Exam 4 Flashcards
A collection of cells and biochemicals that travel in lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic system
The lymphatic system is closely associated with the _________ system
Cardiovascular
What are the three functions of the lymphatic system?
- Transports excess interstitial fluid
- Absorbs lipids from the digestive system
- Defends the body against diseases
The lymphatic system transports excess ___________ away from the interstitial spaces, and returns it to the bloodstream.
Interstitial fluid
The lymphatic system absorbs lipids from the digestive system, and transports them to the __________
Bloodstream
The lymphatic system absorbs lipids from the digestive system, and transports them to the bloodstream; accomplished by lymphatic capillaries called ________
Lacteals
The term “_________” refers to the fact that many cells of the lymphatic system provide both defense against disease and permanent immunity against future infections.
Immune system
Name the (9) lymphatic pathways
- Lymphatic capillaries in tissues at capillary beds >
- Lymphatic vessels >
- Lymph nodes >
- Larger lymphatic vessels >
- Lymphatic trunks >
- Lymphatic collecting ducts >
- Subclavian veins in thorax >
- Superior vena cava >
- Right atrium of heart
The lymphatic capillaries are microscopic, ________ tubes
Closed-ended
Lymphatic capillaries are found wherever there are _________
Capillaries
Lymphatic capillaries are _____- walled
Thin
The walls of lymphatic capillaries are formed from what type of tissue?
Simple squamous epithelium
Once interstitial fluid enters the lymphatic capillaries, the fluid is called what?
Lymph
The lymphatic capillaries merge into ______ vessels
Lymphatic
The walls of lymphatic vessels are similar to veins, but ______
Thinner
Which are thinner? The walls of lymphatic vessels or lymphatic veins?
Lymphatic vessels
What are the three layers of lymphatic vessels?
Inner layer (endothelial lining)
Middle layer (smooth muscle and elastic fibers)
Outer layer (connective tissue)
How many layers are lymphatic vessels composed of?
Three
What type of tissue is the inner layer of a lymphatic vessel made of?
Endothelial lining
What type of tissue is the middle layer of a lymphatic vessel made of?
Smooth muscle and elastic fibers
What type of tissue is the outer layer of a lymphatic vessel made of?
Connective tissue
Lymphatic vessels contain semilunar ______, which allow one-way flow
valves
Lymphatic vessels contain semilunar valves, which allow ______ flow
One-way
Larger lymphatic vessels lead to ________ and then to larger lymphatic trunks
Lymph nodes
Larger lymphatic vessels lead to lymph nodes and then to larger __________
Lymphatic trunks
What are the arrows pointing to in this photo?
Valve in the lymphatic vessel
What drains lymph from the lymphatic vessels?
Lymphatic trunks
Lymphatic trunks are named for the regions they serve: _____, _______, ________, _____________, ________, ________.
Lumbar, intestinal, intercostal, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, and jugular
Lymphatic trunks train into what?
Lymphatic collecting ducts
How many lymphatic collecting ducts are there for the entire lymphatic system?
Two
Which is smaller, the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct?
The right lymphatic duct
Where does the right lymphatic duct begin?
The RIGHT thorax
Where does the right lymphatic duct empty?
Right subclavian vein
The right lymphatic duct drains which portion of the body?
The upper left portion
Which is longer and wider, the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct?
The thoracic duct
Which lymphatic duct drains everything NOT drained by the other?
Thoracic duct (drains everything NOT drained by the right lymphatic duct; majority of the body)
Which lymphatic duct begins as a sac called cisterna chyli?
Thoracic duct
The thoracic duct begins as a sac called what?
Cisterna chyli
Which lymphatic duct drains into the left subclavian vein?
The thoracic duct
Where does the thoracic duct drain?
