterygoid plate

82
Q

external pterygoid: course, insterts, and contraction

A

backwards horizontally, neck of the condyle of the mandible, causes condyle to slide downward and forward

83
Q

digastric

A

increased distance between the jaws by having control to lower the mandible. has great relative fixation of the hyoid bone

84
Q

mylohoid

A

has great relative fixation of the hyoid bone. contraction lowers the mandible. jaws seperate

85
Q

geniohyoid

A

contraction lowers the mandible, increases distance between the jaws

86
Q

mandible movements

A

up/down, front/back, side/side

87
Q

muscles of the tongue (8 total)

A

superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, vertical, transverse, styloglossus, palatoglossus, hyoglossus, ans genioglossus

88
Q

4 intrinsic muscles (in tongue)

A

superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, vertical, and transverse

89
Q

4 extrinsic muscles (adjacent structure and insertion in tongue)

A

styloglossus, palatoglossus, hyoglossus, ans genioglossus

90
Q

superior longitudinal

A

muscle lies below expansive dorsum of the tongue, top of the tongue, shortens tongue and increases its convexity from front to back

91
Q

inferior longitudinal

A

positioned near the underside of the tongue, shortens the tongue and pulls the tip of tongue down and to the sides

92
Q

vertical

A

just beneath the dorsum of the tongue, flattens tongue

93
Q

transverse

A

major constituent of the mass of the tongue, narrows the tongue and makes skinny

94
Q

styloglossus

A

front and side of the styloid process of the temporal bone and stylomandibular, toung can be moved: up/back/concavity/shortened/side

95
Q

palatoglossus

A

part of the velopharyngeal-nasal apparatus, pulls up/back/inward on root of tongue

96
Q

hyoglossus

A

muscle is shaped like a 4 sided flat plane, lowering the body of the tongue and backward displacement of the tongue mass

97
Q

genioglossus

A

fan shaped muscle that makes up a large portion of the tongue, muscle allows tongue to press up and pull back from teeth

98
Q

adjustments of the tongue

A

protrude
retract
lateralize
centralize
curl
point
lick
bulge
groove
flatten
rotate
sweeping buccal spaces

99
Q

muscles of the lips (14)

A

1 orbicularis oris
2 buccinator
3 risorius
4 levator labii superioris
5 levator labii superioris aleque nasi
6 zygomatic major
7 zygomatic minor
8 depressor labii inferioris
9 mentalis
10 levator anguli oris
11 depressor anguli oris
12 incisivus labii superioris
13 incisivus labii inferioris
14 platysma

100
Q

orbicularis oris

A

ring around lips, change the positions of the lips

101
Q

buccinator

A

forms part of cheek, pulls corner of mouth back and toward the side

102
Q

risorious

A

small muscle located in cheek, draws up the corner of the mouth backward and toward the side

103
Q

levator labii superioris

A

below eye in front of the maxillary and zygomatic bone, elevates the upper lip and may turn the lip outward

104
Q

levator labii superioris aleque nasi

A

muscle infront of the maxilla, 2 segments: lip part elevates upper lip, nasal part dilates the anterior naris on the corresponding side

105
Q

zygomatic major

A

side of the zygomatic bone, pulls back on corners of mouth, lifts the corner of the mouth up and to the side

106
Q

zygomatic minor

A

inner surface of the zygomatic bone, elevates the upper lip while pulling the corner of the mouth upward

107
Q

depressor labii inferioris

A

small flat muscle off the midline of the lower lip, pulls bottom lip down and to the side

108
Q

mentalis (vertical facial muscle)

A

muscle lies in front of the chin, pouting muscle

109
Q

levator anguli oris

A

muscle from the front of the maxilla, corners of mouth go up and out, brings lips pressed together

110
Q

depressor anguli oris

A

triangular form located on the outer surface of the mandible, pulls corners of mouth down and presses lips together

111
Q

incisivus labii superioris (parallel facial muscle)

A

muscle is from maxilla near canine tooth, pulls corner of the mouth up and towards the midline
(upper lip)

112
Q

incisvus labii inferioris

A

(lower lip) lies below the corner of the mouth under depressor labii superioris, pulls down and in on corners of mouth

113
Q

platysma

A

big muscle that covers most of the front and side of the neck and sides of face, pulls skin of neck to the mandible

114
Q

pharynx

A

throat

115
Q

pharyngeal cavities (cranial-caudal)

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

116
Q

nasopharynx

A

lies behind the nose and above the velum

117
Q

oropharynx

A

middle part of the pharyngeal tube

118
Q

laryngopharynx

A

lowermost part of the pharynx

119
Q

velum

A

(curtain) (soft palate) blocks or opens the nasal passage for swallowing, speaking, and breathing.

120
Q

6 muscles influence the lumen (cross section of pharynx)

A

superior constrictor
middle constrictor
inferior constrictor
salpingopharyngeus
stylopharyngeus
palatopharyngeus

121
Q

superior constrictor

A

located at upper border of pharynx
1. pterygopharyngeus
2. buccopharyngeus
3. mylopharyngeus
4. glossopharyngeus

122
Q

middle constrictor

A

fan shaped structure located in the middle of the pharyngeal tube, fibers come up from the hyloid bone and stylohyoid ligament

123
Q

inferior constrictor

A

most powerful muscle out of the 3, pushes food down throat

124
Q

salpingopharyngeus

A

comes from estachian tube, fibers move downward and attach to pharynx wall, it pulls the pharynx wall inward and upward, narrows the pharynx

