A&P Exam II Flashcards
The cardiovascular system consists of the _____ and ______
Heart; blood vessels
_____ is a hollow, cone-shaped muscular pump.
Heart
Heart is a hollow, cone-shaped muscular ______
Pump
The heart generates force to transport ______, _______ and ______ through the body
respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes
Blood vessels transport ____ throughout the body
Blood
What do blood vessels transport throughout the body?
Blood
Arteries transport blood ____ from the heart
Away
____ transport blood away from the heart
Arteries
____ transport blood toward the heart
Veins
Veins transport blood _____ the heart
Toward
_____ transport blood between arteries and veins, and perform nutrient, gas, and waste exchange
Capillaries
Capillaries transport blood between _____ and _______
Arteries and veins
Capillaries transport blood between arteries and veins, and perform ____, ____, and _____ exchange
Nutrient; gas; waste
How many closed circuits are included in the cardiovascular system?
Two
The two closed circuits in the cardiovascular system are also called
Pathways
What are the two closed circuits of the cardiovascular system?
Pulmonary and systemic circuit
The ______ circuit carries oxygen-poor blood from heart to lungs, drops off carbon dioxide, picks up oxygen, flows back to heart
Pulmonary
The pulmonary circuit carries oxygen-______ blood from heart to lungs, drops off carbon dioxide, picks up oxygen, flows back to heart
Poor
The pulmonary circuit carries oxygen-poor blood from heart to _____
Lungs
The pulmonary circuit drops off ______ and picks up _______
Carbon dioxide; oxygen
The pulmonary circuit transports blood back to the _____
Heart
The ______ circuit transports oxygen-rich blood and nutrients to body cells, removes wastes from cells, flows back to heart
Systemic
The systemic circuit transports oxygen-_____ blood and nutrients to body cells, removes waste from cells, flows back to heart
Rich
Which pulmonary circuit removes wastes from cells?
Systemic
Which pulmonary circuit flows blood back to the heart?
BOTH
Which side of the heart pumps to the pulmonary circuit?
Right
Which side of the heart pumps to systemic circuit?
Left
The ____ side of the heart pumps to the pulmonary circuit
Right
The _____ side of the heart pumps tot he systemic circuit
Left
The _____ side of the heart pumps to pulmonary circuit, blood returns to left side
Right
The right side of the heart pumps to the pulmonary circuit, blood returns to the ____ side
Left
The ____ side of the heart pumps to the systemic circuit, blood returns to right side
Left
The left side of the heart pumps to systemic circuit, blood returns to the ____ side
Right
The heart is about the size of a ____
Fist
The heart varies with?
Body size
The heart averages ___ cm long and __ cm wide
14; 9
The heart is located inside the ____ cavity
Thoracic
The heart is located inside the thoracic cavity, in the ______
Mediastinum
The heart is located behind the ____
Sternum
The heart is located above the _____
Diaphragm
The heart is located near which other major organs?
Lungs
The broad ____ of the heart lies beneath the 2nd rib
Base
The broad base of the heart lies beneath which rib?
2nd
The pointed _____ of the heart lies at the 5th intercostal space
Apex
The pointed apex of the heart lies at the _____ intercostal space
5th
The heart contains a ____ pump
Double
The heart is divided into ____ and ____ halves
Left; right
Aorta
Apex of heart
Auricle of left atrium
Base of heart
Left ventricle
Pulmonary trunk
Right ventricle
1st Rib (costal bone)
2nd Rib (Costal bone)
3rd rib (costal bone)
4th rib (costal bone)
5th rib (costal bone)
Apex of heart
Base of heart
Diaphragm
Heart
Sternum
Covering over the heart and proximal ends of large blood vessels
Pericardium (pericardial sac)
The pericardium (pericardial sac) is the covering over the _____ and proximal ends of large blood vessels
Heart
The pericardium (pericardial sac) covers over the heart and ______
Proximal ends of large blood vessels
What are the portions of the pericardium?
Fibrous pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Visceral pericardium
Pericardial cavity
The ____ pericardium is the tough outer layer that surrounds the double-layered serous membrane
Fibrous
What portion of the pericardium is the tough outer layer?
Fibrous
Which portion of the pericardium surrounds the double-layered serous membrane?
Fibrous
Which double-layered membrane does the fibrous pericardium surround?
Serous
Which portion of the pericardium is deep to fibrous pericardium; outer layer of serous membrane
Parietal pericardium
Which portion of the pericardium is deep to the fibrous pericardium?
Parietal
Which portion of the pericardium is the outer layer of the serous membrane?
Parietal pericardium
The _____ pericardium is the inner layer of the serous membrane; attached to surface of heart; also called the epidcardium
Visceral
Which portion of the pericardium is the inner layer of the serous membrane?
Visceral
Which portion of the pericardium is attached to the surface of the heart?
Visceral pericardium
Which portion of the pericardium is also called the epicardium?