The left subclavian vein
Bronchomediastinal trunk
Intercostal trunk
Internal jugular vein
Intestinal trunk
Jugular trunk
Lumbar trunk
Lymphatic vessels
Right brachiocephalic vein
Right lymphatic duct
Subclavian trunk
Thoracic duct
Thoracic duct
Axillary lymph nodes
Cisterna chyli
Left internal jugular vein
Left subclavian vein
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic trunk
Lymphatic vessels
Lymphatics of mammary gland
Right internal jugular vein
Right lymphatic duct
Right lymphatic duct
Right subclavian vein
Thoracic duct
Thoracic duct
List the order of the lymphatic pathway, starting with the lymphatic capillary?
Lymphatic capillary
Afferent lymphatic vessel
Lymph node
Efferent lymphatic vessel
Lymphatic trunk
Collecting duct
Subclavian vein
______ is tissue fluid that has entered a lymphatic capillary
Lymph
Lymph is _______ that has entered a lymphatic capillary
Tissue fluid
During tissue fluid formation, capillary blood pressure filters water and small molecules from what?
Plasma
How is tissue fluid formed?
Capillary blood pressure filters water and small molecules from plasma
Tissue fluid has about the same ______ as blood plasma
Composition
Tissue fluid contains what?
Water, dissolved nutrients, gases, hormones
Tissue fluid does NOT contain what?
Large plasma proteins
Tissue fluid does not contain large plasma proteins, which remain in the blood plasma why?
In order to maintain osmotic pressure necessary to draw fluid back into blood capillaries.
Tissue fluid = _______ - __________
Blood plasma - plasma proteins
Filtration from the plasma normally exceeds _______, leading to the net formation of tissue fluid
Reabsorption
Filtration from plasma normally exceeds reabsorption, leading to the net formation of tissue fluid. This increases the tissue fluid hydrostatic pressure within interstitial spaces, forcing fluid into lymphatic capillaries and forming what?
Lymph
What typically leads to the net formation of tissue fluid?
Filtration from plasma exceeding reabsorption
During lymph formation, Filtration from plasma exceeding reabsorption increases the ________ within interstitial spaces
tissue fluid hydrostatic pressure
During the formation of lymph, when the tissue fluid hydrostatic pressure increases within interstitial spaces, it forces fluid into what, forming lymph?
Lymphatic capillaries
The process of lymph formation prevents accumulation of excess tissue fluid, or ______
Edema
When a woman has axillary lymph nodes removed during breast cancer surgery, lymphatic drainage is obstructed from the upper limb, resulting in _______
Edema
Lymph inside lymphatic vessels has _____ hydrostatic pressure, like venous blood
Low
_________ influences the movement of lymph through the lymphatic vessels
Muscle activity
What are the three types of muscle activity that influences the movement of lymph through the lymphatic vessels?
Contraction of skeletal muscles, respiratory process, smooth muscle in the larger lymphatic vessels
Contraction of _______ muscles compresses lymphatic vessels, moving lymph
Skeletal
_________ process creates low pressure in thorax, and high pressure in abdomen during respiration; sends lymph from abdomen to thorax.
Respiratory
________ in the larger lymphatic vessels contracts to aid in the flow of lymph
Smooth muscle
______ in lymphatic vessels prevent backflow
Valves
Lymphatic flow is highest during what?
Physical exercise
Roles of lymphatic capillaries: Absorption of ______ in the small intestine, and delivery to the bloodstream
Dietary fats
Roles of lymphatic capillaries: Return of ________ filtered by blood capillaries to the bloodstream
Small proteins
Roles of lymphatic capillaries: Collection of excess ________
Interstitial fluid
Roles of lymphatic capillaries: Delivery of _________ to the bloodstream
Excess fluid
Roles of lymphatic capillaries: Delivery of ________ to the lymph nodes
Foreign particles
Roles of lymphatic capillaries: Flap-like valves between cells of lymphatic capillaries allow easy entry of?
Tissue fluid
Arteriole
Blood capillary
Lymphatic capillary
Lymphatic vessel
Tissue cells
Venule
Connective tissue
Epithelial cell
Filaments anchored to connective tissue
Flow of lymph
Movement of tissue fluid
Lymphatic tissue contains several cell types, including _______ and ________
Lymphocytes; macrophages
What does MALT stand for?
