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A&P II > A&P Exam II > Flashcards

A&P Exam II Flashcards

1
Q

The cardiovascular system consists of the _____ and ______

A

Heart; blood vessels

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2
Q

_____ is a hollow, cone-shaped muscular pump.

A

Heart

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3
Q

Heart is a hollow, cone-shaped muscular ______

A

Pump

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4
Q

The heart generates force to transport ______, _______ and ______ through the body

A

respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes

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5
Q

Blood vessels transport ____ throughout the body

A

Blood

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6
Q

What do blood vessels transport throughout the body?

A

Blood

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7
Q

Arteries transport blood ____ from the heart

A

Away

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8
Q

____ transport blood away from the heart

A

Arteries

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9
Q

____ transport blood toward the heart

A

Veins

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10
Q

Veins transport blood _____ the heart

A

Toward

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11
Q

_____ transport blood between arteries and veins, and perform nutrient, gas, and waste exchange

A

Capillaries

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12
Q

Capillaries transport blood between _____ and _______

A

Arteries and veins

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13
Q

Capillaries transport blood between arteries and veins, and perform ____, ____, and _____ exchange

A

Nutrient; gas; waste

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14
Q

How many closed circuits are included in the cardiovascular system?

A

Two

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15
Q

The two closed circuits in the cardiovascular system are also called

A

Pathways

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16
Q

What are the two closed circuits of the cardiovascular system?

A

Pulmonary and systemic circuit

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17
Q

The ______ circuit carries oxygen-poor blood from heart to lungs, drops off carbon dioxide, picks up oxygen, flows back to heart

A

Pulmonary

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18
Q

The pulmonary circuit carries oxygen-______ blood from heart to lungs, drops off carbon dioxide, picks up oxygen, flows back to heart

A

Poor

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19
Q

The pulmonary circuit carries oxygen-poor blood from heart to _____

A

Lungs

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20
Q

The pulmonary circuit drops off ______ and picks up _______

A

Carbon dioxide; oxygen

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21
Q

The pulmonary circuit transports blood back to the _____

A

Heart

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22
Q

The ______ circuit transports oxygen-rich blood and nutrients to body cells, removes wastes from cells, flows back to heart

A

Systemic

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23
Q

The systemic circuit transports oxygen-_____ blood and nutrients to body cells, removes waste from cells, flows back to heart

A

Rich

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24
Q

Which pulmonary circuit removes wastes from cells?

A

Systemic

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25
Q

Which pulmonary circuit flows blood back to the heart?

A

BOTH

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26
Q

Which side of the heart pumps to the pulmonary circuit?

A

Right

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27
Q

Which side of the heart pumps to systemic circuit?

A

Left

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28
Q

The ____ side of the heart pumps to the pulmonary circuit

A

Right

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29
Q

The _____ side of the heart pumps tot he systemic circuit

A

Left

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30
Q

The _____ side of the heart pumps to pulmonary circuit, blood returns to left side

A

Right

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31
Q

The right side of the heart pumps to the pulmonary circuit, blood returns to the ____ side

A

Left

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32
Q

The ____ side of the heart pumps to the systemic circuit, blood returns to right side

A

Left

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33
Q

The left side of the heart pumps to systemic circuit, blood returns to the ____ side

A

Right

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34
Q

The heart is about the size of a ____

A

Fist

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35
Q

The heart varies with?

A

Body size

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36
Q

The heart averages ___ cm long and __ cm wide

A

14; 9

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37
Q

The heart is located inside the ____ cavity

A

Thoracic

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38
Q

The heart is located inside the thoracic cavity, in the ______

A

Mediastinum

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39
Q

The heart is located behind the ____

A

Sternum

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40
Q

The heart is located above the _____

A

Diaphragm

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41
Q

The heart is located near which other major organs?

A

Lungs

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42
Q

The broad ____ of the heart lies beneath the 2nd rib

A

Base

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43
Q

The broad base of the heart lies beneath which rib?

A

2nd

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44
Q

The pointed _____ of the heart lies at the 5th intercostal space

A

Apex

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45
Q

The pointed apex of the heart lies at the _____ intercostal space

A

5th

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46
Q

The heart contains a ____ pump

A

Double

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47
Q

The heart is divided into ____ and ____ halves

A

Left; right

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48
Q
A

Aorta

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49
Q
A

Apex of heart

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50
Q
A

Auricle of left atrium

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51
Q
A

Base of heart

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52
Q
A

Left ventricle

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53
Q
A

Pulmonary trunk

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54
Q
A

Right ventricle

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55
Q
A

1st Rib (costal bone)

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56
Q
A

2nd Rib (Costal bone)

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57
Q
A

3rd rib (costal bone)

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58
Q
A

4th rib (costal bone)

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59
Q
A

5th rib (costal bone)

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60
Q
A

Apex of heart

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61
Q
A

Base of heart

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62
Q
A

Diaphragm

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63
Q
A

Heart

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64
Q
A

Sternum

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65
Q

Covering over the heart and proximal ends of large blood vessels

A

Pericardium (pericardial sac)

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66
Q

The pericardium (pericardial sac) is the covering over the _____ and proximal ends of large blood vessels

A

Heart

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67
Q

The pericardium (pericardial sac) covers over the heart and ______

A

Proximal ends of large blood vessels

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68
Q

What are the portions of the pericardium?

A

Fibrous pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Visceral pericardium
Pericardial cavity

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69
Q

The ____ pericardium is the tough outer layer that surrounds the double-layered serous membrane

A

Fibrous

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70
Q

What portion of the pericardium is the tough outer layer?

A

Fibrous

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71
Q

Which portion of the pericardium surrounds the double-layered serous membrane?

A

Fibrous

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72
Q

Which double-layered membrane does the fibrous pericardium surround?

A

Serous

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73
Q

Which portion of the pericardium is deep to fibrous pericardium; outer layer of serous membrane

A

Parietal pericardium

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74
Q

Which portion of the pericardium is deep to the fibrous pericardium?

A

Parietal

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75
Q

Which portion of the pericardium is the outer layer of the serous membrane?

