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A&P II > Exam 1 final > Flashcards

Exam 1 final Flashcards

1
Q

The calcium content in the blood ________ below normal range

A

Decreases

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2
Q

The concentration of calcium in the blood decreases below normal range. As a result, the __________ produces and releases the hormone parathyroid hormone.

A

Parathyroid gland

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3
Q

The concentration of calcium in the blood decreases below normal range. As a result, the parathyroid gland produces and releases the hormone ________

A

Parathyroid hormone

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4
Q

The concentration of calcium in the blood decreases below normal range. As a result, the parathyroid gland produces and releases the hormone parathyroid hormone. The hormone travels through the blood and acts on cells, causing the following events to occur:

A
  1. Osteoclast activity
  2. Kidney reabsorption of calcium
  3. Intestine absorption of calcium
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5
Q

The concentration of calcium in the blood decreases below normal range. As a result, the parathyroid gland produces and releases the hormone parathyroid hormone. The hormone travels through the blood and acts on cells, causing the following events to happen: 1. Osteoclast activity. 2. Kidney reabsorption of calcium. 3. Intestine absorption of calcium. As a result, the concentration of calcium in the blood ____.

A

Increases

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6
Q

The concentration of calcium in the blood decreases below normal range. As a result, the parathyroid gland produces and releases the hormone parathyroid hormone. The hormone travels through the blood and acts on cells, causing the following events to happen: 1. Osteoclast activity. 2. Kidney reabsorption of calcium. 3. Intestine absorption of calcium. As a result, the concentration of calcium in the blood Increases. Once calcium levels in the blood return to normal levels, the ____ stops producing and releasing the hormone and levels of the hormone in the blood decrease.

A

Parathyroid gland

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7
Q

The concentration of calcium in the blood decreases below normal range. As a result, the parathyroid gland produces and releases the hormone parathyroid hormone. The hormone travels through the blood and acts on cells, causing the following events to happen: 1. Osteoclast activity. 2. Kidney reabsorption of calcium. 3. Intestine absorption of calcium. As a result, the concentration of calcium in the blood Increases. Once calcium levels in the blood return to normal levels, the parathyroid gland stops producing and releasing the hormone and levels of the hormone in the blood ____

A

Decrease

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8
Q

Thyroid releasing hormone is produced by the ______

A

Hypothalamus

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9
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone is produced by the ________

A

Anterior pituitary

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10
Q

Thyroxine is produced by the _________

A

Thyroid gland

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11
Q

The category called ________ hormones diffuse through the lipid bilayer of cell membranes and bind directly to the nucleus, causing transcription of specific genes in the DNA (the process where DNA instructions are converted to mRNA).

A

Lipid-derived

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12
Q

The category called lipid-derived hormones diffuse through the lipid bilayer of cell membranes and bind directly to the nucleus, causing ______ of specific genes in the DNA (the process where DNA instructions are converted to mRNA).

A

Transcription

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13
Q

The category called lipid-derived hormones diffuse through the lipid bilayer of cell membranes and bind directly to the nucleus, causing transcription of specific genes in the DNA (the process where DNA instructions are converted to mRNA). The action of this type of hormone is caused by the hormone changing the rate of _______ (protein synthesis).

A

Translation

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14
Q

What are the three steps of hemostasis?

A
  1. Vascular phase
  2. Platelet phase
  3. Coagulation phase
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15
Q

Antigens present in AB+ blood type?

A

A, B, D

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16
Q

Antigens present in O- blood type?

A

None

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17
Q

Antibodies present in AB+ blood type?

A

None

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18
Q

Antibodies present in O- blood type?

A

Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-D

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19
Q

AB+ blood type can donate safely to which blood types?

A

AB+

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20
Q

O- blood type can donate blood safely to which blood types?

A

All!

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21
Q

AB+ can safely receive blood from which blood types?

A

All!

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22
Q

O- can safely receive blood from which blood types?

