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SLHS 3400 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

true or false: does the respiratory system filter, warm, and humidify the air

A

true

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2
Q

true or false: is the respiratory system in charge of ventilation and gas exchange

A

true

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3
Q

is the respiratory system in charge of sound production

A

yes

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4
Q

what sense is the respiratory system in charge of

A

smell

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5
Q

what are the types of respiration

A

external and internal respiration

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6
Q

what type of respiration is the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the air in the alveoli and blood in the pulmonary capillaries

A

external

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7
Q

what type of respiration refers to the exchange of O2 and CO2 between tissue capillaries and tissue cells

A

internal

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8
Q

upper airway content

A

nasal and oral cavity, and pharynx

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9
Q

lower airway content

A

trachea, bronchi, and lungs

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10
Q

what does the nasal airway do

A

warm, filter, and moisten inspired air and resonance

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11
Q

what does the oral cavity do

A

articulation and resonance

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12
Q

what does the pharynx do

A

resonance and airway protection

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13
Q

what breathing pump division contains, conducts, and exchanges air and consists of the pulmonary airways and the lungs

A

pulmonary apparatus

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14
Q

what breathing pump division consists of the rib cage, diaphragm, and the abdominal wall

A

chest wall

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15
Q

what material is the lungs made up of

A

cones of spongy, porous, and elastic material

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16
Q

what membrane covers the lungs

A

pleura

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17
Q

t or f : the pleura links the lungs to the thoracic wall

A

true

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18
Q

what are the 2 types of pleura

A

parietal and visceral

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19
Q

what are the pleura membranes made of

A

slippery tissue that secretes fluid that reduces friction

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20
Q

what makes up the inspiratory muscles

A

diaphragm, (rib cage), external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, and the scalenes

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21
Q

what makes up the expiratory muscles

A

(rib cage) , internal intercostals, (abdominal wall), rectus abdominus, external and internal obliques, and the transversus

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22
Q

what muscles expand the rib cage

A

inspiratory muscles

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23
Q

what muscles compress the rib cage

A

expiratory muscles

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24
Q

what are the 3 dimensions of the thorax that are increased through muscle contraction during inspirations

A

antero-posterior, lateral, and vertical

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25
Q

what muscle is the primary inspiratory muscle

A

the diaphragm

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26
Q

what elevates the ribs upward and outward, (expanding the rib cage)

A

external intercostals

27
Q

what elevates the sternum

A

the sternocleidomastoid

28
Q

what elevates the top 2 ribs

A

the scalenes

29
Q

where did the sternocleidomastoid get its name

A

from its attachments to the sternum, clavicle, and mastoid process

30
Q

where is the insert of the scalenes

A

the inner boarder of the 1st and 2nd ribs

31
Q

what are the 3 portions of the diaphragm

A

sternal, costal, and vertebral

32
Q

what are the 3 important openings of the diaphram

A

aortic hiatus, esophageal hiatus, and foramen vena cava

33
Q

what is the output variables of breathing

A

volume

34
Q

what is the measure of ventilation

A

rate

35
Q

pressure in the lungs becomes lower than the pressure in the atmosphere

A

inspiration

36
Q

pressure in the lungs is higher than the pressure in the atmosphere

A

expiration

37
Q

what initiates inspiration

A

the diaphragm contracts and enlarges the thoracic cage

38
Q

what happens to the intrapleural space during inspiration

A

it enlarges, which lowers the intrapleural pressure

39
Q

how does the decrease in intrapleural pressure affect the alveoli

A

it pulls the alveoli open and lowers the alveolar pressure

40
Q

passive force

A

resting breathing

41
Q

active force

A

contraction of respiratory muscles for speech, singing, and activity

42
Q

what is the tidal volume for normal breathing

A

0.5 L

43
Q

what is lung compliance

A

its a measure of the ease with which the lungs can be inflated

44
Q

how is lung compliance expressed

A

as the change in lung volume per unit change in pressure

45
Q

what decreases lung compliance

A

thickening or stiffening of lung tissue due to diseases like asbestosis

46
Q

what increases lung compliance

A

emphysema, which raises functional residual capacity

47
Q

what happens to alveolar pressure during inspiration at sea level

A

it decreases from 760mmhg to 758mmhg

48
Q

what is required for inspiration regarding intrapleural pressure

A

intrapleural pressure must be lower than the atmospheric pressure

49
Q

what are the 3 key variables in breathing

A

shape, relaxation characteristics, and the relative sizes of rib cage and abdominal wall

50
Q

how does speech breathing differ from the normal breathing

A

it requires constant pressure and flow in the upper airway

51
Q

at what lung volume is speech usually produced

A

speech is initiated above the resting expiratory level and ends at end-expiratory volume

52
Q

why is the rib cage more efficient for speech breathing

A

it has a larger contact area with the lungs and smaller/faster muscles for changing volume

53
Q

how does the abdomen contribute to speech breathing

A

it is drawn in slightly during inspiration to tune the diaphragm and participates in speech at lower lung volumes

54
Q

how does speech breathing differ from resting breathing in timing

A

it involves faster inspirations and longer expirations

55
Q

how does body position affect breathing for speech

A

upright positions use abdominal muscles for background pressure and rib cage adjustments

56
Q

how does a endomorph body type influence speech breathing

A

there is a greater inward abdominal motion for diaphragm tuning

57
Q

how does a mesomorph body type influence speech breathing

A

intermediate patternw

58
Q

how does a ectomorph body type influence speech breathing

A

it maintains ideal diaphragm position

59
Q

what what age do children develop adult-like speech breathing patterns

A

by age 10

60
Q

how does speech breathing change with aging

A

older adults initiate breath groups at larger lung volumes, males tend to be “leaky”, while females “blow off: air more frequently

61
Q

what controls voluntary respiration

A

cortical control

62
Q

what controls automatic respiration

A

brainstem neurons

63
Q

what receptors are involved in breathing regulation

A

chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors

SLHS 3400 (6 decks)

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