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
Unencapsulated lymphatic tissue of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)
Compact masses of lymphatic tissue
Lymphatic nodules
Tonsils and appendix are composed of ________
Lymphatic nodules
Aggregates of lymphatic nodules found in ileum (distal part of small intestine)
Peyer’s patches
_____ organs consist of encapsulated lymphatic tissue
Lymphatic
What are the lymphatic organs?
Lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen
Lymph nodes are usually _____-shaped.
Bean
Lymph nodes are usually less than ____ cm long
2.5
Lymph nodes are located along ________
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes filter pathogens from ______
Lymph
Lymph nodes contain _____ to attack viruses, bacteria, and parasitic cells
Lymphocytes
Lymph nodes contain ______ to engulf and destroy foreign substances, damaged cells, and cellular debris
Macrophages
Lymph nodes are found in groups or chains along the paths of the larger _______ throughout the body
Lymphatic vessels
What are the major locations of lymph nodes ?
Cervical region
Axillary region
Supratrochlear region
Inguinal region
Pelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity
thoracic cavity
Lymph nodes are NOT found in which system?
Central nervous system
Blood vessels
Lymph node
Lymphatic vessels
Muscle
Afferent lymphatic vessel
Artery
Capsule
Efferent lymphatic vessel
Germinal center (B cells)
Hilum
Lymph flow
Lymph flow
Lymphatic nodule
Lymphatic sinus
Subcapsule (macrophages, B cells)
Trabecula
Vein
What are the two primary functions of lymph nodes?
Filter potentially harmful particles from the lymph; and immune surveillance: monitor body fluids via macrophages and lymphocytes
Lymph nodes are responsible for filtering potentially harmful particles from the _____
Lymph
Lymph node are responsible for immune surveillance: monitoring body fluids via ________ and _________
Macrophages; lymphocytes
Along with ______, the lymph nodes are centers for lymphocyte production
Red bone marrow
Along with red bone marrow, the lymph nodes are centers for ________ production
Lymphocyte
________ attack various pathogens in lymph nodes
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes attack various pathogens in _________
Lymph nodes
________ engulf and digest foreign substances, damaged cells, and debris.
Macrophages
Soft, bilobed gland of the immune system
Thymus
How many lobes does the thymus gland have?
Two (bilobed)
Where is the thymus located?
Mediastinum
The thymus is divided into _______
Lobules
The lobules of the thymus contain ________ derived from progenitor cells in red bone marrow.
Lymphocytes .
The _________ of the thymus contain lymphocytes derived from progenitor cells in red bone marrow.
Lobules
The lobules of the _______ contain lymphocytes derived from progenitor cells in red bone marrow.
Thymus
The lobules of the thymus contain lymphocytes derived from _______ cells in red bone marrow.
Progenitor
The lobules of the thymus contain lymphocytes derived from progenitor cells in _____________
Red bone marrow
Most cells in the thymus are inactive; called __________
Thymocytes
Inactive cells in the thymus
Thymocytes
In the thymus, some cells mature into functional __________ (T cells), which leave the thymus to provide immunity.
T lymphocytes
Hormones produced in thymus; stimulate T cell maturation
Thymosins
What hormones stimulate T cell maturation in the thymus?
Thymosins
What immune system gland is large in infancy and early childhood, shrinks at puberty, and is small in adults?
Thymus gland
In the elderly, lymphatic tissue of the thymus is replaced by what other tissues?
Adipose and other connective tissues
Largest lymphatic organ
Spleen
Where is the spleen located?
Upper left part of the abdominal cavity
Which lymphatic organ resembles a large lymph node?
Spleen
Which lymphatic organ contains venous sinuses filled with blood?
Spleen
The spleen contains venous sinuses filled with what?
Blood
What are the two tissue types of the spleen?
White pulp (lymphocytes) and red pulp (RBCs, lymphocytes, and macrophages)
White pulp contains:
Lymphocytes
Red pulp contains:
RBCs, lymphocytes, and macrophages
The ______ filters blood like lymph nodes filter lymph
Spleen
What organ breaks down worn-out red blood cells?