A

Only O-

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23
Q

If an Rh- mother becomes pregnant with an Rh+ baby and it is her first pregnancy, is that baby at risk for developing hemolytic disease of the newborn (also called erthroblastosis fetalis)?

A

No. The Rh+ child’s blood doesn’t mix with the Rh- mother’s blood until childbirth. By the time the Rh- mother makes Anti-D (Rh) antibodies the Rh+ child has been born and is no longer in the uterus.

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24
Q

An Rh- mother becomes pregnant with an Rh+ baby and it is her first pregnancy. The child is not at risk for developing hemolytic disease of the newborn because by the time the mother makes anti-D antibodies, the Rh+ child has been born. If the SAME Rh- mother becomes pregnant with another Rh+ baby, is that baby at risk for developing hemolytic disease of the newborn (also called erthroblastosis fetalis)?

A

Yes. The antibodies against the Rh factor (anti-D/Rh) made in response to her body being exposed to the D antigen during the first childbirth will cross the placenta and attack (bind to and agglutinate) the red blood cells of the second Rh+ baby.

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25
Q
A

Adrenal gland

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26
Q
A

Hypothalamus

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27
Q
A

Ovary

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28
Q
A

Pancreas

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29
Q
A

Parathyroid glands

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30
Q
A

Pineal gland

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31
Q
A

Pituitary gland

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32
Q
A

Testes gland

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33
Q
A

Thymus

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34
Q
A

Thyroid gland

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35
Q

What is CRH?

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

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36
Q

What is GnRH?

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

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37
Q

What is SS?

A

Somatostatin

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38
Q

What is GHRH?

A

Growth hormone-releasing hormone

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39
Q

What is PIH?

A

Prolactin-release-inhibiting hormone

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40
Q

What is PRF?

A

Prolactin-releasing factor

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41
Q

What is TRH?

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

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42
Q

What is ACTH?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

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43
Q

What is FSH?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone

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44
Q

What is GH?

A

Growth hormone

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45
Q

What is LH?

A

Luteinizing hormone

46
Q

What is PRL?

A

Prolactin

47
Q

What is TSH?

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

48
Q

Where is Corticotropin-releasing hormone found?

A

Hypothalamus

49
Q

What is the source of gonadotropin-releasing hormone?

A

Hypothalamus

50
Q

What is the source of somatostatin?

A

Hypothalamus

51
Q

What is the source of growth hormone-releasing hormone?

A

Hypothalamus

52
Q

What is the source of prolactin-release-inhibiting hormone?

A

Hypothalamus

53
Q

What is the source of prolactin-releasing factor?

A

Hypothalamus

54
Q

What is the source of thyrotropin-releasing hormone?

A

Hypothalamus

55
Q

What is the source of adrenocorticotropic hormone?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

56
Q

What is the source of follicle-stimulating hormone?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

57
Q

What is the source of growth hormone?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

58
Q

What is the source of luteinizing hormone?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

59
Q

What is the source of prolactin?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

60
Q

What is the source of thyroid-stimulating hormone?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

61
Q

ADH and Oxytocin are MADE in the _____ and released by the _____

A

Hypothalamus; posterior pituitary gland

62
Q

Cells of the nervous system

A

Neurons

63
Q

Cells of the endocrine system

A

Glandular epithelium

64
Q

Chemical signal of the nervous system

A

Neurotransmitter

65
Q

Chemical signal of the endocrine system

A

Hormone

66
Q

Specificity of action of the nervous system

A

Receptors on postsynaptic cell

67
Q

Specificity of action of the endocrine system

A

Receptors on target cells

68
Q

Speed of onset of the nervous system

A

1 second

69
Q

Speed of onset of the endocrine system

A

Seconds to hours

70
Q

Duration of onset for the nervous system

A

Very brief unless neronal activity continues

71
Q

Duration of action of the endocrine system

A

May be brief or may last for days even if secretion ceases

72
Q

What are the major endocrine glands?