A

Parietal pericardium

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76
Q

The _____ pericardium is the inner layer of the serous membrane; attached to surface of heart; also called the epidcardium

A

Visceral

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77
Q

Which portion of the pericardium is the inner layer of the serous membrane?

A

Visceral

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78
Q

Which portion of the pericardium is attached to the surface of the heart?

A

Visceral pericardium

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79
Q

Which portion of the pericardium is also called the epicardium?

A

Visceral pericardium

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80
Q

Which portion of the pericardium is the space between the visceral and parietal layers of serous pericardium?

A

Pericardial cavity

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81
Q

What is the space between the visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium called?

A

Pericardial cavity

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82
Q
A

Anterior inverventricular sulcus

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83
Q
A

Aorta

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84
Q
A

Cut edge of fibrous pericardium

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85
Q
A

Cut edge of parietal pericardium

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86
Q
A

Diaphragm

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87
Q
A

Fibrous pericardium

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88
Q
A

Heart (covered by visceral pericardium)

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89
Q
A

Left auricle

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90
Q
A

Left lung

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91
Q
A

Left ventricle

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92
Q
A

Myocardium

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93
Q
A

Parietal pericardium

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94
Q
A

Pericardial cavity

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95
Q
A

Pericardial cavity

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96
Q
A

Pulmonary trunk

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97
Q
A

Right atrium

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98
Q
A

Right lung

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99
Q
A

Right ventricle

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100
Q
A

Superior vena cava

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101
Q
A

Visceral pericardium

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102
Q

What are the 3 distinct layers of the heart wall?

A

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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103
Q

The ______ is the outer layer of the heart wall, thin (is a serous membrane)

A

Epicardium

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104
Q

The epicardium is the ____ layer of the heart

A

Outer

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105
Q

The epicardium is thin, (is a _____ membrane)

A

Serous

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106
Q

The epicardium is also called the ______

A

Visceral pericardium

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107
Q

The _____ layer of the heart wall reduces friction

A

Epicardium

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108
Q

The ______ is the middle, thickest layer of the heart wall

A

Myocardium

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109
Q

The myocardium is the ____ layer of the heart wall

A

Middle

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110
Q

The myocardium is the ______ layer of the heart wall

A

Thickest

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111
Q

The myocardium (middle layer of the heart wall) is composed of _______ tissue

A

Cardiac muscle

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112
Q

The _______ is the inner layer of the heart wall, thin (is made of epithelium and connective tissue)

A

Endocardium

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113
Q

The endocardium is the _____ layer of the heart wall

A

Inner

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114
Q

The endocardium is very _____, (made of epithelium and connective tissue)

A

thin

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115
Q

The endocardium is made of what two types of tissues?

A

Epithelium, connective

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116
Q

The _____ Forms inner lining of all heart chambers

A

Endocardium

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117
Q

What layer of the heart wall forms the inner lining of all heart chambers?

A

Endocardium

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118
Q
A

Coronary blood vessels

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119
Q
A

Endocardium

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120
Q
A

Epicardium (visceral pericardium)

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121
Q
A

Fibrous pericardium

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122
Q
A

Myocardium

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123
Q
A

Parietal pericardium

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124
Q
A

Pericardial cavity

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125
Q

The _______ layer of the heart wall is a serous membrane of connective tissue covered with epithelium and includes blood and lymph capillaries and nerve fibers; adipose tissue around large blood vessels of the heart

A

Epicardium (visceral pericardium)

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126
Q

The epicardium (visceral pericardium) layer of the heart wall is a _____ membrane of connective tissue covered with epithelium and includes blood and lymph capillaries and nerve fibers; adipose tissue around large blood vessels of the heart

A

Serous

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127
Q

The epicardium (visceral pericardium) layer of the heart wall is a serous membrane of _______ covered with epithelium and includes blood and lymph capillaries and nerve fibers; adipose tissue around large blood vessels of the heart

A

Connective tissue

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128
Q

The epicardium (visceral pericardium) layer of the heart wall is a serous membrane of connective tissue covered with _______ and includes blood and lymph capillaries and nerve fibers; adipose tissue around large blood vessels of the heart

A

Epithelium

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129
Q

The epicardium (visceral pericardium) layer of the heart wall is a serous membrane of connective tissue covered with epithelium and includes _____ and lymph capillaries and nerve fibers; adipose tissue around large blood vessels of the heart

A

Blood

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130
Q

The epicardium (visceral pericardium) layer of the heart wall is a serous membrane of connective tissue covered with epithelium and includes blood and _______ and nerve fibers; adipose tissue around large blood vessels of the heart

A

Lymph capillaries

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131
Q

The epicardium (visceral pericardium) layer of the heart wall is a serous membrane of connective tissue covered with epithelium and includes blood and lymph capillaries and _____; adipose tissue around large blood vessels of the heart

A

Nerve fibers

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132
Q

The epicardium (visceral pericardium) layer of the heart wall is a serous membrane of connective tissue covered with epithelium and includes blood and lymph capillaries and nerve fibers; _____ tissue around large blood vessels of the heart

A

Adipose

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133
Q

The epicardium (visceral pericardium) layer of the heart wall is a serous membrane of connective tissue covered with epithelium and includes blood and lymph capillaries and nerve fibers; adipose tissue around ______ vessels of the heart

A

Large blood

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134
Q

What is the function of the epicardium (visceral pericardium)

A

Forms a protective outer covering; secretes serous fluid

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135
Q

Which layer of the heart wall forms a protective outer covering; secretes serous fluid

A

Epicardium (visceral pericardium)

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136
Q

The ______ layer of the heart is composed of cardiac muscle tissue separated by connective tissue and includes blood and lymph capillaries and nerve fibers

A

myocardium

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137
Q

The myocardiujm layer of the heart is composed of ________ tissue separated by connective tissue and includes blood and lymph capillaries and nerve fibers

A

Cardiac muscle

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138
Q

The myocardiujm layer of the heart is composed of cardiac muscle tissue separated by ________ tissue and includes blood and lymph capillaries and nerve fibers

A

Connective

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139
Q

The myocardiujm layer of the heart is composed of cardiac muscle tissue separated by connective tissue and includes ____ and lymph capillaries and nerve fibers

A

Blood

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140
Q

The myocardiujm layer of the heart is composed of cardiac muscle tissue separated by connective tissue and includes blood and _______ and nerve fibers

A

Lymph capillaries

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141
Q

The myocardiujm layer of the heart is composed of cardiac muscle tissue separated by connective tissue and includes blood and lymph capillaries and ______

A

Nerve fibers

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142
Q

What is the function of the myocardium?

A

Contracts to pump blood from the heart chambers

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143
Q

Which layer of the heart wall contracts to pump blood from the heart chambers?

A

Myocardium

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144
Q

The ________ layer of the heart wall has a membrane of epithelium and underlying connective tissue, and includes blood vessels and specialized fibers.

A

Endocardium

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145
Q

The endocardium layer of the heart wall has a membrane of _______ and underlying connective tissue, and includes blood vessels and specialized fibers.

A

Epithelium

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146
Q

The endocardium layer of the heart wall has a membrane of epithelium and underlying ______ tissue, and includes blood vessels and specialized fibers.

A

Connective

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147
Q

The endocardium layer of the heart wall has a membrane of epithelium and underlying connective tissue, and includes ________ and specialized fibers.

A

Blood vessels

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148
Q

The endocardium layer of the heart wall has a membrane of epithelium and underlying connective tissue, and includes blood vessels and __________

A

Specialized fibers

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149
Q

How many chambers are there in the heart?

A

Four

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150
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A

Two atria and two ventricles

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151
Q

The two ____ heart chambers are thin-walled upper chambers; receive blood returning to heart

A

Atria

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152
Q

The two atria are _____-walled upper chambers; receive blood returning to heart.

A

Thin

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153
Q

The two atria are thin-walled ____ chambers; receive blood returning to heart.

A

Upper

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154
Q

The two atria are thin-walled upper chambers; receive ____ returning to heart.

A

Blood

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155
Q

The two atria are thin-walled upper chambers; receive blood returning to ____.

A

Heart

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156
Q

Flap-like projections from atria, which allow atrial expansion

A

Auricles

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157
Q

The two _____ are thick-walled lower chambers of the heart; pump blood into arteries.

A

Ventricles

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158
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle.

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159
Q

The ________ receives blood returning from systemic circuit (from the superior and inferior vena cavae and coronary sinus) and pumps blood to the right ventricle.

A

Right atrium

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160
Q

The ______ receives blood from the right atrium; pumps blood to lungs

A

Right ventricle

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161
Q

The ______ receives blood from the pulmonary veins; pumps blood to the left ventricle

A

Left atrium

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162
Q

The ________ receives blood from the left atrium, pumps blood to systemic circuit

A

Left ventricle

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163
Q

What chamber of the heart receives blood returning from the systemic circuit?

A

Right atrium

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164
Q

What chamber of the heart pumps blood to the right ventricle?

A

Right atrium

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165
Q

What chamber of the heart receives blood from the right atrium?

A

Right ventricle

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166
Q

What chamber of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?

A

Right ventricle

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167
Q

What chamber of the heart receives blood from the pulmonary veins?

A

Left atrium

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168
Q

What chamber of the heart pumps blood to the left ventricle?

A

Left atrium

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169
Q

What chamber of the heart receives blood from the left atrium?

A

Left ventricle

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170
Q

What chamber of the heart pumps blood to systemic circuit

A

Left ventricle

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171
Q

Heart valves are located between?

A

Atria and ventricles, between the ventricles, and between the aorta and pulmonary trunk

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172
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve located?

A

In the right atrioventricular orifice

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173
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve located?

A

Entrance to the pulmonary trunk

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174
Q

Where is the mitral valve located?

A

Left atrioventricular orifice

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175
Q

Where is the aortic valve located?

A

Entrance to the aorta

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176
Q

What valve is located at the right atrioventricular orifice?

A

Tricuspid valve

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177
Q

What valve is located at the entrance to the pulmonary trunk?

A

Pulmonary valve

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178
Q

What valve is located at the left atrioventricular orifice?

A

Mitral valve

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179
Q

What valve is located at the entrance to the aorta?

A

Aortic valve

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180
Q

What is the function of the tricuspid valve?

A

Prevents blood from moving from the right ventricle into the right atrium during ventricular contraction

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181
Q

Which valve functions to prevent blood from moving from the right ventricle into the right atrium during ventricular contraction?

A

Tricuspid valve

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182
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary valve?

A

Prevents blood from moving from the pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle during ventricular relaxation

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183
Q

Which valve functions to prevent blood from moving from the pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle during ventricular relaxation?

A

Pulmonary valve

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184
Q

What is the function of the mitral valve?

A

Prevents blood from moving from the left ventricle into the left atrium during ventricular contraction

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185
Q

Which valve functions to prevent blood from moving from the left ventricle into the left atrium during ventricular contraction?

A

Mitral valve

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186
Q

What is the function of the aortic valve?

A

Prevents blood from moving from the aorta into the left ventricle during ventricular relaxation?

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187
Q

Rings of ________ surround origins of pulmonary trunk and aorta, and orifices between atria and ventricles

A

Dense connective tissue

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188
Q

What provides attachments for the heart valves and muscle fibers?

A

Rings of dense connective tissue

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189
Q

What prevents excess dilation of heart chambers during contraction?

A

Rings of dense connective tissue

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190
Q

Rings of dense connective tissue, along with other fibrous masses in the interventricular septum, make up the _______

A

Cardiac skeleton

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191
Q

The word for contraction when it comes to the heart

A

Systole

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192
Q

The word for relaxation when it comes to the heart

A

Diastole

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193
Q

Oxygen-poor blood from venae cavae and coronary sinus enter the ______

A

Right atrium

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194
Q

Blood flows from the right atrium, through the _____, into the right ventricle

A

Tricuspid valve

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195
Q

Blood flows from the right atrium, through the tricuspid valve, into the _______

A

Right ventricle

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196
Q

The right atrium contracts (_______), sending remaining blood into right ventricle

A

Systole

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197
Q

The right atrium contracts, sending remaining blood into _______

A

Right ventricle

198
Q

The right ventricle contracts (_______)

A

Systole

199
Q

The tricuspid valve closes the ________

A

Right atrioventricular orifice

200
Q

What is the hole between the right atrium and right ventricle?