Visceral pericardium
Which portion of the pericardium is the space between the visceral and parietal layers of serous pericardium?
Pericardial cavity
What is the space between the visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium called?
Pericardial cavity
Anterior inverventricular sulcus
Aorta
Cut edge of fibrous pericardium
Cut edge of parietal pericardium
Diaphragm
Fibrous pericardium
Heart (covered by visceral pericardium)
Left auricle
Left lung
Left ventricle
Myocardium
Parietal pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Pericardial cavity
Pulmonary trunk
Right atrium
Right lung
Right ventricle
Superior vena cava
Visceral pericardium
What are the 3 distinct layers of the heart wall?
Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
The ______ is the outer layer of the heart wall, thin (is a serous membrane)
Epicardium
The epicardium is the ____ layer of the heart
Outer
The epicardium is thin, (is a _____ membrane)
Serous
The epicardium is also called the ______
Visceral pericardium
The _____ layer of the heart wall reduces friction
Epicardium
The ______ is the middle, thickest layer of the heart wall
Myocardium
The myocardium is the ____ layer of the heart wall
Middle
The myocardium is the ______ layer of the heart wall
Thickest
The myocardium (middle layer of the heart wall) is composed of _______ tissue
Cardiac muscle
The _______ is the inner layer of the heart wall, thin (is made of epithelium and connective tissue)
Endocardium
The endocardium is the _____ layer of the heart wall
Inner
The endocardium is very _____, (made of epithelium and connective tissue)
thin
The endocardium is made of what two types of tissues?
Epithelium, connective
The _____ Forms inner lining of all heart chambers
Endocardium
What layer of the heart wall forms the inner lining of all heart chambers?
Endocardium
Coronary blood vessels
Endocardium
Epicardium (visceral pericardium)
Fibrous pericardium
Myocardium
Parietal pericardium
Pericardial cavity
The _______ layer of the heart wall is a serous membrane of connective tissue covered with epithelium and includes blood and lymph capillaries and nerve fibers; adipose tissue around large blood vessels of the heart
Epicardium (visceral pericardium)
The epicardium (visceral pericardium) layer of the heart wall is a _____ membrane of connective tissue covered with epithelium and includes blood and lymph capillaries and nerve fibers; adipose tissue around large blood vessels of the heart
Serous
The epicardium (visceral pericardium) layer of the heart wall is a serous membrane of _______ covered with epithelium and includes blood and lymph capillaries and nerve fibers; adipose tissue around large blood vessels of the heart
Connective tissue
The epicardium (visceral pericardium) layer of the heart wall is a serous membrane of connective tissue covered with _______ and includes blood and lymph capillaries and nerve fibers; adipose tissue around large blood vessels of the heart
Epithelium
The epicardium (visceral pericardium) layer of the heart wall is a serous membrane of connective tissue covered with epithelium and includes _____ and lymph capillaries and nerve fibers; adipose tissue around large blood vessels of the heart
Blood
The epicardium (visceral pericardium) layer of the heart wall is a serous membrane of connective tissue covered with epithelium and includes blood and _______ and nerve fibers; adipose tissue around large blood vessels of the heart
Lymph capillaries
The epicardium (visceral pericardium) layer of the heart wall is a serous membrane of connective tissue covered with epithelium and includes blood and lymph capillaries and _____; adipose tissue around large blood vessels of the heart
Nerve fibers
The epicardium (visceral pericardium) layer of the heart wall is a serous membrane of connective tissue covered with epithelium and includes blood and lymph capillaries and nerve fibers; _____ tissue around large blood vessels of the heart
Adipose
The epicardium (visceral pericardium) layer of the heart wall is a serous membrane of connective tissue covered with epithelium and includes blood and lymph capillaries and nerve fibers; adipose tissue around ______ vessels of the heart
Large blood
What is the function of the epicardium (visceral pericardium)
Forms a protective outer covering; secretes serous fluid
Which layer of the heart wall forms a protective outer covering; secretes serous fluid
Epicardium (visceral pericardium)
The ______ layer of the heart is composed of cardiac muscle tissue separated by connective tissue and includes blood and lymph capillaries and nerve fibers
myocardium
The myocardiujm layer of the heart is composed of ________ tissue separated by connective tissue and includes blood and lymph capillaries and nerve fibers
Cardiac muscle
The myocardiujm layer of the heart is composed of cardiac muscle tissue separated by ________ tissue and includes blood and lymph capillaries and nerve fibers
Connective
The myocardiujm layer of the heart is composed of cardiac muscle tissue separated by connective tissue and includes ____ and lymph capillaries and nerve fibers
Blood
The myocardiujm layer of the heart is composed of cardiac muscle tissue separated by connective tissue and includes blood and _______ and nerve fibers
Lymph capillaries
The myocardiujm layer of the heart is composed of cardiac muscle tissue separated by connective tissue and includes blood and lymph capillaries and ______
Nerve fibers
What is the function of the myocardium?
