exam 2 Flashcards
true or false: does the respiratory system filter, warm, and humidify the air
true
true or false: is the respiratory system in charge of ventilation and gas exchange
true
is the respiratory system in charge of sound production
yes
what sense is the respiratory system in charge of
smell
what are the types of respiration
external and internal respiration
what type of respiration is the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the air in the alveoli and blood in the pulmonary capillaries
external
what type of respiration refers to the exchange of O2 and CO2 between tissue capillaries and tissue cells
internal
upper airway content
nasal and oral cavity, and pharynx
lower airway content
trachea, bronchi, and lungs
what does the nasal airway do
warm, filter, and moisten inspired air and resonance
what does the oral cavity do
articulation and resonance
what does the pharynx do
resonance and airway protection
what breathing pump division contains, conducts, and exchanges air and consists of the pulmonary airways and the lungs
pulmonary apparatus
what breathing pump division consists of the rib cage, diaphragm, and the abdominal wall
chest wall
what material is the lungs made up of
cones of spongy, porous, and elastic material
what membrane covers the lungs
pleura
t or f : the pleura links the lungs to the thoracic wall
true
what are the 2 types of pleura
parietal and visceral
what are the pleura membranes made of
slippery tissue that secretes fluid that reduces friction
what makes up the inspiratory muscles
diaphragm, (rib cage), external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, and the scalenes
what makes up the expiratory muscles
(rib cage) , internal intercostals, (abdominal wall), rectus abdominus, external and internal obliques, and the transversus
what muscles expand the rib cage
inspiratory muscles
what muscles compress the rib cage
expiratory muscles
what are the 3 dimensions of the thorax that are increased through muscle contraction during inspirations
antero-posterior, lateral, and vertical
what muscle is the primary inspiratory muscle
the diaphragm
what elevates the ribs upward and outward, (expanding the rib cage)
external intercostals
what elevates the sternum
the sternocleidomastoid
what elevates the top 2 ribs
the scalenes
where did the sternocleidomastoid get its name
from its attachments to the sternum, clavicle, and mastoid process
where is the insert of the scalenes
the inner boarder of the 1st and 2nd ribs
what are the 3 portions of the diaphragm
sternal, costal, and vertebral
what are the 3 important openings of the diaphram
aortic hiatus, esophageal hiatus, and foramen vena cava
what is the output variables of breathing
volume
what is the measure of ventilation
rate
pressure in the lungs becomes lower than the pressure in the atmosphere
inspiration
pressure in the lungs is higher than the pressure in the atmosphere
expiration
what initiates inspiration
the diaphragm contracts and enlarges the thoracic cage
what happens to the intrapleural space during inspiration
it enlarges, which lowers the intrapleural pressure
how does the decrease in intrapleural pressure affect the alveoli
it pulls the alveoli open and lowers the alveolar pressure
passive force
resting breathing
active force
contraction of respiratory muscles for speech, singing, and activity
what is the tidal volume for normal breathing
0.5 L
what is lung compliance
its a measure of the ease with which the lungs can be inflated
how is lung compliance expressed
as the change in lung volume per unit change in pressure
what decreases lung compliance
thickening or stiffening of lung tissue due to diseases like asbestosis
what increases lung compliance
emphysema, which raises functional residual capacity
what happens to alveolar pressure during inspiration at sea level
it decreases from 760mmhg to 758mmhg
what is required for inspiration regarding intrapleural pressure
intrapleural pressure must be lower than the atmospheric pressure
what are the 3 key variables in breathing
shape, relaxation characteristics, and the relative sizes of rib cage and abdominal wall
how does speech breathing differ from the normal breathing
it requires constant pressure and flow in the upper airway
at what lung volume is speech usually produced
speech is initiated above the resting expiratory level and ends at end-expiratory volume
why is the rib cage more efficient for speech breathing
it has a larger contact area with the lungs and smaller/faster muscles for changing volume
how does the abdomen contribute to speech breathing
it is drawn in slightly during inspiration to tune the diaphragm and participates in speech at lower lung volumes
how does speech breathing differ from resting breathing in timing
it involves faster inspirations and longer expirations
how does body position affect breathing for speech
upright positions use abdominal muscles for background pressure and rib cage adjustments
how does a endomorph body type influence speech breathing
there is a greater inward abdominal motion for diaphragm tuning
how does a mesomorph body type influence speech breathing
intermediate patternw
how does a ectomorph body type influence speech breathing
it maintains ideal diaphragm position
what what age do children develop adult-like speech breathing patterns
by age 10
how does speech breathing change with aging
older adults initiate breath groups at larger lung volumes, males tend to be “leaky”, while females “blow off: air more frequently
what controls voluntary respiration
cortical control
what controls automatic respiration
brainstem neurons
what receptors are involved in breathing regulation
chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors
