exam 1 Flashcards
anatomy
the study of structure of organisms and the relations of their parts
physiology
the study of living organisms or their parts
prone
lying face down
supine
lying face up
ventral
away from back bone or towards front of body
anterior
away from the back
posterior
towards the back or away from the front
superficial
towards the surface (external)
deep
away from the surface (internal)
superior
upper
inferior
lower
cranial
toward the head
caudal
toward the tail
external
toward the outer surface
internal
toward the inner surface
medial
toward the axis or midline
lateral
away from the axis or midline
proximal
toward the body
distal
away from the body
central
situated at the center
peripheral
toward the outward surface
coronal plane
anterior/posterior
sagittal plane
left and right planes
transverse plane
superior and inferior
cell
fundamental unit
tissue
group of cells and surrounding materials working together
organ
2 tissues forming a somewhat independent structure with a specific function
system
2 or more organs combined to accomplish a function
4 basic tissue types
epithelium, connective, muscular, and neural
epithelium tissue functions
protection, absorption, and secretion
types of epithelium tissue
epithelial, endothelial, and mesothelial
epithelial
outer covering of external body surfaces
endothelial
lining of blood & lymph vessels
mesothelial
outer covering of internal organs
connective tissue functions
connects structures together, support body, and aid in bodily maintenance
connective tissue 6 types
loose, dense, lymphoid, cartilage, bone, and blood
loose connective tissues (2)
areolar & adipose
areolar (loose connective tissue)
very loose tissue, cells in irregular networks of fibers, and found just beneath the skin
adipose (loose connective tissue)
high concentration of fat cells, otherwise similar to areolar
strong and strech-resistant, yet flexible. white
collagen
strong yet elastic, stretching up to 150% of relaxed length. yellow
elastic fibers
collagen + glycoprotein. thin fibers. form networks with extensive branching. provide strength, support, and form to many soft organs
reticular fibers
types of dense connective tissues
tendons
ligaments
fascia
reticular
aponeuroses
tough, non-elastic cords that connect muscle to bone or cartilage
tendons
an elastic band of tissue that connects bone to bone, bone to cartilage, and cartilage to cartilage
ligaments
membranous sheets that organize muscle fibers into functional units
fascia
a delicate matrix of cells which have processes that extend in all directions to join to the processes of neighboring cells
reticular
a tendinous sheet that covers muscle and can connect muscles to the structures they move
aponeurosis
what are the 3 types of cartilage
hyaline, fibrous, and elastic
hyaline
most rigid cartilage and covers articular surfaces of joints, providing a smooth surface for movement
fibrous
most collagen cartilage and support and fusion
elastic
a lot of elastin cartilage (yellow) and support and shape
a rigid matrix
composed of bone cells, collagen fibers, and ground substance
bone
what makes bone strong
collagen
what makes bone hard
calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
what are the 2 types of bone
dense/compact and spongy/porous
what type of cartilage offers support and shape to a structure although it is highly flexible and made primarily of elastic fibers
elastic cartilage
3 types of muscular tissue
striated, smooth, and cardiac
striated muscle
long fibers, light/dark bands microscopically, voluntary, and skeletal
smooth muscle
no striations, found in the organs (visceral), involuntary (autonomic nervous system)
cardiac muscle
only in the heart and involuntary (innervated by the autonomic nervous system)
3 types of muscle architecture
parallel, radiating, and pennate
parallel
muscle fibers run parallel to the long axis of the muscle
radiating
fan shaped with bundles of muscle fibers diverging or converging as they approach their attachments
pennate
groups of muscle fibers converge onto a tendon. if there are multiple sections, they are called bipennate, multipennate, or circumpennate
muscle action class 1 levers
applied force on one end and a resistance force at the end. Fulcrum is at some distance between the 2 ends
muscle action class 2 levers
lever arm with the Fulcrum at one extreme end and an applied force at the other end. the resistance force is somewhere in between.
muscle action class 3 levers
fulcrum at one end of the lever arm and the resistive force at the other end. the applied force is somewhere between the two ends
what is the plasmalemma in a muscle cell called
sarcolemma
what is the cytoplasm in a muscle cell called
sarcoplasm
what is the er in a muscle cell called
the sarcoplasmic reticulum
what is the function of satellite cells in muscle cells
they are involved in muscle growth and repair
list the heirarchical structure of a muscle starting with the muscle itself
muscle, muscle fibers, myofibrils, sarcomeres, actin & myosin
what happens during calcium uptake after a muscle contraction?
calcium is reabsorbed into the sarcoplastic recticulum which requires atp
what is the sarcomere
the functional unit of a muscle fiber, consisting of actin and myosin filaments organized for contraction
what are the basic functions of myosin
myosin binds to actin and has atpase activity for energy use, and is responsible for muscle contraction
what role does actin play in muscle contraction
actin binds with myosin and apt helps release it
what is the cross-bridge cycle
the cycle of myosin binding to actin, pulling, and releasing. which drives muscle contraction.
what are type 1 muscle fibers
slow-twitch fibers; used for endurance, high fatigue resistance, and rely on aerobic energy
what are type 2a muscle fibers
fast-twitch fibers; used for moderate endurance and strength, relies on aerobic and anaerobic energy
what are type 2x muscle fibers
fast-twitch fibers; used for explosive power, low endurance, and rely on anaerobic energy
olfactory
sensory and smell
optic
sensory and sight
oculomotor
motor and moving eye up and down and towards the nose
trochlear
motor and moves eye up and down and side to side
trigeminal
sensory and motor
sensation in the face and movement of the jaw (chewing)
abducens
motor
abducens the eyeball and turns it away from the nose
facial
sensory and motor
facial expressions and controls salivary glands and taste of anterior 2/3 of tongue
vestibular cochlear
sensory
hearing and balance
glossopharyngeal
sensory and motor
initiates swallowing and in charge of posterior 1/3 of tongue
vagus
sensory and motor
heartbeat
accessory
motor
helps with head rotation and shoulder elevation
hypoglossal
motor
moves tongue