Contracts to pump blood from the heart chambers
Which layer of the heart wall contracts to pump blood from the heart chambers?
Myocardium
The ________ layer of the heart wall has a membrane of epithelium and underlying connective tissue, and includes blood vessels and specialized fibers.
Endocardium
The endocardium layer of the heart wall has a membrane of _______ and underlying connective tissue, and includes blood vessels and specialized fibers.
Epithelium
The endocardium layer of the heart wall has a membrane of epithelium and underlying ______ tissue, and includes blood vessels and specialized fibers.
Connective
The endocardium layer of the heart wall has a membrane of epithelium and underlying connective tissue, and includes ________ and specialized fibers.
Blood vessels
The endocardium layer of the heart wall has a membrane of epithelium and underlying connective tissue, and includes blood vessels and __________
Specialized fibers
How many chambers are there in the heart?
Four
What are the four chambers of the heart?
Two atria and two ventricles
The two ____ heart chambers are thin-walled upper chambers; receive blood returning to heart
Atria
The two atria are _____-walled upper chambers; receive blood returning to heart.
Thin
The two atria are thin-walled ____ chambers; receive blood returning to heart.
Upper
The two atria are thin-walled upper chambers; receive ____ returning to heart.
Blood
The two atria are thin-walled upper chambers; receive blood returning to ____.
Heart
Flap-like projections from atria, which allow atrial expansion
Auricles
The two _____ are thick-walled lower chambers of the heart; pump blood into arteries.
Ventricles
What are the four chambers of the heart?
Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle.
The ________ receives blood returning from systemic circuit (from the superior and inferior vena cavae and coronary sinus) and pumps blood to the right ventricle.
Right atrium
The ______ receives blood from the right atrium; pumps blood to lungs
Right ventricle
The ______ receives blood from the pulmonary veins; pumps blood to the left ventricle
Left atrium
The ________ receives blood from the left atrium, pumps blood to systemic circuit
Left ventricle
What chamber of the heart receives blood returning from the systemic circuit?
Right atrium
What chamber of the heart pumps blood to the right ventricle?
Right atrium
What chamber of the heart receives blood from the right atrium?
Right ventricle
What chamber of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?
Right ventricle
What chamber of the heart receives blood from the pulmonary veins?
Left atrium
What chamber of the heart pumps blood to the left ventricle?
Left atrium
What chamber of the heart receives blood from the left atrium?
Left ventricle
What chamber of the heart pumps blood to systemic circuit
Left ventricle
Heart valves are located between?
Atria and ventricles, between the ventricles, and between the aorta and pulmonary trunk
Where is the tricuspid valve located?
In the right atrioventricular orifice
Where is the pulmonary valve located?
Entrance to the pulmonary trunk
Where is the mitral valve located?
Left atrioventricular orifice
Where is the aortic valve located?
Entrance to the aorta
What valve is located at the right atrioventricular orifice?
Tricuspid valve
What valve is located at the entrance to the pulmonary trunk?
Pulmonary valve
What valve is located at the left atrioventricular orifice?
Mitral valve
What valve is located at the entrance to the aorta?
Aortic valve
What is the function of the tricuspid valve?
Prevents blood from moving from the right ventricle into the right atrium during ventricular contraction
Which valve functions to prevent blood from moving from the right ventricle into the right atrium during ventricular contraction?
Tricuspid valve
What is the function of the pulmonary valve?
Prevents blood from moving from the pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle during ventricular relaxation
Which valve functions to prevent blood from moving from the pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle during ventricular relaxation?
Pulmonary valve
What is the function of the mitral valve?
Prevents blood from moving from the left ventricle into the left atrium during ventricular contraction
Which valve functions to prevent blood from moving from the left ventricle into the left atrium during ventricular contraction?
Mitral valve
What is the function of the aortic valve?
Prevents blood from moving from the aorta into the left ventricle during ventricular relaxation?
Rings of ________ surround origins of pulmonary trunk and aorta, and orifices between atria and ventricles
Dense connective tissue
What provides attachments for the heart valves and muscle fibers?
Rings of dense connective tissue
What prevents excess dilation of heart chambers during contraction?
Rings of dense connective tissue
Rings of dense connective tissue, along with other fibrous masses in the interventricular septum, make up the _______
Cardiac skeleton
The word for contraction when it comes to the heart
Systole
The word for relaxation when it comes to the heart
Diastole
Oxygen-poor blood from venae cavae and coronary sinus enter the ______
Right atrium
Blood flows from the right atrium, through the _____, into the right ventricle
Tricuspid valve
Blood flows from the right atrium, through the tricuspid valve, into the _______
Right ventricle
The right atrium contracts (_______), sending remaining blood into right ventricle
Systole
The right atrium contracts, sending remaining blood into _______
Right ventricle
The right ventricle contracts (_______)
Systole
The tricuspid valve closes the ________
Right atrioventricular orifice
What is the hole between the right atrium and right ventricle?