A

Right atrioventricular orifice

201
Q

As pressure rises in the right ventricle, the ______ valve opens

A

Pulmonary semilunar

202
Q

After pressure rises in the right ventricle and opens the pulmonary semilunar valve, blood flows into the _________

A

Pulmonary trunk

203
Q

After blood flows into the pulmonary trunk, it flows to the _____

A

Lungs

204
Q

When blood flows into the lungs, it drops off ________ and picks up oxygen

A

Carbon dioxide

205
Q

When blood flows into the lungs, it drops off carbon dioxide and picks up _______

A

Oxygen

206
Q

After blood flows to the lungs, it returns to the ______ via the pulmonary veins

A

Left atrium

207
Q

After blood flows to the lungs, it returns to the left atrium via the?

A

Pulmonary veins

208
Q

Blood flows from the left atrium, through the ______, into the left ventricle

A

Mitral valve

209
Q

Blood flows from the left atrium, through the mitral valve, into the ________

A

Left ventricle

210
Q

When the left atrium contracts, it sends remaining blood into the ______

A

Left ventricle

211
Q

Once blood flows into the left ventricle, it ______

A

Contracts

212
Q

When the left ventricle contracts, the mitral valve closes the what?

A

Left atrioventricular orifice

213
Q

What is the hole between the left atrium and left ventricle?

A

Left atrioventricular orifice

214
Q

As pressure rises in the left ventricle, what valve opens?

A

Aortic semilunar valve

215
Q

After the aortic semilunar valve opens, blood flows into the ____, transporting oxygen-rich blood to body cells

A

Aorta

216
Q

What arteries supply blood to tissues of the heart?

A

Left and right coronary arteries

217
Q

What are the first two branches of the aorta?

A

The coronary arteries

218
Q

What are the branches of the right coronary artery?

A

Posterior interventricular artery and right marginal branch

219
Q

Which artery supplies the posterior ventricles?

A

Posterior interventricular artery

220
Q

What supplies the right atrium and ventricle?

A

Right marginal branch

221
Q

What are the branches of the left coronary artery?

A

Circumflex branch and anterior interventricular (left anterior descending) artery

222
Q

Which branch of the left coronary artery supplies the left atrium and ventricle?

A

Circumflex branch

223
Q

Which branch of the left coronary artery supplies the walls of the ventricles?

A

Anterior interventricular (left anterior descending) artery

224
Q

What drains blood from the myocardium?

A

Cardiac veins

225
Q

Paths of veins lie nearly _____ to those of coronary arteries

A

Parallel

226
Q

Enlarged vein into which other cardiac veins drain; drains right into right atrium

A

Coronary sinus

227
Q

Where does the coronary sinus drain?

A

Into the right atrium

228
Q

What two arteries does the aorta supply?

A

Right and left coronary arteries

229
Q

What does the right coronary artery supply?

A

Posterior interventricular artery and the right marginal branch

230
Q

What does the left coronary artery supply?

A

The circumflex branch and the anterior interventricular artery

231
Q

What does the posterior interventricular artery supply?

A

Myocardial capillaries in ventricular walls

232
Q

What does the right marginal branch supply?

A

Myocardial capillaries in walls of right atrium and right ventricle

233
Q

What does the circumflex branch supply?

A

Myocardial capillaries in walls of left atrium and left ventricle

234
Q

What does the anterior interventricular artery supply?

A

myocardial capillaries in ventricular walls

235
Q

The aorta supplies the coronary arteries which supplies the _______, then the ______, and finally the ______

A

Cardiac veins, coronary sinus, right atrium

236
Q

Contraction of a heart chamber

A

Systole

237
Q

Relaxation of a heart chamber

A

Diastole

238
Q

The heart chambers function in a regulated, _____ manner

A

Coordinated

239
Q

The events that occur during a heartbeat are known as the

A

Cardiac cycle

240
Q

Atrial contraction is also called?

A

Atrial systole

241
Q

Ventricles relaxing is also called

A

Ventricular diastole

242
Q

Ventricles contracting is also called

A

Ventricular systole

243
Q

Atria relaxing is also called

A

Atrial diastole

244
Q

At the end of the cardiac cycle, both chambers _____ briefly

A

Relax

245
Q

Replacement of most of a failing heart with a donor heart

A

Heart transplant

246
Q

Mechanical half-heart, used in some cases temporarily, until a donor heart is available.

A

Left ventricular assist device (LVAD)

247
Q

Titanium and plastic artificial heart, used in people that cannot have a heart transplant, and do not have long to live.

A

Implantable replacement heart

248
Q

Cardiac msucle tissue can now be cultured from altered somatic cells or from stem cells; may allow “stem cell heart patches” in the future

A

Stem cell technology

249
Q

cardiac muscle cells have one central _____, and form branching networks

A

Nucleus

250
Q

In cardiac muscle cells, ________ between cells contain desmosomes for structural support, and gap junctions to spread action potentials through a network of cells

A

Intercalated discs

251
Q

In cardiac muscle cells, Intercalated discs between cells contain _______ for structural support and gap junctions to spread action potentials through a network of cells

A

Desmosomes

252
Q

In cardiac muscle cells, intercalated discs between cells contain desmosomes for structural support, and _______ to spread action potentials through a network of cells

A

Gap junctions

253
Q

Specialized group of cardiac muscle cells, which initiate and distribute cardiac action potentials through myocardium

A

Cardiac conduction system

254
Q

Major components of the cardiac conduction system

A

SA (sinoatrial) node
Internodal atrial muscle
junctional fibers
AV (atrioventricular node)
AV (atrioventricular) bundle (of His)
Left and right bundle branches
Purkinje fibers