Spleen
In the spleen, _______ engulf and destroy foreign particles
Macrophages
_______ defend the body against infection in the spleen
Lymphocytes
Where are lymph nodes located?
In groups or chains along the paths of larger lymphatic vessels
What is the function of lymph nodes?
Filter foreign particles and debris from lymph;
house lymphocytes that destroy foreign
particles in lymph; house macrophages that
engulf and destroy foreign particles and cellular
debris carried in lymph
Where is the thymus located, specifically?
In the mediastinum posterior to
the upper portion of the body
of the sternum
What is the function of the thymus?
Houses lymphocytes; differentiates thymocytes
into T lymphocytes
Where is the spleen located?
In the upper left portion of the
abdominal cavity, inferior to the
diaphragm and posterior and
lateral to the stomach
What is the function of the spleen?
Houses macrophages that remove foreign
particles, damaged red blood cells, and cellular
debris from the blood; contains lymphocytes
Lymphatic system defends body against infection by ?
Pathogens
Examples of pathogens?
Disease-causing agents, such as bacteria, viruses, complex
microorganisms like protozoa, and spores of multicellular organisms
like fungi
The presence and multiplication of a ______ in the body, if
unchecked may cause an infection
Pathogen
The presence and multiplication of a pathogen in the body, if
unchecked may cause an _______
Infection
Ability of body to prevent pathogen entry or destroy any
pathogens that enter the body
Immunity
What are the two immune mechanisms?
Innate (nonspecific) defenses, and adaptive (specific) defenses
What are the general immune defenses of the body referred to as?
Innate (nonspecific) defenses
Which immune mechanism protects against many types of pathogens?
Innate (nonspecific) defenses
Which immune mechanism is more specific and precise, targeting specific antigens?
Adaptive (specific) defenses
Which immune mechanism is carried out by lymphocytes that recognize certain foreign molecules?
Adaptive (specific) defenses
True or false: Certain species are resistant to diseases that affect other species
True
Certain species of cells lack what for a particular pathogen?
Receptors, temperature, or chemical environment
Skin and mucous membranes form what type of barrier?
Mechanical
Mechanical barriers prevent the entrance of _______
Pathogens
What kind of barrier is considered the first line of defense?
Mechanical barriers
All nonspecific defenses are part of the ________ of defense
Second line
What are some examples of mechanical barriers?
- A epidermis sloughs off, removes superficial bacteria
- Ciliated epithelium in respiratory tract traps and sweeps away pathogens
- Hair traps pathogens
- Tears, saliva, and urine wash away microorganisms
What produces local redness, swelling, heat, and pain
Inflammation
What is redness due to?
Vasodilation
What results from increased capillary permeability and fluid entry into tissue spaces?
swelling
What causes swelling?
increased capillary permeability and fluid entry
into tissue spaces
_____ is derived from blood arriving from deep areas of body
Heat
____ is due to stimulation of pain receptors
Pain
A process that walls off infection site, and inhibits spread of infection
Inflammation
During inflammation, ______ gather in area, and destroy pathogens by _____
WBCs; phagocytosis
During inflammation, _______ (fluids) that contain fibrinogen and other clotting factors may
form fibrin network
Exudates
During inflammation, Exudates (fluids) that contain fibrinogen and other clotting factors may
form _____ network
Fibrin
During inflammation, Following control of infection, _______ engulf and destroy dead cells
Phagocytes
During inflammation, Following control of infection, phagocytes engulf and destroy ________
Dead cells
During inflammation, Cells that were lost are replaced by ?
Cell division
Blood vessels dilate. Capillary permeability
increases and fluid leaks into tissue
spaces. What is the result?
Tissues become red, swollen, warm, and
painful
White blood cells invade the region. What is the response?
Pus may form as white blood cells,
bacterial cells, and cellular debris
accumulate.
Tissue fluids containing clotting factors
seep into the area. What is the result?