125
Q

stylopharyngeus

A

comes from styloid process of temporal bone, pulls up on the pharyngeal tube and pulls the lateral walls toward the side- widens the tube, also an upward pull placed on larynx

126
Q

palatopharyngeus

A

runs along the pharynx, is part of the soft palate, inserts into the lateral wall of the pharynx and thyroid cartilage, narrows walls and brings them higher for swallowing and speech

127
Q

palatal levator

A

bulk of the velum, draws velum upward and backward- lifting velum toward the posterior pharyngeal wall

128
Q

palatal tansor

A

lies outside the palatal levator and opens the eustachian tube

129
Q

uvulus

A

only insinctric muscle of the soft palate, comes from the posterior nasal spine, creates the convex shape on the nasal surface of the velum, shortens/lifts/increases the bulk of the velum

130
Q

glossopalatine

A

muscle of the tongue and velum (side of tongue) downward and forward pull on velum

131
Q

pharyngopalatine

A

lower half of the lateral wall of the pharynx and thyroid cartilage, pulls down and back on velum

132
Q

manner of production

A
  1. stop-plosive
  2. fricative
  3. affricate
  4. nasal
  5. semivowel
133
Q

stop-plosive

A

Air builds up behind a block in the mouth, then bursts out. VP port tightly closed.

134
Q

fricative

A

Air flows fast through a narrow space, creating friction. VP port tightly closed.

135
Q

affricate

A

Starts like a stop-plosive but releases air more smoothly. VP port tightly closed.

136
Q

nasal

A

Mouth is blocked, but air flows through the nose. VP port open.

137
Q

semivowel

A

Mouth slightly constricted, more than vowels but less than other consonants. VP port varies.

138
Q

places of production

A

labial-lips
labiodental-lip/teeth
dental-tongue/teeth
alveolar-tongue/gum
palatal-tongue/hardpalate
velar- tongue/velum
glottal-vocal folds

139
Q

differentiating vowels

A

no signifacant constriction of the vocal tract, open sounds/voiced, intense sounds

140
Q

differentiating consonants

A

significant constriction of the vocal tract, constricted sounds, less intense

141
Q

forward coarticulation

A

anticipatory co-articulation

142
Q

backward coarticulation

A

regressive co-articulation

143
Q

assimilation

A

the result of coarticulation

144
Q

assimilatory processes- contact

A

processes that modify directly adjacent sounds

145
Q

assimilatory processes - remote

A

if at least one other segment separates the sounds in question, especially when the 2 sounds are in 2 different syllables

146
Q

progressive assimilation

A

segment influences a following sound in a left to right manner

147
Q

regressive assimilation

A

sound segment influences a preceding sound

148
Q

aerodynamic considerations

A

speech sound production requires a supply of air and valving of the air

149
Q

inadequate air pressure buildup is usually due to faulty:

A
  1. velopharyngeal mechanism
  2. laryngeal mechanism
  3. oral cavity (loss of tissue/muscle)
  4. respiratory system
150
Q

reduced inraoral air pressure for consonants may be related to :

A

1.) respiratory weakness
2.) loss of air through nose
3.) allowing air to escape

151
Q

frequency

A

pitch

152
Q

amplitude

A

loudness

153
Q

duration

A

lenght

154
Q

tactile

A

touch and pressure

155
Q

proprioceptive

A

knowledge of position in space

156
Q

kinesthetic

A

knowledge of movement

157
Q

auditory

A

knowledge of how it sounds

158
Q

what is the primary role of velopharyngeal nasal function

A

for speech to control the degree of coupling between the oral and nasal cavities

159
Q

For oral speech sounds the VP valve is usually _____-, aerodynamic and
acoustic energies are channeled through the oral cavity

A

closed

160
Q

For nasal speech sounds, the VP valve is ____ and aerodynamic & acoustic
energies are channeled through the nasal cavities

A

open

161
Q

oral nasal coupling has 2 parts

A

airflow and sound energy control

162
Q

airflow control

A

The velopharynx closes to direct airflow through the mouth for oral sounds.

163
Q

sound energy control

A

Balancing sound energy between the mouth and nose is key for making oral and nasal consonants

164
Q

high oral air pressure

A

production of oral consonants with closed vp port

165
Q

low oral air pressure

A

production of nasal consonants with open vp port

166
Q

How does VP function influence speech breathing?

A

Opening the VP valve during oral inhalation reduces inspiratory resistance, allowing the breath to refill easily for speech.

167
Q

how is the infant vp-nasal apparatus different from an adults?

A

the infants vp-nasal apparatus is not a mini version of the adults; it undergoes significant changes as the child grows

168
Q

what happens to the velum and epiglottis at birth?

A

at birth the lower boarder of the velum approximates the upper border of the epiglottis.

169
Q

what changes occur between 4-6 months in vp development?

A

the velum and epiglottis separate as the larynx lowers, and the soft palates grow.

170
Q

how do structural changes affect the vp function?

A

as the palate grows muscles like the paired palatal levators improve their mechanical advantages for velar elevation

171
Q

how are early infant vocalizations produced?

A

early infant vocalizations are made with an open velum.

172
Q

when does the velum begin to close for oral sound production?

A

the velum starts to close for oral sound production around 4-6 months.

173
Q

what has a bigger pharynx? (men or women)

A

men

174
Q

velopharyngeal function disorders (congenital)

A

-cleft palate
-short velum
-deep pharynx
-neuromuscular difficulties

175
Q

velopharyngeal function disorders (acquired)

A

-traumatic brain injury
-stroke
-progressive neuromuscular disorder

176
Q
A

SLHS 3400 (6 decks)

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