255
Q

Pacemaker; initiates/sets rhythmic contractions of the heart

A

SA (sinoatrial) node

256
Q

Conducts impulses from SA node to atria

A

Internodal atrial muscle

257
Q

Conducts impulses from SA node to AV node

A

Junctional fibers

258
Q

Conducts impulses to AV bundle; delays impulse, so that atria finish contracting before ventricles contract

A

AV (atrioventricular) node

259
Q

Conducts impulses rapidly between SA node and bundle branches

A

AV (atrioventricular) bundle (of His)

260
Q

Split off from AV bundle, conduct impulses to purkinje fibers on both sides of heart

A

Left and right bundle branches

261
Q

Large fibers that conduct impulses to ventricular myocardium; conduct impulses to apex first; whorled pattern of muscle in ventricles contract with twisting mostion

A

Purkinje fibers

262
Q

What is the path of cardiac impulse in order from SA node to ventricular cells?

A

SA node
Atrial syncytium
Junctional fibers
AV node
AV bundle
Bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
Ventricular syncytium

263
Q

What muscle network in the heart is considered whorled

A

The muscle of the ventricular walls

264
Q

What does ECG, EKG stand for?

A

Electrocardiogram

265
Q

A recording of electrical changes that occur in the myocardium during the cardiac cycle

A

Electrocardiogram (EKG)

266
Q

Why is an EKG used?

A

To assess the ability of the heart to conduct impulses

267
Q

What are the deflections in a normal EKG wave?

A

P wave, QRS complex, and T wave

268
Q

Atrial depolarization (which EKG wave)

A

P wave

269
Q

Which wave of an EKG occurs just prior to atrial contraction?

A

P wave

270
Q

How many waves is the QRS complex of an EKG?

A

Three

271
Q

Which EKG wave is ventricular depolarization?

A

QRS

272
Q

Which EKG wave occurs just prior to ventricular contraction?

A

QRS complex

273
Q

A record of what is hidden in the large QRS complex?

A

Atrial repolarizaiton

274
Q

Why is atrial repolarization hidden in the QRS complex?

A

Because ventricular depolarization is a much larger event

275
Q

What is the ventricular repolarization wave of an EKG?

A

T wave

276
Q

Which wave of an EKG occurs just prior to ventricular relaxation

A

T wave

277
Q

A heartbeat through a stethoscope sounds like

A

Lubb-dupp

278
Q

Sounds are due to closing of:

A

Heart valves

279
Q

Sounds are due to the closing of heart valves, and?

A

Vibrations associated with a sudden slowing of blood flow during contraction/relaxation of chambers.

280
Q

What is the first heart sound?

A

“Lubb,” S1

281
Q

What heart sound occurs during ventricular systole?

A

“Lubb” S1

282
Q

What heart sound is associated with the closing of the AV valves?

A

Lubb, S1

283
Q

What is the second heart sound?

A

Dupp, S2

284
Q

What heart sound occurs during ventricular diastole?

A

Dupp, S2

285
Q

What heart sound is associated with the closing of the pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves?

A

Dupp, S2

286
Q

Abnormal heart sound derived from incomplete closure of cusps of a valve

A

Murmur

287
Q

During a cardiac cycle, _____ in the heart chambers rises and falls

A

Pressure

288
Q

Pressure changes open and close the ____ of the heart

A

Valves

289
Q

Early in ventricular diastole, ventricular pressure is ____ than atrial pressure

A

Lower

290
Q

Early in ventricular diastole, atria and ventricles are _____

A

Relaxed

291
Q

Early in ventricular diastole, AV valves open, and _____ valves are closed

A

Semilunar

292
Q

Early in ventricular diastole, about ___% of blood flows passively from atria into ventricles due to gravity.

A

70

293
Q

During atrial systole and ventricular diastole, atria _____ and ventricles are _______

A

Contract; relaxed

294
Q

During atrial systole and ventricular diastole, the AV valves _____ and the semilunar valves _____

A

Open; close

295
Q

during atrial systole and ventricular diastole, Atrial systole pushes the remaining 30% of blood into the ventricles, causing ventricular pressure to ______

A

Increase

296
Q

When ventricular pressure rises about atrial pressure, Av valves _____

A

Close

297
Q

________ prevent the cusps of the valves from bulging too far backward into the atria

A

Chordae tendineae

298
Q

During ventricle systole and atrial diastole, atria _____

A

Relax

299
Q

During ventricular systole and atrial diastole, blood flows into the atria from the ______ and ________ veins

A

Venae cavae; pulmonary

300
Q

During ventricular systole and atrial diastole, ventricular pressure continues to increase, and opens the ________ valves

A

Semilunar

301
Q

During ventricular systole and atrial diastole, blood flows into the pulmonary ______ and aorta

A

Trunk

302
Q

Heart rate and volume of blood pumped change constantly to meet your body’s requirements and maintain _________

A

Homeostasis

303
Q

What performs neural regulation of the heart?

A

Cardiac center in the medulla oblongata

304
Q

What is the “pacemaker” of the heart?

A

SA node

305
Q

What normally controls the heart rate?

A

SA node

306
Q

Heart rate changes occur due to any factors that influence the ___ node

A

SA

307
Q

_______ and ______ fibers modify the heart rate. inresponse to changing conditions

A

Sympathetic; parasympathetic

308
Q

What are some changing conditions which could affect the heart rate?

A

Physical exercise, body temp, fight-or-flight response, concentrations of various ions, such as K+ and Ca+2

309
Q

Parasympathetic impulses that innervate the heart reach the heart via?

A

Vagus nerves

310
Q

Parasympathetic impulses that innervate the heart lower the SA note rate of 100 beats per minute to ?

A

60 to 80 beats per minute

311
Q

Parasympathetic impulses that innervate the heart decrease the heart rate, due to the influence on ___ and ____ nodes

A

SA; AV

312
Q

Sympathetic impulses that innervate the heart reach the heart on?

