exam 3

Question 1

what are the 3 roles of the larynx

Answer 1

1.) Prevent air from escaping the lungs
2.) Prevent foreign substances from entering the lungs
3.) Expel foreign substances threatening the trachea

Question 2

what is the non-biological role of the larynx

Answer 2

sound generator

Question 3

what are the structural components of the phonatory system

Answer 3

bone and cartilages

Question 4

what are examples of voice disorders

Answer 4

laryngeal paralysis and vocal nodules

Question 5

what are the functions of the hyoid bone

Answer 5

it supports the tongue and larynx and provides attachment for muscles

Question 6

what are the functions of the epiglottis

Answer 6

it diverts food around the larynx during swallowing

Question 7

what are the components of the thyroid cartilage

Answer 7

thyroid lamina
angle of thyroid
superior thyroid notch
superior and inferior thyroid cornu

Question 8

what are 3 characteristics of the cricoid cartilage

Answer 8

-Shaped like a signet ring
-Located above the upper tracheal ring
-Forms the lower border of the laryngeal framework

Question 9

what are the arytenoid cartilages and what is their role

Answer 9

they are paired cartilages resembling a pyramid and they are important for vocal ligament attachment and movement

Question 10

what are the intrinsic membranes/ligaments of the larynx

Answer 10

conus elasticus
quadrangular membrane
lateral cricothyroid
vocal ligament
ventricular ligament
thyroepiglottic ligament
middle cricothyroid

Question 11

what are the extrinsic membranes/ligaments of the larynx

Answer 11

hyothryoid membrane
cricotracheal membrane
hyoepiglottic ligament

Question 12

what are the 3 main laryngeal cavities

Answer 12

-supraglottal
-glottal
-subglottal

Question 13

what are the forces involved in a laryngeal apparatus movement

Answer 13

passive and active

Question 14

what are the 5 intrinsic laryngeal muscles

Answer 14

Thyroarytenoid
Cricothyroid
Posterior Cricoarytenoid
Lateral Cricoarytenoid
Interarytenoids (Oblique & Transverse)

Question 15

what is the function of the thyroarytenoid muscle

Answer 15

it acts as a tensor or relaxor and the main mass of vibrating vocal folds

Question 16

what is the function of the cricothyroid muscle

Answer 16

tensor that lengthens and tenses vocal folds

Question 17

what is the function of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

Answer 17

sole abductor of the vocal folds

Question 18

what is the function of the lateral cricoartenoid muscle

Answer 18

it adducts vocal folds by rotating the vocal process medially

Question 19

what is the vagus nerves role in laryngeal innervation

Answer 19

it supplies intrinsic laryngeal muscles

Question 20

what are signs of vagus nerve impairment

Answer 20

hypernasal resonance, impaired pitch range, and breathiness and silent aspiration

Question 21

what are the layers of the vocal folds

Answer 21

Epithelium (superficial). Superficial layer of the lamina propria.
Intermediate layer of the lamina propria. Deep layer of the lamina propria.
`Thyrovocalis muscle

Question 22

what are the biological functions of the vocal folds

Answer 22

they tightly adduct during swallowing to prevent food/liquid from entering the airway

Question 23

how does the larynx contribute to airway clearance

Answer 23

-couch production
-glottal stop production
-producing the glottal voiceless fricative /h/

Question 24

what is the myoelastic-aerodynamic theory of vocal fold vibration

Answer 24

vocal folds vibrate because:
-air pressure pushes them open
-elastic recoil brings them back together

Question 25

what does Hirano’s Body-Cover theory say about vibrating layers

Answer 25

epithelium & lamina propria: flexible for vibration and body layer provides stability

Question 26

what does Hirano’s Body-Cover theory say about vibratory phases

Answer 26

horizontal
vertical
anterior/posterior

Question 27

what does titzes self-oscillation explain

Answer 27

that vocal folds vibrate because of uneven air pressure above and below them. Bernoullis forces arent enough; airflow and pressure swaps keep them moving, energy from air above the folds powers the

Question 28

what does subglottal pressure do

Answer 28

it doubles lung pressure

Question 29

what does phase closure do

Answer 29

tighter vocal fold closure increases sound output

Question 30

what does supraglottic vocal tract tuning do

Answer 30

it amplifies sound

Question 31

how does the larynx change pitch

Answer 31

the cricothyroid muscle lengthens folds for higher pitch and the thyroarytenoid muscle shortens folds for lower pitch

Question 32

what are the 3 vocal registers

Answer 32

-pulse register
-modal register
-falsetto register

Question 33

what is the first stage of laryngeal development and what ages

Answer 33

embryonic/fetal development
-3-4 weeks- laryngotracheal suscus forms
-9 weeks- cartilages develop adult shapes
-4 months- vocal folds assume adult architecture

Question 34

what is the second stage of laryngeal development

Answer 34

infancy/childhood
vocal folds: 2.5-3 mm at birth
no distinct layers yet
soft laryngeal framework

Question 35

what is the third stage of laryngeal development

Answer 35

adolescence
male larynx grows larger and angle is 90 degress
female angle remains 120 degrees

Question 36

what are the 3 ways that laryngeal function can be measured

Answer 36

• imaging of the larynx
  -aerodynamic measures
  -acoustic measures