A clot containing threads of fibrin may form
Fibroblasts arrive. What is the result?
A connective tissue sac may form around
the injured tissues
Phagocytes are active. What is the result?
Bacteria, dead cells, and other debris are
removed
At the end of inflammation, Cells divide. What is the result?
Newly formed cells replace injured ones
_____ in body fluids provide a chemical barrier to pathogens
Enzymes
What are some examples of enzymes as chemical barriers?
Pepsin in gastric juice and lysozyme in tears destroy
microorganisms.
______ block viral replication, act against growth of tumors,
stimulate phagocytosis
Interferons
________ are peptides produced by neutrophils and other
granulocytes
Defensins
What is the purpose of defensins as chemical barriers?
they cripple microbes, by making openings in cell membranes or walls.
_____ are proteins that protect against many bacteria, yeast, and
some viruses
Collectins
A group of proteins in plasma and other body fluids
that stimulates inflammation, attracts phagocytes, and enhances
phagocytosis
Complement
Small population of lymphocytes
Natural killer (NK) cells
_____ cells are very different from B-cells and T-cells that provide
adaptive defenses
Natural killer
______ cells defend against viruses and cancer cells by secreting
cytolytic substances called perforins that lyse cell
membrane
Naturla killer
How do natural killer cells defend against viruses and cancer?
by secreting cytolytic substances called perforins that lyse cell
membrane
What types of cells enhance inflammation?
Natural killer (NK) cells
Removes foreign particles from lymph
Phagocytosis
_____ in the blood vessels and the tissues of the
spleen, liver, or bone marrow remove particles from blood
Phagocytes
Most active phagocytic cells are _____ and
_____
Neutrophils; monocytes
Chemicals from damaged tissue attract these phagocytic
cells to the injury; this is called _____
Chemotaxis
Monocytes that leave the blood become ______,
which can be free or fixed in tissues
Macrophages
________________ (reticuloendothelium)
consists of monocytes and macrophages of the body
Mononuclear phagocytic system
Begins when a viral or bacterial infection stimulates
lymphocytes to proliferate, producing cells that secrete a
substance called interleukin-1 (IL-1) which raises
thermoregulatory set point
Fever
A fever Begins when a viral or bacterial infection stimulates
lymphocytes to proliferate, producing cells that secrete a
substance called interleukin-1 (IL-1) which _______________
Raises thermoregulatory set point
IL-1 is also called _____________ (fire maker from
within)
Endogenous pyrogen
Elevated body temperature indirectly inhibits _________; causes liver and spleen to take up iron, making it
unavailable for bacteria and fungi to use in their normal
metabolism
Microbial growth
Elevated body temperature indirectly inhibits microbial
growth; causes liver and spleen to take up _____, making it
unavailable for bacteria and fungi to use in their normal
metabolism
Iron
Elevated body temperature indirectly inhibits microbial
growth; causes liver and spleen to take up iron, making it
unavailable for bacteria and fungi to use in their normal
______
Metabolism
High body temperature also increases ________ activity
Phagocytic
A species is resistant to certain diseases to which other species are
susceptible
Species resistance
Unbroken skin and mucous membranes prevent the entrance of some
infectious agents. What type of barrier is this?
Mechanical barriers
A tissue response to injury that helps prevent the spread of infectious agents
into nearby tissues
Inflammation
Enzymes in various body fluids kill pathogens. What type of barrier is this?
Chemical barrier
pH extremes and high salt
concentration also harm pathogens. What type of barrier is this?
Chemical barrier
Interferons induce production of other
proteins that block reproduction of viruses, stimulate phagocytosis, and
enhance the activity of cells such that they resist infection and the growth of
tumors. What type of barrier is this?
Chemical barrier
Defensins damage bacterial cell walls and membranes. What type of barrier is this?
Chemical barrier
Collectins
bind to microbes. What type of barrier is this?
Chemical barrier
Complement stimulates inflammation, attracts phagocytes,
and enhances phagocytosis. What type of barrier is this?