A

Accelerator nerves

313
Q

Sympathetic impulses that innervate the heart increase the heart rate, due to influence on ___ and ____ nodes

A

SA; AV

314
Q

Baroreceptor reflexes involve cardiac control center in ________

A

Medulla oblongata

315
Q

The cardiac control center in th emedulla oblongata contains a _______ center and a ______ center

A

Cardioinhibitor reflex; cardioaccelerator reflex

316
Q

________ balance inhibitory and excitatory effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers

A

Baroreceptor reflexes

317
Q

______ in aortic arch and carotid artery sinuses detect blood pressure

A

Baroreceptors

318
Q

Rising/increased ARTERIAL blood pressure stretches the _____ in the aortic arch (aorta) and carotid sinuses (carotid arteries)

A

Baroreceptors

319
Q

When ARTERIAL blood pressure increases, the baroreceptors send a signal to neurons in the _________ center in the medulla oblongata (brain)

A

Cardioinhibitory

320
Q

When high ARTERIAL blood pressure is detected, the _______ reflex lowers the heart rate and blood pressure

A

Parasympathetic cardioinhibitory

321
Q

Increase in VENOUS blood pressure stretches the ______ in the venae cavae near the right atrium.

A

Baroreceptors

322
Q

in response to high VENOUS blood pressure, the baroreceptors send a signal to neurons in the _______ center. inthe medulla oblongata

A

Cardioacceleratory

323
Q

In response to high VENOUS blood pressure, the ________ reflex increases the heart rate and force of contraction to lower the venous blood pressure

A

Sympathetic cardioaccelerator

324
Q

What are some “other” factors that affect the heart rate?

A

Impulses from the hypothalamus and cerebrum, body temp, levels of K+ and Ca+2

325
Q

Increased body temp equals what kind of heart rate?

A

Increased heart rate

326
Q

Decreased body temperature equals what kind. of heart rate?

A

Decreased heart rate

327
Q

Altered heart rhythms

A

Arrhythmias

328
Q

Uncoordinated, chaotic concentration of small areas of myocardium

A

Fibrillation

329
Q

Atrial fibrillation is not life-threatening, ventricular fibrillation is often _____

A

Fatal

330
Q

Which type of fibrillation is fatal?

A

Ventricular

331
Q

Abnormally fast heartbeat, more than 100 beats per minute at rest

A

Tachycardia

332
Q

Abnormally slow heartbeat, less than 60 beats per minute at rest

A

Bradycardia

333
Q

Rapid, regular contraction of a heart chamber, 250 to 350 beats per minute

A

Flutter

334
Q

Beat that occurs before expected in normal cardiac cycle

A

Premature beat

335
Q

A _____ beat often originates from ectopic regions of the heart (other than SA node)

A

Premature

336
Q

Damage to SA node may lead to AV node taking over, and acting as secondary pacemaker

A

Ectopic pacemaker

337
Q

Device used to treat disorders. of cardiac conduction system; implantable and battery-powered

A

Artificial pacemaker

338
Q

Organs of the cardiovascular system

A

Blood vessels

339
Q

Blood vessels form a _______, transporting blood from heart. tobody cells (or lungs) and back to the heart.

A

Closed circuit

340
Q

What are the 5 types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins

341
Q

Carry blood away from the ventricles of the heart

A

Arteries

342
Q

Receive blood from the arteries, and carry it to the capillaries

A

Arterioles

343
Q

Sites of exchange of substances between the blood and the body cells

A

Capillaries

344
Q

Receive blood from the capillaries, and conduct it to veins

A

Venules

345
Q

Receive blood from venules, and carry it back to the atria of the heart

A

Veins

346
Q

Formation of new blood vessels

A

Angiogenesis

347
Q

Angiogenesis is mainly controlled by?

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

348
Q

______ is regulated in the body, since excess, deficient, or inappropriate blood vessel
formation can cause common diseases

A

Angiogenesis

349
Q

Body secretes _____ in response to blocked coronary artery

A

VEGF

350
Q

If not sufficient, _____ may be able to be delivered in time-release capsules, or gene therapy, which delivers genes encoding VEGF to an area that lacks oxygen

A

VEGF

351
Q

Tumors secrete _____ to nourish themselves

A

VEGF

352
Q

_______ drugs are used to treat cancer and age-related macular degeneration

A

Antiangiogenesis

353
Q

What are the 5 types of blood vessels

A

Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins

354
Q

What is. thefunction of arteries?

A

To carry blood away from the heart

355
Q

Which blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?

A

Arteries

356
Q

What is the function of arterioles?

A

Receives blood from arteries, carries to veins

357
Q

which blood vessel receives blood from arteries, and carries it to the capillaries?

A

Arterioles

358
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

Thinnest blood vessels; site of exchange between blood and tissue

359
Q

Which blood vessel is the thinnest, and is the site. of exchange between blood and tissue?

A

Capillaries

360
Q

What is the function of the venules?

A

Receve blood from capillaries, carry to veins

361
Q

Which blood vessel receives blood from capillaries, carries to veins?

A

Venules

362
Q

Which blood vessel carries blood to the heart?

A

Veins

363
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

Carry blood to the heart

364
Q

Vasoconstriction increases or decreases blood pressure?

A

Increases

365
Q

Vasodilation increases or decreases blood pressure?

A

Decreases

366
Q

term for the growth of new vessels

A

Angiogenesis

367
Q

The protein responsible for blood vessel growth is

A

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)

368
Q

How many layers. are there to the walls of arteries, arterioles, veins, and venules

A

Three

369
Q

The innermost layer of arteries, arterioles, veins, and venules is the

A

Tunica interna

370
Q

What is the tunica interna made out of?

A

Endothelium

371
Q

The middle layer of arteries, arterioles, veins, and venules is the

A

Tunica media

372
Q

The outer layer of arteries, veins, arterioles and venules is the

A

Tunica Externa

373
Q

What is the tunica media made of?

A

Smooth muscle and elastic tissue

374
Q

What is the tunica externa made of?

A

Connective tissue

375
Q

Thickness of artery walls?

