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A&P II > A&P Exam Urinary System CH 20 > Flashcards

A&P Exam Urinary System CH 20 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system?

A
  • Filtration of blood
  • Formation of urine
  • Transportation of urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
  • Collection and storage of urine
  • Conveys urine from urinary bladder to outside of body
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2
Q

What are the major organs of the urinary system?

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

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3
Q

What is the function of the kidneys?

A

Filtration of blood and formation of urine

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4
Q

What is the function of the ureters?

A

Transportation of urine from kidneys to urinary bladder

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5
Q

What is the function of the urinary bladder?

A

Collection and storage of urine

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6
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

Carrying of urine from urinary bladder to outside the body

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7
Q

The kidneys contribute to homeostasis as _______ organs

A

Excretory

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8
Q

The kidneys maintain the _________, ____, and ______ of body fluids within normal limits.

A

Composition; pH; volume

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9
Q

The kidneys remove metabolic wastes and substances present in __________, including foreign substances like drugs and their toxic metabolites

A

Excess

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10
Q

The kidneys secrete _________ that regulate specific metabolic processes

A

Hormones

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11
Q

The kidneys regulate volume and composition of body ______

A

Fluids

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12
Q

The kidneys remove excess _____, ________, and ________ from the blood

A

Water; electrolytes; metabolic wastes

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13
Q

The kidneys excrete wastes in the ______

A

Urine

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14
Q

The kidneys secrete the hormone ___________, which stimulates red blood cell production

A

Erythropoietin

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15
Q

The kidneys secrete the enzyme ________, which helps to increase blood pressure

A

Renin

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16
Q

The kidneys produce the active form of Vitamin D (_________), which increases calcium absorption from the small intestine when blood calcium level is low.

A

Calcitriol

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17
Q

When the kidneys are not functioning properly, hemodialysis and ________________ can be used to filter wastes out of the blood

A

Continuous peritoneal dialysis

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18
Q

What are the three protective tissue layers that protect the kidneys?

A

Fibrous renal capsule
Adipose tissue (renal fat)
Connective tissue (renal fascia)

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19
Q

The kidney has a __________ surface, and a __________ surface

A

Convex lateral; concave medial

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20
Q

Hollow chamber in medial depression of kidney

A

Renal sinus

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21
Q

Outer region of kidney

A

Renal cortex

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22
Q

Inner region of the kidney, composed of the renal pyramids

A

Renal medulla

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23
Q

The extensions of the cortex that dip into the medulla of the kidney

A

Renal columns

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24
Q

The entrance to the renal sinus

A

Hilum

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25
Q

The funnel-shaped sac of the kidney; superior to the end of the ureter

A

Renal pelvis

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26
Q

What are the two components of the renal pelvis?

A

Major calyces
Minor calyces

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27
Q

Large tubes that merge to form the renal pelvis

A

Major calyces

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28
Q

Small tubes that merge to form the major calyces of the renal pelvis

A

Minor calyces

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29
Q

The fibrous capsule around the kidney

A

Renal capsule

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30
Q

The functional units of the kidneys, each of which is a site of urine production

A

Nephrons

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31
Q

Expulsion of urine from the urinary bladder

A

Micturation (urination)

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32
Q

Urine leaves the urinary bladder by the __________

A

Micturition reflex

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33
Q

How does the micturition reflex occur?

A

Reflex contraction of detrusor muscle and reflex relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter

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34
Q

The micturition reflex requires relaxation of the ___________ sphincter

A

External urethral

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35
Q

The urinary bladder may hold up to _____ mL of urine; the urge to urinate starts when it contains about ____ mL

A

600; 150

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36
Q

Micturition is controlled by the __________ center in sacral spinal cord

A

Micturition reflex

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37
Q

What are the two problems most commonly associated with micturition?

A

Incontinence and nocturnal enuresis

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38
Q

Inability to control micturition

A

Incontinence

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39
Q

Bedwetting is also known as

A

Nocturnal enuresis

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40
Q

What generally causes incontinence?

A

Loss of bladder control, bladder holding less urine due to age, loss of elasticity in tissues

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41
Q

What generally causes involuntary urinary retention?

A

An obstruction or narrowing in or around the bladder, or when muscles around the bladder are weak. Certain type and locations of tumors, certain medications, being dehydrated, or having constipation.

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42
Q

Is urinary retention more common in women or men?

A

Men. This is due to a blockage that can be caused when the prostate gland gets so big that it presses on the urethra; women do not have a prostate gland.

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43
Q

Why would urinary retention occur in females?

A

Due to problems with the nerves that control your bladder. This can happen as a result of diabetes, stroke, multiple sclerosis, brain or spinal cord infections or injuries, or pelvic injury.

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44
Q

Why does incontinence occur in men?

A

Incontinence in men is often related to prostate problems or treatments. Drinking alcohol can make it worse. Prescription drugs as well.

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45
Q

Why does incontinence occur in women?

A

Pelvic floor trauma with childbirth, menopause, hysterectomy, obesity, cognitive impairment, chronic cough and constipation.

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46
Q

The perineal nerve is the largest ________ branch of the pudendal nerve

A

Terminal

47
Q

Why is the perineal nerve important?

A

It controls your pelvic floor muscles and your urethral sphincter. It also provides sensory information to the perineum and the labia.