Right atrioventricular orifice
As pressure rises in the right ventricle, the ______ valve opens
Pulmonary semilunar
After pressure rises in the right ventricle and opens the pulmonary semilunar valve, blood flows into the _________
Pulmonary trunk
After blood flows into the pulmonary trunk, it flows to the _____
Lungs
When blood flows into the lungs, it drops off ________ and picks up oxygen
Carbon dioxide
When blood flows into the lungs, it drops off carbon dioxide and picks up _______
Oxygen
After blood flows to the lungs, it returns to the ______ via the pulmonary veins
Left atrium
After blood flows to the lungs, it returns to the left atrium via the?
Pulmonary veins
Blood flows from the left atrium, through the ______, into the left ventricle
Mitral valve
Blood flows from the left atrium, through the mitral valve, into the ________
Left ventricle
When the left atrium contracts, it sends remaining blood into the ______
Left ventricle
Once blood flows into the left ventricle, it ______
Contracts
When the left ventricle contracts, the mitral valve closes the what?
Left atrioventricular orifice
What is the hole between the left atrium and left ventricle?
Left atrioventricular orifice
As pressure rises in the left ventricle, what valve opens?
Aortic semilunar valve
After the aortic semilunar valve opens, blood flows into the ____, transporting oxygen-rich blood to body cells
Aorta
What arteries supply blood to tissues of the heart?
Left and right coronary arteries
What are the first two branches of the aorta?
The coronary arteries
What are the branches of the right coronary artery?
Posterior interventricular artery and right marginal branch
Which artery supplies the posterior ventricles?
Posterior interventricular artery
What supplies the right atrium and ventricle?
Right marginal branch
What are the branches of the left coronary artery?
Circumflex branch and anterior interventricular (left anterior descending) artery
Which branch of the left coronary artery supplies the left atrium and ventricle?
Circumflex branch
Which branch of the left coronary artery supplies the walls of the ventricles?
Anterior interventricular (left anterior descending) artery
What drains blood from the myocardium?
Cardiac veins
Paths of veins lie nearly _____ to those of coronary arteries
Parallel
Enlarged vein into which other cardiac veins drain; drains right into right atrium
Coronary sinus
Where does the coronary sinus drain?
Into the right atrium
What two arteries does the aorta supply?
Right and left coronary arteries
What does the right coronary artery supply?
Posterior interventricular artery and the right marginal branch
What does the left coronary artery supply?
The circumflex branch and the anterior interventricular artery
What does the posterior interventricular artery supply?
Myocardial capillaries in ventricular walls
What does the right marginal branch supply?
Myocardial capillaries in walls of right atrium and right ventricle
What does the circumflex branch supply?
Myocardial capillaries in walls of left atrium and left ventricle
What does the anterior interventricular artery supply?
myocardial capillaries in ventricular walls
The aorta supplies the coronary arteries which supplies the _______, then the ______, and finally the ______
Cardiac veins, coronary sinus, right atrium
Contraction of a heart chamber
Systole
Relaxation of a heart chamber
Diastole
The heart chambers function in a regulated, _____ manner
Coordinated
The events that occur during a heartbeat are known as the
Cardiac cycle
Atrial contraction is also called?
Atrial systole
Ventricles relaxing is also called
Ventricular diastole
Ventricles contracting is also called
Ventricular systole
Atria relaxing is also called
Atrial diastole
At the end of the cardiac cycle, both chambers _____ briefly
Relax
Replacement of most of a failing heart with a donor heart
Heart transplant
Mechanical half-heart, used in some cases temporarily, until a donor heart is available.
Left ventricular assist device (LVAD)
Titanium and plastic artificial heart, used in people that cannot have a heart transplant, and do not have long to live.
Implantable replacement heart
Cardiac msucle tissue can now be cultured from altered somatic cells or from stem cells; may allow “stem cell heart patches” in the future
Stem cell technology
cardiac muscle cells have one central _____, and form branching networks
Nucleus
In cardiac muscle cells, ________ between cells contain desmosomes for structural support, and gap junctions to spread action potentials through a network of cells
Intercalated discs
In cardiac muscle cells, Intercalated discs between cells contain _______ for structural support and gap junctions to spread action potentials through a network of cells
Desmosomes
In cardiac muscle cells, intercalated discs between cells contain desmosomes for structural support, and _______ to spread action potentials through a network of cells
Gap junctions
Specialized group of cardiac muscle cells, which initiate and distribute cardiac action potentials through myocardium
Cardiac conduction system
Major components of the cardiac conduction system
SA (sinoatrial) node
Internodal atrial muscle
junctional fibers
AV (atrioventricular node)
AV (atrioventricular) bundle (of His)
Left and right bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
Pacemaker; initiates/sets rhythmic contractions of the heart
SA (sinoatrial) node
Conducts impulses from SA node to atria
Internodal atrial muscle
Conducts impulses from SA node to AV node
Junctional fibers
Conducts impulses to AV bundle; delays impulse, so that atria finish contracting before ventricles contract
AV (atrioventricular) node
Conducts impulses rapidly between SA node and bundle branches
AV (atrioventricular) bundle (of His)
Split off from AV bundle, conduct impulses to purkinje fibers on both sides of heart
Left and right bundle branches
Large fibers that conduct impulses to ventricular myocardium; conduct impulses to apex first; whorled pattern of muscle in ventricles contract with twisting mostion
Purkinje fibers
What is the path of cardiac impulse in order from SA node to ventricular cells?