A

Thick, strong (muscle tissue)

376
Q

Thickness of vein walls?

A

Thin, non-elastic, less muscular than artery walls

377
Q

Thickness of tunica media in arteries?

A

Very thick

378
Q

Thickness of tunica media. inveins?

A

Much thinner than in arteries

379
Q

Blood pressure in arteries?

A

Blood flows under high pressure

380
Q

Blood pressure in veins

A

Blood flows under low pressure

381
Q

Lumen in arteries?

A

Narrow

382
Q

Lumen in veins?

A

Wide

383
Q

Valves in arteries?

A

Trick question; no valves

384
Q

Valves in veins?

A

Yes

385
Q

Capillaries only have one layer, the ?

A

capillary wall

386
Q

The capillary wall is made out of what?

A

Endothelium, specifically simple squamous epithelium

387
Q

How many types of capillaries are there?

A

Three

388
Q

What. arethe three types of capillaries?

A

Continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal

389
Q

Continuous capillaries have ____ openings

A

Small

390
Q

Fenestrated capillaries have _____ openings

A

Large

391
Q

Sinusoidal capillaries have the _____ openings

A

Largest

392
Q

Function of continuous capillaries

A

Connect arteries to veins

393
Q

Function of fenestrated capillaries

A

Move blood, fluids, and waste through your body

394
Q

Fenestrated capillaries are found in

A

Endocrine glands, kidneys and small intestines

395
Q

Continuous capillaries are found in

A

Muscle, connective, nervous tissue and skin

396
Q

Function of sinusoidal capillaries

A

Allow for the exchange of large molecules, even cells

397
Q

Where are sinusoidal capillaries found?

A

They are discontinuous and found in the liver, spleen, and red bone marrow

398
Q

As blood moves through arteries and capillaries to veins, blood pressure increases or decreases?

A

Decreases

399
Q

Unlike arteries, blood flow through the ____ does. notentirely depend on contraction of the heart.

A

Veins and venules

400
Q

On top of the heart, venous blood flow also depends on:

A

Skeletal muscle contraction, respiratory movements, and vasoconstriction of veins (venoconstriction)

401
Q

During breathing, what causes a fall in thoracic cavity pressure, helping blood flow up to the heart?

A

Inspiration, thoracic cavity enlargement

402
Q

When the walls of veins and venules contract and get smaller it is called?

A

Vasoconstriction

403
Q

When the walls of veins and venules get larger (dilate) it is called ?

A

Vasodilation

404
Q

How do veins act. asa blood reservoir?

A

Reserved blood can be mobilized to boost cardiac output and in turn systemic arterial pressure when physiological demands require so

405
Q

Blood pressure is ______, or fluid, pressure

A

Hydrostatic

406
Q

Blood pressure is hydrostatic, or fluid, pressure and normally refers to pressure in the _____

A

Systemic arteries

407
Q

Based on the universal law of diffusion, blood always moves from ______ pressure to ______ pressure

A

Higher; lower

408
Q

Blood pressure in the arteries ______ during ventricular systole

A

Increases

409
Q

Blood pressure in the arteries increases during ventricular systole (ventricles are ________).

A

Contracted

410
Q

Blood pressure in the arteries increases during ventricular systole (ventricles. arecontracted). This pressure is referred to as _______ presssure (SP in blood pressure measurement.

A

Arterial systolic

411
Q

Blood pressure in the arteries ______ during ventricular diastole

A

Decreases

412
Q

Blood pressure decreases during ventricular diastole (ventricles are _______)

A

Relaxed

413
Q

Blood pressure in the arteries decreases during ventricular diastole (ventricles are relaxed). This pressure is referred to as ______ pressure (DP). ina blood pressure measurement.

A

Arterial diastolic

414
Q

Blood pressure cuff is also called a

A

Sphygmomanometer

415
Q

Which artery does the sphygmomanometer constrict blood flow?

A

Brachial artery

416
Q

When taking blood pressure, the first sound heard is the ______ pressure and the second sound heard was the _______

A

Systolic; diastolic

417
Q

Blood pressure readings are always stated as fractions, with the _____ pressure. asthe top number and the ______ pressure as the bottom number

A

Systolic; diastolic

418
Q

Blood pressure readings are always stated. asfractions, with the _____ pressure as the top number. andthe _____ pressure as the bottom number.

A

Systolic; diastolic

419
Q

Blood pressure is recorded with an instrument called a

A

Sphygmomanometer

420
Q

What are the units used when recording blood pressure?

A

mm Hg (mm mercury)

421
Q

What is Hg?

A

Mercury

422
Q

Pulse pressure is abbreviated?

A

PP

423
Q

Pulse pressure is the difference between ______ and _______ pressure

A

Systolic; diastolic

424
Q

What is the formula to calculate pulse pressure?

A

SP-DP (SP/DP)

425
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure abbreviated?

A

MAP

426
Q

Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is the average blood pressure in the arterial system and is very important because this measurement represents the overall force pushing blood to the tissue (______)

A

Perfusion

427
Q

Why is MAP important?

A

It gives information about the overall force pushing blood to the tissues

428
Q

What is the formula to calculate MAP?

A

(DP + 1/3 PP)

429
Q

Blood pressure _____ the further away the blood gets from the left ventricle

A

Decreases

430
Q

What are the five main factors that influence blood pressure?

A

Blood volume increases, heart rate increases, stroke volume increases, blood viscosity increases, peripheral resistance increases

431
Q

_____ (SV) is the amount of blood entering the arteries during ventricular systole

A

Stroke volume

432
Q

The normal amount of blood entering the arteries during ventricular systole is ___ mL/beat

A

70

433
Q

SV is calculated by subtracting the volume of blood left behind in the ventricle after systole (end _____ volume, abbreviated ESV) from the total volume of blood from the ventricle contained before systole started, the end of ventricular diastole (end ______ volume, abbreviated EDV).

A

Systolic; diastolic

434
Q

What is the formula for calculating SV?