Chemical barrier
Fluids wash away microorganisms before they can firmly
attach to tissues. What type of barrier is this?
Mechanical barrier
Distinct type of lymphocyte that secretes perforins that lyse virus-infected
cells and cancer cells
Natural killer cells
Neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages engulf and destroy foreign
particles and cells
Phagocytosis
Elevated body temperature indirectly inhibits microbial growth and increases
phagocytic activity
Fever
_______ of defense is resistance to particular pathogens or to
their toxins or metabolic by-products
Third line
the ability to distinguish molecules that are part of the
body (“self”) from “non-self” is a characteristic of what type of defenses?
Adaptive defenses
Non-self molecules that can evoke an immune
response
Antigens
_______ responses are carried out by lymphocytes and
macrophages that can recognize specific antigens
Adaptive
Adaptive responses are carried out by _____ and
_____ that can recognize specific antigens
Lymphocytes; macrophages
Adaptive responses are carried out by lymphocytes and
macrophages that can recognize specific _____
Antigens
What are the two types of adaptive defenses?
Cellular immune response (performed by immune cells)
Humoral immune response (performed by antibodies)
Cellular immune response is performed by _______ cells
Immune
Humoral immune response is performed by _______
Antibodies
What is the first line of defense against pathogens?
Mechanical barriers (skin and mucous membranes)
What is the second line of defense, after a pathogen has entered the body?
Chemical barriers
Natural killer cells
Inflammation
Phagocytosis
Fever
What is the third line of defense against pathogens?
Cellular immune response
Humoral immune response
What enables the cells to
recognize non-self antigens?
Receptors on the surface of lymphocytes
Lymphatic system responds to ____________, but not self antigens
(under normal circumstances)
Non-self antigens
Antigens may be:
Progeins
Polysaccharides
Glycoproteins
Glycolipids
Most effective antigens are ______ and _______ molecules
Large; complex
Small molecules that are not antigenic by themselves, but
when they combine with a large molecule in the body, they can evoke an
immune response
Haptens
Lymphocytes are produced throughout life, starting during ____ development.
Fetal
________ are produced throughout life, starting during fetal development.
Lymphocytes
_______ releases unspecialized lymphocyte precursors into blood.
Red bone marrow
Red bone marrow releases ___________ into blood.
Unspecialized lymphocyte precursors
Red bone marrow releases unspecialized lymphocyte precursors into _____
Blood
Half of all unspecialized lymphocyte precursors settle in the _____, specialize, and are then released (become B cells)
Thymus
Half of all unspecialized lymphocyte precursors settle in the thymus, specialize, and are then released (become ______)
B cells
Other half of cells differentiate in red bone marrow, and are then released
(become _____)
B cells
Unspecialized lymphocyte precursors differentiate in…
Half in the thymus, half in red bone marrow
What are the two main types of lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
What does the T in T-cells stand for?
Thymus-derived; lymphocytes
What does the B in B-cells stand for?
B = bursa of fabricius (in chickens); derived from red bone marrow
Which lymphocytes specialize in the thymus?
T lymphocytes
Where do T-lymphocytes specialize?
The thymus
Which cells make up 70 to 80% of circulating lymphocytes after specialization?
T lymphocytes
Which cells make up 20 to 30% of lymphocytes in blood?
B lymphocytes
Which lymphocytes are abundant in lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and intestinal lining?
B lymphocytes
What is the origin of undifferentiated T cells?
Red bone marrow
What is the origin of undifferentiated B cells?
Red bone marrow
Where is the site of differentiation for T cells?
Thymus
Where is the site of differentiation for B cells?
Red bone marrow
What are the primary locations for T cells?
Lymphatic tissues
70 to 80% of the circulating lymphocytes in blood
What are the primary locations for B cells?
Lymphatic tissues
20 to 30% of the circulating lymphocytes in blood
What are the primary functions of T cells?
Provide cellular immune
response in which T
cells interact directly
with the antigens or
antigen-bearing agents,
to destroy them
What are the primary functions of B cells?