SA node
Atrial syncytium
Junctional fibers
AV node
AV bundle
Bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
Ventricular syncytium
What muscle network in the heart is considered whorled
The muscle of the ventricular walls
What does ECG, EKG stand for?
Electrocardiogram
A recording of electrical changes that occur in the myocardium during the cardiac cycle
Electrocardiogram (EKG)
Why is an EKG used?
To assess the ability of the heart to conduct impulses
What are the deflections in a normal EKG wave?
P wave, QRS complex, and T wave
Atrial depolarization (which EKG wave)
P wave
Which wave of an EKG occurs just prior to atrial contraction?
P wave
How many waves is the QRS complex of an EKG?
Three
Which EKG wave is ventricular depolarization?
QRS
Which EKG wave occurs just prior to ventricular contraction?
QRS complex
A record of what is hidden in the large QRS complex?
Atrial repolarizaiton
Why is atrial repolarization hidden in the QRS complex?
Because ventricular depolarization is a much larger event
What is the ventricular repolarization wave of an EKG?
T wave
Which wave of an EKG occurs just prior to ventricular relaxation
T wave
A heartbeat through a stethoscope sounds like
Lubb-dupp
Sounds are due to closing of:
Heart valves
Sounds are due to the closing of heart valves, and?
Vibrations associated with a sudden slowing of blood flow during contraction/relaxation of chambers.
What is the first heart sound?
“Lubb,” S1
What heart sound occurs during ventricular systole?
“Lubb” S1
What heart sound is associated with the closing of the AV valves?
Lubb, S1
What is the second heart sound?
Dupp, S2
What heart sound occurs during ventricular diastole?
Dupp, S2
What heart sound is associated with the closing of the pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves?
Dupp, S2
Abnormal heart sound derived from incomplete closure of cusps of a valve
Murmur
During a cardiac cycle, _____ in the heart chambers rises and falls
Pressure
Pressure changes open and close the ____ of the heart
Valves
Early in ventricular diastole, ventricular pressure is ____ than atrial pressure
Lower
Early in ventricular diastole, atria and ventricles are _____
Relaxed
Early in ventricular diastole, AV valves open, and _____ valves are closed
Semilunar
Early in ventricular diastole, about ___% of blood flows passively from atria into ventricles due to gravity.
70
During atrial systole and ventricular diastole, atria _____ and ventricles are _______
Contract; relaxed
During atrial systole and ventricular diastole, the AV valves _____ and the semilunar valves _____
Open; close
during atrial systole and ventricular diastole, Atrial systole pushes the remaining 30% of blood into the ventricles, causing ventricular pressure to ______
Increase
When ventricular pressure rises about atrial pressure, Av valves _____
Close
________ prevent the cusps of the valves from bulging too far backward into the atria
Chordae tendineae
During ventricle systole and atrial diastole, atria _____
Relax
During ventricular systole and atrial diastole, blood flows into the atria from the ______ and ________ veins
Venae cavae; pulmonary
During ventricular systole and atrial diastole, ventricular pressure continues to increase, and opens the ________ valves
Semilunar
During ventricular systole and atrial diastole, blood flows into the pulmonary ______ and aorta
Trunk
Heart rate and volume of blood pumped change constantly to meet your body’s requirements and maintain _________
Homeostasis
What performs neural regulation of the heart?
Cardiac center in the medulla oblongata
What is the “pacemaker” of the heart?
SA node
What normally controls the heart rate?
SA node
Heart rate changes occur due to any factors that influence the ___ node
SA
_______ and ______ fibers modify the heart rate. inresponse to changing conditions
Sympathetic; parasympathetic
What are some changing conditions which could affect the heart rate?
Physical exercise, body temp, fight-or-flight response, concentrations of various ions, such as K+ and Ca+2
Parasympathetic impulses that innervate the heart reach the heart via?
Vagus nerves
Parasympathetic impulses that innervate the heart lower the SA note rate of 100 beats per minute to ?
60 to 80 beats per minute
Parasympathetic impulses that innervate the heart decrease the heart rate, due to the influence on ___ and ____ nodes
SA; AV
Sympathetic impulses that innervate the heart reach the heart on?