A

SV = EDV - ESV

435
Q

The unit “beat” refers to a single ____ cycle

A

cardiac

436
Q

______ (CO) is the amount of blood leaving a ventricle each minute

A

Cardiac output

437
Q

What are the units of calculating CO?

A

SV and HR

438
Q

What is the formula for CO?

A

CO = SV X HR

439
Q

Blood volume has a direct effect on blood _______

A

Pressure

440
Q

When blood volume decreases, blood pressure ________

A

Decreases

441
Q

When blood volume increases, blood pressure _________

A

Increases

442
Q

If a patient loses a lot of blood, this will ______ blood volume and _______ blood pressure

A

Decrease; decrease

443
Q

If. apatient gains water their blood pressure will _______, because their blood volume ______

A

Decrease; decreased

444
Q

What are three hormones that cause your kidneys to retain/reabsorb water into the blood stream?

A

Aldosterone, ADH, ANP

445
Q

What are two hormones that cause your kidneys to excrete Na+ into urine, therefore causing water to also leave your blood as it follows the Na+?

A

Aldosterone. and ANP

446
Q

What is the effect of aldosterone and ANP on blood pressure?

A

Increases blood pressure by increasing blood volume

447
Q

Friction between the walls of blood vessels is called _____________. This has an inverse effect on blood pressure

A

Peripheral resistance

448
Q

When the lumen of the artery INCREASES in diameter/radius (called vasodilation), peripheral resistance _______ which causes a ______ in blood pressure

A

Decrease; decrease

449
Q

When the lumen of an artery DECREASES in diameter/radius (called vasoconstriction), peripheral resistance _______, and causes an _____ in blood pressure.

A

Increases, increase

450
Q

The brain region that regulates any increases or decreases in blood vessel diameter. iscalled the ______ center and is located in the brain region named the ______

A

Vasomotor; Medulla oblongata

451
Q

Viscosity (thickness of a fluid) increases with more molecules and decreases with less molecules. When viscosity gets _______, there is greater resistance to the flow of blood which causes blood pressure to increase

A

Higher

452
Q

When viscosity gets _____ there is less resistance to the flow of blood which causes blood pressure to decrease

A

Lower

453
Q

Viscosity in blood is caused by the presence or absence of ______ and ______

A

Blood cells; plasma proteins

454
Q

Blood pressure is maintained and controlled by ___ and ___

A

CO; PR

455
Q

Anything that affects CO or PR will also effect ____

A

BP

456
Q

ANYTHING affecting EDV or ESV will affect __

A

SV

457
Q

Any change in SV will change ___

A

CO

458
Q

What are three factors affecting EDV and ESV?

A

Mechanical, neural, and chemical

459
Q

Cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and therefore blood pressure are also regulated by __________

A

Baroreceptor reflexes

460
Q

Sympathetic stimulation of the heart causes an ______ in SV

A

Increase

461
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation of the heart causes a ______ in SV

A

Decrease

462
Q

Why is hypertension called the silent killer?

A

It may or may not cause any direct symptoms

463
Q

What are the causes of hypertension?

A

Unknown cause, increased Na+ intake, psychological stress that activates the sympathetic nervous system, obesity, kidney disease

464
Q

What effect does hypertension have on afterload?

A

It increases afterload to the left ventricle

465
Q

If hypertension goes untreated, which chamber of the heart will have to work harder and will eventually become enlarged?

A

The right chambers

466
Q

Why does a weakly beating heart cause peripheral edema?

A

It increases central venous pressure. An increase in central venous pressure causes blood to back up into the peripheral veins.

467
Q

How does exercise benefit the heart?

A

It increases pumping efficiency, blood volume, hemoglobin concentration, number of mitochondria

468
Q

What happens to the cardiovascular system as you age?

A

Cholesterol deposition in blood vessels, narrowed coronary arteries, heart may shrink slightly or enlarge due to disease, etc.

469
Q

The spreading of something more widely

A

Diffusion

470
Q

The vesicular transport of macromolecules from one side of a cell to the other

A

Transcytosis

471
Q

The taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole

A

Endocytosis

472
Q

a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.

A

Exocytosis

473
Q

a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane.

A

Osmosis

474
Q

swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in your body’s tissues.

A

Edema

475
Q

a disease of the arteries characterized by the deposition of plaques of fatty material on their inner walls.

A

Atherosclerosis

476
Q

an excessive localized enlargement of an artery caused by a weakening of the artery wall.

A

Aneurysm

477
Q

Inflammation of the walls of a vein

A

Phlebitis

478
Q

Twisted, enlarged veins

A

Varicose veins

479
Q

the stretch of myocardium or end-diastolic volume of the ventricles and most frequently refers to the volume in a ventricle just before the start of systole.

A

Preload

480
Q

the relative ability of the heart to eject a stroke volume (SV) at a given prevailing afterload (arterial pressure) and preload (end-diastolic volume; EDV).

A

Contractility

481
Q

the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), is the amount of ventricular stretch at the end of diastole.

A

Preload

482
Q

the stroke volume of the left ventricle will increase as the left ventricular volume increases due to the myocyte stretch causing a more forceful systolic contraction.

A

Frank-Starling law of the Heart

483
Q

Blood pressure that is higher than normal

A

Hypertension

484
Q

when blood clots block your blood vessels.

A

Thrombosis

485
Q

obstruction of an artery, typically by a clot of blood or an air bubble.

A

Embolism

486
Q

a stroke that lasts only a few minutes.

A

Transient ischemic attack

487
Q

Stroke caused by blood clots and broken blood vessels in the brain.

A

Cerebral vascular accident/stroke

488
Q

causing increased passing of urine.

A

Diuretic

489
Q

a medication that opposes the downstream effects of postganglionic nerve firing in effector organs innervated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS).

A

Sympathetic inhibitors

490
Q

Net filtration pressure formula (NFP)

A

NFP = CHP - BCOP

491
Q

If the NFP is. anegative number, fluid is moving _____ the capillary

A

Into

492
Q

If the NFP is a positive number, fluid is moving _____ the capillary

A

Out of

A&P II (11 decks)

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