A

Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
Pancreas
Pineal
Thymus
Ovaries and Testes

73
Q

Ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into body fluids

A

Endocrine glands

74
Q

Glands that secrete into ducts or tubes that lead to a body surface

A

Exocrine glands

75
Q

With a ____ gland, hormones act only on target cells that contain receptors for them. If a cell does not have receptors for the hormone, the cells i not affected by the hormone.

A

Endocrine

76
Q

With an ________ gland, products are delivered directly to a specific site; action does not depend on receptors

A

Exocrine

77
Q

______ secretions affect nearby cells

A

Paracrine

78
Q

______ secretions affect only the cells that secrete them

A

Autocrine

79
Q

What are the four steroid hormones?

A

Estrogen, testosterone, aldosterone, cortisol

80
Q

Steroid hormones are made from?

A

Cholesterol

81
Q

Nonsteroid hormones are made from?

A

Mostly amino acids; some protein and carbohydrates

82
Q

_____ hormones can diffuse through lipid bilayer of cell membranes and bind directly to receptors in the nucleus

A

Steroid

83
Q

What is negative feedback mechanism?

A

Most common type of homeostatic mechanism; effectors return conditions toward normal range, the opposite direction (negative) of the change.

84
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located

A

Base of the brain, in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

85
Q

Pituitary gland is considered part of what system

A

Nervous system

86
Q

Pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus by

A

Pituitary stalk (infundibulum)

87
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones?

A

Growth hormone
Prolactin
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone

88
Q

Posterior pituitary hormones?

A

ADH, vasopressin and oxytocin

89
Q

ADH and oxytocin are released by the posterior pituitary but MADE where?

A

Hypothalamus

90
Q

Thyroid gland consists of two lateral ______

A

lObes

91
Q

Thyroid gland consists of two lateral lobes, connected by what

A

Isthmus

92
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located

A

Just below larynx, anterior and lateral to the trachea

93
Q

Thyroid gland hormones?

A

T4 (thyroxine, T3 (triiodythyronine), Calcitonin

94
Q

Location of parathyroid glands

A

Posterior surface of thyroid gland

95
Q

What hormone does parathyroid gland secrete?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

96
Q

Where are the adrenal glands?

A

Sit like a cap on each kidney

97
Q

Middle of adrenal gland

A

Adrenal medulla

98
Q

Outside of adrenal gland

A

Adrenal cortex

99
Q

Hormones secreted by adrenal cortex (outer portion)

A

Steroid hormones: Aldosterone, cortisol, sex hormones

100
Q

Hormones secreted by adrenal medulla

A

Amine hormones; 80% epinephrine, 20% norepinephrine

101
Q

Effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine on heart

A

Heart rate increases, force of contraction increases

102
Q

Helps regulate the concentration
of extracellular electrolytes by
conserving sodium ions and
excreting potassium ions

A

Aldosterone

103
Q

Decreases protein synthesis,
increases fatty acid release, and
stimulates glucose synthesis from
noncarbohydrates

A

Cortisol

104
Q

Supplement sex hormones from
the gonads; may be converted
into estrogens

A

Adrenal androgens

105
Q

How is the pancreas both an endocrine and exocrine gland

A

It secretes both hormones and digestive enzymes

106
Q

Difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus

A

Type 1, your body doesn’t produce any insulin, type 2 your pancreas doesn’t make enough

107
Q

Danger, personal loss, anger, fear, guilt are all signs of what type of stress

A

Psychological

108
Q

Temperature extremes, infection, injury, O2 deficiency are all signs of what type of stress

A

Physical

109
Q

What structure controls stress response?

A

Hypothalamus

110
Q

3 stages of General stress syndrom

A

Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

111
Q

Changes in endocrine system having to do with aging

A

Endocrine glands decrease in size, ADH levels increase

A&P II (11 decks)

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