Accelerator nerves
Sympathetic impulses that innervate the heart increase the heart rate, due to influence on ___ and ____ nodes
SA; AV
Baroreceptor reflexes involve cardiac control center in ________
Medulla oblongata
The cardiac control center in th emedulla oblongata contains a _______ center and a ______ center
Cardioinhibitor reflex; cardioaccelerator reflex
________ balance inhibitory and excitatory effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers
Baroreceptor reflexes
______ in aortic arch and carotid artery sinuses detect blood pressure
Baroreceptors
Rising/increased ARTERIAL blood pressure stretches the _____ in the aortic arch (aorta) and carotid sinuses (carotid arteries)
Baroreceptors
When ARTERIAL blood pressure increases, the baroreceptors send a signal to neurons in the _________ center in the medulla oblongata (brain)
Cardioinhibitory
When high ARTERIAL blood pressure is detected, the _______ reflex lowers the heart rate and blood pressure
Parasympathetic cardioinhibitory
Increase in VENOUS blood pressure stretches the ______ in the venae cavae near the right atrium.
Baroreceptors
in response to high VENOUS blood pressure, the baroreceptors send a signal to neurons in the _______ center. inthe medulla oblongata
Cardioacceleratory
In response to high VENOUS blood pressure, the ________ reflex increases the heart rate and force of contraction to lower the venous blood pressure
Sympathetic cardioaccelerator
What are some “other” factors that affect the heart rate?
Impulses from the hypothalamus and cerebrum, body temp, levels of K+ and Ca+2
Increased body temp equals what kind of heart rate?
Increased heart rate
Decreased body temperature equals what kind. of heart rate?
Decreased heart rate
Altered heart rhythms
Arrhythmias
Uncoordinated, chaotic concentration of small areas of myocardium
Fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation is not life-threatening, ventricular fibrillation is often _____
Fatal
Which type of fibrillation is fatal?
Ventricular
Abnormally fast heartbeat, more than 100 beats per minute at rest
Tachycardia
Abnormally slow heartbeat, less than 60 beats per minute at rest
Bradycardia
Rapid, regular contraction of a heart chamber, 250 to 350 beats per minute
Flutter
Beat that occurs before expected in normal cardiac cycle
Premature beat
A _____ beat often originates from ectopic regions of the heart (other than SA node)
Premature
Damage to SA node may lead to AV node taking over, and acting as secondary pacemaker
Ectopic pacemaker
Device used to treat disorders. of cardiac conduction system; implantable and battery-powered
Artificial pacemaker
Organs of the cardiovascular system
Blood vessels
Blood vessels form a _______, transporting blood from heart. tobody cells (or lungs) and back to the heart.
Closed circuit
What are the 5 types of blood vessels?
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
Carry blood away from the ventricles of the heart
Arteries
Receive blood from the arteries, and carry it to the capillaries
Arterioles
Sites of exchange of substances between the blood and the body cells
Capillaries
Receive blood from the capillaries, and conduct it to veins
Venules
Receive blood from venules, and carry it back to the atria of the heart
Veins
Formation of new blood vessels
Angiogenesis
Angiogenesis is mainly controlled by?
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
______ is regulated in the body, since excess, deficient, or inappropriate blood vessel
formation can cause common diseases
Angiogenesis
Body secretes _____ in response to blocked coronary artery
VEGF
If not sufficient, _____ may be able to be delivered in time-release capsules, or gene therapy, which delivers genes encoding VEGF to an area that lacks oxygen
VEGF
Tumors secrete _____ to nourish themselves
VEGF
_______ drugs are used to treat cancer and age-related macular degeneration
Antiangiogenesis
What are the 5 types of blood vessels
Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins
What is. thefunction of arteries?
To carry blood away from the heart
Which blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?
Arteries
What is the function of arterioles?
Receives blood from arteries, carries to veins
which blood vessel receives blood from arteries, and carries it to the capillaries?
Arterioles
What is the function of capillaries?
Thinnest blood vessels; site of exchange between blood and tissue
Which blood vessel is the thinnest, and is the site. of exchange between blood and tissue?
Capillaries
What is the function of the venules?
Receve blood from capillaries, carry to veins
Which blood vessel receives blood from capillaries, carries to veins?
Venules
Which blood vessel carries blood to the heart?
Veins
What is the function of veins?
Carry blood to the heart
Vasoconstriction increases or decreases blood pressure?
Increases
Vasodilation increases or decreases blood pressure?
Decreases
term for the growth of new vessels
Angiogenesis
The protein responsible for blood vessel growth is
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)
How many layers. are there to the walls of arteries, arterioles, veins, and venules
Three
The innermost layer of arteries, arterioles, veins, and venules is the
Tunica interna
What is the tunica interna made out of?
Endothelium
The middle layer of arteries, arterioles, veins, and venules is the
Tunica media
The outer layer of arteries, veins, arterioles and venules is the
Tunica Externa
What is the tunica media made of?
Smooth muscle and elastic tissue
What is the tunica externa made of?
Connective tissue
Thickness of artery walls?
Thick, strong (muscle tissue)
Thickness of vein walls?
Thin, non-elastic, less muscular than artery walls
Thickness of tunica media in arteries?
Very thick
Thickness of tunica media. inveins?