Provide humoral immune
response in which B cells
interact indirectly, producing
antibodies that destroy the
antigens or antigen-bearing
agents
A lymphocyte has to be _____ before it can respond to presence of an antigen
Activated
__________ requires that antigenic fragments be attached to antigen-
presenting cell (APC, accessory cell)
T cell activation
T cell activation requires that antigenic fragments be attached to an ___________
Antigen-presenting cell (APC, accessory cell)
APC phagocytizes antigen, digests it, and displays antigenic fragments on its own cell membrane, bound to protein that is part of the _____________ or human leukocyte antigens (HLA)
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
When specific T cell encounters an APC displaying antigenic fragments bound to
MHC proteins, it can now recognize antigen as foreign
Foreign
When specific T cell encounters an APC displaying antigenic fragments bound to
MHC proteins, it can now recognize antigen as foreign. T cell is now ______
Activated
T cells can secrete polypeptides called _______, which enhance some cellular
responses to antigens
Cytokines
What are the types of specialized T cells?
Helper T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Memory T cells
Specialized T cells called _________ Activate other cells; stimulates B cells to produce antibodies
Helper T cells
Specialized T cells called ___________ Attack virally infected or cancerous cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Specialized T cells called __________ provide future immune protection
Memory T cells
What are the four types of cytokines?
Colony-stimulating factors
Interferons
Interleukins
Tumor necrosis factor
Cytokines that Stimulate bone marrow to produce
lymphocytes
Colony-stimulating factors
Cytokines that Block viral replication, stimulate
macrophages to engulf viruses, stimulate
B cells to produce antibodies, attack
cancer cells
Interferons
Cytokines that Control lymphocyte differentiation and
proliferation
Interleukins
cytokine that Stops tumor growth, releases growth
factors, causes fever that accompanies
bacterial infection, stimulates lymphocyte
differentiation
Tumor necrosis factor
B cells can be _______ when an antigen fits the shape of their
receptors, and binds to them
Activated
Further B cell activation requires ________ from T cells
Cytokines
Once proper cytokines are released from Helper T cells, B cells
respond by _________, enlarging clone of identical cells
Proliferating
Some new B cells become ________, which provide
future immunity
Memory B cells
Other new B cells differentiate into _______, which produce
and secrete large globular proteins called antibodies or
immunoglobulins
Plasma cells
Other new B cells differentiate into plasma cells, which produce
and secrete large globular proteins called ______ or ________
Antibodies; immunoglobulins
Since antibodies are carried by the blood (a body fluid) to the
infection site, this type of response is called the humoral immune
response, or the ______________
Antibody-mediated immune response
Antibodies are _____ proteins
Globular
Antibodies Make up the __________ fraction of plasma proteins
Gama globulin
Antibodies are also called
Immunoglobulins
Antibodies are ___-shaped proteins, composed of 4 amino acid chains: 2 heavy
and 2 light chains
Y
Antibodies are y-shaped proteins, composed of 4 amino acid chains: 2 ____
and 2 ____ chains
Heavy; light
Each type of antibody has unique ________ sequence and
conformation, making it specific for its antigen
Amino acid
What are the 5 major types of antibodies or immunoglobulins?
IgG
IgA
IgM
IgD
IgE
Which type of antibody makes up 80% of antibodies; act on bacteria, viruses, toxins
IgG
Which type of antibody makes up 13% of antibodies; found in exocrine gland secretions
IgA
Which type of antibody makes up 6% of antibodies; act on antigens in foods and bacteria
IgM
Which type of antibody makes up <1% of antibodies; found on B cell surfaces, common in infants
IgD
Which type of antibody makes up <1% of antibodies; found in exocrine gland secretions
IgE
Where does IgG occur?
Plasma and tissue fluid
What are the major functions of IgG?
Defends against bacteria, viruses,
and toxins; activates complement
Which immunoglobulin occurs in plasma and tissue fluid?
IgG
Which immunoglobulin Defends against bacteria, viruses,
and toxins; activates complement
IgG
Where does IgA occur?
Exocrine gland secretions