Much thinner than in arteries
Blood pressure in arteries?
Blood flows under high pressure
Blood pressure in veins
Blood flows under low pressure
Lumen in arteries?
Narrow
Lumen in veins?
Wide
Valves in arteries?
Trick question; no valves
Valves in veins?
Yes
Capillaries only have one layer, the ?
capillary wall
The capillary wall is made out of what?
Endothelium, specifically simple squamous epithelium
How many types of capillaries are there?
Three
What. arethe three types of capillaries?
Continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal
Continuous capillaries have ____ openings
Small
Fenestrated capillaries have _____ openings
Large
Sinusoidal capillaries have the _____ openings
Largest
Function of continuous capillaries
Connect arteries to veins
Function of fenestrated capillaries
Move blood, fluids, and waste through your body
Fenestrated capillaries are found in
Endocrine glands, kidneys and small intestines
Continuous capillaries are found in
Muscle, connective, nervous tissue and skin
Function of sinusoidal capillaries
Allow for the exchange of large molecules, even cells
Where are sinusoidal capillaries found?
They are discontinuous and found in the liver, spleen, and red bone marrow
As blood moves through arteries and capillaries to veins, blood pressure increases or decreases?
Decreases
Unlike arteries, blood flow through the ____ does. notentirely depend on contraction of the heart.
Veins and venules
On top of the heart, venous blood flow also depends on:
Skeletal muscle contraction, respiratory movements, and vasoconstriction of veins (venoconstriction)
During breathing, what causes a fall in thoracic cavity pressure, helping blood flow up to the heart?
Inspiration, thoracic cavity enlargement
When the walls of veins and venules contract and get smaller it is called?
Vasoconstriction
When the walls of veins and venules get larger (dilate) it is called ?
Vasodilation
How do veins act. asa blood reservoir?
Reserved blood can be mobilized to boost cardiac output and in turn systemic arterial pressure when physiological demands require so
Blood pressure is ______, or fluid, pressure
Hydrostatic
Blood pressure is hydrostatic, or fluid, pressure and normally refers to pressure in the _____
Systemic arteries
Based on the universal law of diffusion, blood always moves from ______ pressure to ______ pressure
Higher; lower
Blood pressure in the arteries ______ during ventricular systole
Increases
Blood pressure in the arteries increases during ventricular systole (ventricles are ________).
Contracted
Blood pressure in the arteries increases during ventricular systole (ventricles. arecontracted). This pressure is referred to as _______ presssure (SP in blood pressure measurement.
Arterial systolic
Blood pressure in the arteries ______ during ventricular diastole
Decreases
Blood pressure decreases during ventricular diastole (ventricles are _______)
Relaxed
Blood pressure in the arteries decreases during ventricular diastole (ventricles are relaxed). This pressure is referred to as ______ pressure (DP). ina blood pressure measurement.
Arterial diastolic
Blood pressure cuff is also called a
Sphygmomanometer
Which artery does the sphygmomanometer constrict blood flow?
Brachial artery
When taking blood pressure, the first sound heard is the ______ pressure and the second sound heard was the _______
Systolic; diastolic
Blood pressure readings are always stated as fractions, with the _____ pressure. asthe top number and the ______ pressure as the bottom number
Systolic; diastolic
Blood pressure readings are always stated. asfractions, with the _____ pressure as the top number. andthe _____ pressure as the bottom number.
Systolic; diastolic
Blood pressure is recorded with an instrument called a
Sphygmomanometer
What are the units used when recording blood pressure?
mm Hg (mm mercury)
What is Hg?
Mercury
Pulse pressure is abbreviated?
PP
Pulse pressure is the difference between ______ and _______ pressure
Systolic; diastolic
What is the formula to calculate pulse pressure?
SP-DP (SP/DP)
Mean Arterial Pressure abbreviated?
MAP
Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is the average blood pressure in the arterial system and is very important because this measurement represents the overall force pushing blood to the tissue (______)
Perfusion
Why is MAP important?
It gives information about the overall force pushing blood to the tissues
What is the formula to calculate MAP?
(DP + 1/3 PP)
Blood pressure _____ the further away the blood gets from the left ventricle
Decreases
What are the five main factors that influence blood pressure?
Blood volume increases, heart rate increases, stroke volume increases, blood viscosity increases, peripheral resistance increases
_____ (SV) is the amount of blood entering the arteries during ventricular systole
Stroke volume
The normal amount of blood entering the arteries during ventricular systole is ___ mL/beat
70
SV is calculated by subtracting the volume of blood left behind in the ventricle after systole (end _____ volume, abbreviated ESV) from the total volume of blood from the ventricle contained before systole started, the end of ventricular diastole (end ______ volume, abbreviated EDV).
Systolic; diastolic
What is the formula for calculating SV?
SV = EDV - ESV
The unit “beat” refers to a single ____ cycle
cardiac
______ (CO) is the amount of blood leaving a ventricle each minute
Cardiac output
What are the units of calculating CO?
SV and HR
What is the formula for CO?
CO = SV X HR
Blood volume has a direct effect on blood _______
Pressure
When blood volume decreases, blood pressure ________
Decreases
When blood volume increases, blood pressure _________
Increases
If a patient loses a lot of blood, this will ______ blood volume and _______ blood pressure
Decrease; decrease
If. apatient gains water their blood pressure will _______, because their blood volume ______
Decrease; decreased
What are three hormones that cause your kidneys to retain/reabsorb water into the blood stream?
Aldosterone, ADH, ANP
What are two hormones that cause your kidneys to excrete Na+ into urine, therefore causing water to also leave your blood as it follows the Na+?
Aldosterone. and ANP
What is the effect of aldosterone and ANP on blood pressure?
Increases blood pressure by increasing blood volume
Friction between the walls of blood vessels is called _____________. This has an inverse effect on blood pressure
Peripheral resistance
When the lumen of the artery INCREASES in diameter/radius (called vasodilation), peripheral resistance _______ which causes a ______ in blood pressure
Decrease; decrease
When the lumen of an artery DECREASES in diameter/radius (called vasoconstriction), peripheral resistance _______, and causes an _____ in blood pressure.
Increases, increase
The brain region that regulates any increases or decreases in blood vessel diameter. iscalled the ______ center and is located in the brain region named the ______
Vasomotor; Medulla oblongata
Viscosity (thickness of a fluid) increases with more molecules and decreases with less molecules. When viscosity gets _______, there is greater resistance to the flow of blood which causes blood pressure to increase
Higher
When viscosity gets _____ there is less resistance to the flow of blood which causes blood pressure to decrease
Lower
Viscosity in blood is caused by the presence or absence of ______ and ______
Blood cells; plasma proteins
Blood pressure is maintained and controlled by ___ and ___
CO; PR
Anything that affects CO or PR will also effect ____
BP
ANYTHING affecting EDV or ESV will affect __
SV
Any change in SV will change ___
CO
What are three factors affecting EDV and ESV?
Mechanical, neural, and chemical
Cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and therefore blood pressure are also regulated by __________
Baroreceptor reflexes
Sympathetic stimulation of the heart causes an ______ in SV
Increase
Parasympathetic stimulation of the heart causes a ______ in SV
Decrease
Why is hypertension called the silent killer?
It may or may not cause any direct symptoms
What are the causes of hypertension?
Unknown cause, increased Na+ intake, psychological stress that activates the sympathetic nervous system, obesity, kidney disease
What effect does hypertension have on afterload?
It increases afterload to the left ventricle
If hypertension goes untreated, which chamber of the heart will have to work harder and will eventually become enlarged?
The right chambers
Why does a weakly beating heart cause peripheral edema?
It increases central venous pressure. An increase in central venous pressure causes blood to back up into the peripheral veins.
How does exercise benefit the heart?
It increases pumping efficiency, blood volume, hemoglobin concentration, number of mitochondria
What happens to the cardiovascular system as you age?
Cholesterol deposition in blood vessels, narrowed coronary arteries, heart may shrink slightly or enlarge due to disease, etc.
The spreading of something more widely
Diffusion
The vesicular transport of macromolecules from one side of a cell to the other
Transcytosis
The taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole
Endocytosis
a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.
Exocytosis
a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane.
Osmosis
swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in your body’s tissues.
Edema
a disease of the arteries characterized by the deposition of plaques of fatty material on their inner walls.
Atherosclerosis
an excessive localized enlargement of an artery caused by a weakening of the artery wall.
Aneurysm
Inflammation of the walls of a vein
Phlebitis
Twisted, enlarged veins
Varicose veins
the stretch of myocardium or end-diastolic volume of the ventricles and most frequently refers to the volume in a ventricle just before the start of systole.
Preload
the relative ability of the heart to eject a stroke volume (SV) at a given prevailing afterload (arterial pressure) and preload (end-diastolic volume; EDV).
Contractility
the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), is the amount of ventricular stretch at the end of diastole.
Preload
the stroke volume of the left ventricle will increase as the left ventricular volume increases due to the myocyte stretch causing a more forceful systolic contraction.
Frank-Starling law of the Heart
Blood pressure that is higher than normal
Hypertension
when blood clots block your blood vessels.
Thrombosis
obstruction of an artery, typically by a clot of blood or an air bubble.
Embolism
a stroke that lasts only a few minutes.
Transient ischemic attack
Stroke caused by blood clots and broken blood vessels in the brain.
Cerebral vascular accident/stroke
causing increased passing of urine.
Diuretic
a medication that opposes the downstream effects of postganglionic nerve firing in effector organs innervated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS).
Sympathetic inhibitors
Net filtration pressure formula (NFP)
NFP = CHP - BCOP
If the NFP is. anegative number, fluid is moving _____ the capillary
Into
If the NFP is a positive number, fluid is moving _____ the capillary
Out of