48
Q

What were to happen if the perineal nerve was damaged?

A

Pain, numbness, and dysfunction in the genitalia, perineum, rectum, and lower urinary tract

49
Q

Site of urine production; functional units of the kidney

A

Nephrons

50
Q

From the ______, blood flows into the renal vein and leaves the kidney

A

Nephron

51
Q

What are the two parts of the nephron?

A

Renal corpuscle and renal tubule

52
Q

The renal corpuscle of a nephron consists of a _______ and a __________; the site of blood filtration in the kidney.

A

Glomerulus; glomerular capsule

53
Q

What are the two types of nephrons in the kidney?

A

Cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons

54
Q

Majority of types of nephrons?

A

Cortical nephrons

55
Q

Where are cortical nephrons located?

A

Almost completely in the renal cortex

56
Q

Cortical nephrons have short _________ loops

A

Nephron

57
Q

What makes up the smaller percentage of nephrons?

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

58
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons have long nephron _______ that extend deep into the medulla

A

Loops

59
Q

The renal corpuscles of cortical nephrons are located near the ______ of the kidney

A

Surface

60
Q

The renal corpuscles of juxtamedullary nephrons are located deep in the renal _______

A

Cortex

61
Q

________ nephrons are important in regulating water balance and urine concentration

A

Juxtamedullary

62
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular complex/apparatus?

A

A structure in the kidney that regulates the function of each nephron.

63
Q

The juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates the secretion of the enzyme ______

A

Renin

64
Q

The juxtaglomerular apparatus monitors and adjusts blood pressure and _______ content of filtrate

A

NaCl (sodium chloride)

65
Q

Where the the juxtaglomerular apparatus located?

A

Where the ascending limb of the nephron loop passes between the afferent and efferent arterioles

66
Q
A

Afferent arteriole

67
Q
A

Ascending limb of the nephron loop

68
Q
A

Descending limb of the nephron loop

69
Q
A

Distal convoluted tubule

70
Q
A

Efferent arteriole

71
Q
A

Glomerular capsule

72
Q
A

Glomerulus

73
Q
A

Nephron loop

74
Q
A

Proximal convoluted tubule

75
Q
A

Renal corpuscle

76
Q
A

Renal tubule

77
Q

The glomular capsule is also known as the _________ capsule

A

Bowman’s

78
Q
A

Collecting duct

79
Q
A

Peritubular capillary

80
Q

What is the pathway of urine formation through a nephron?

A

Afferent arterioles
Glomerulus
Glomerular capsule
Proximal tube
Nephron loop (descending limb
Nephron loop (ascending limb)
Distal tubule

81
Q

What are the three processes of urine formation?

A

Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion

82
Q

Glomerular filtration is performed by specialized ____________ (first capillary bed)

A

Glomerular capillaries

83
Q

During glomerular filtration, water and small molecules are filtered ______ of blood and _______ renal tubules

A

OUT; INTO

84
Q

During glomerular filtration, filtered fluid enters the renal tubules and becomes _______ (which eventually becomes urine)

A

Tubular fluid

85
Q

During tubular reabsorption, selected substances move ______ renal tubules _______ peritubular capillaries (secondary capillary bed)

A

FROM; INTO

86
Q

Tubular reabsorption is how the body _________ useful substances, while wastes continue through the renal tubules to eventually become urine.

A

Reclaims

87
Q

Tubular secretion is the movement of certain substances (such as toxins, ions, etc.) ____________ peritubular capillaries _______ renal tubules to be disposed of in urine.

A

Out of/from; INTO

88
Q

Tubular secretion adds waste products and excess substances to form _______

A

Urine

89
Q

Process of urine formation that filters Water and small molecules are filtered OUT of blood INTO renal tubules.

A

Glomerular filtration

90
Q

Process of urine formation during which Selected substances move FROM renal tubules INTO peritubular capillaries

A

Tubular reabsorption

91
Q

Process of urine formation during which Movement of certain substances (such as toxins, ions, etc.) OUT OF/FROM peritubular capillaries INTO
renal tubules to be disposed of in urine.

A

Tubular secretion

92
Q

Which process increases levels of something in the blood and bodily fluids, reabsorption or secretion?

A

Reabsorption

93
Q

The process that moves solutes and water out of the filtrate and back into your bloodstream

A

Tubular reabsorption

94
Q

tubular ___________ involves the removal of some solutes and water from the tubular fluid and their return to the blood

A

reabsorption

95
Q

tubular ________ involves the removal of hydrogen, creatinine, and drugs from the blood and return to the

A

Secretion

96
Q

If something is reabsorbed in the nephrons, what effect does this have on levels of it in the urine?

A

Decreased levels in the urine

97
Q

If something is secreted in the nephrons, what effect does this have on levels of it in the urine?

A

Increased levels in the urine

98
Q

What is GFR?

A

Glomerular filtration rate; a test used to check how well the kidneys are working. Represents the flow of plasma from the glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule over a specified period of time.

99
Q

________ keeps GFR constant

A

Autoregulation

100
Q

How does autoregulation keep GFR relatively constant?

A

Increases in systemic blood pressure cause vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles

101
Q

What are the two methods by which the body controls GFR?

A

Sympathetic nervous system and hormonal control via renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

102
Q

What is Tm?

A

Transport maximum; any given substance can only transport a specific number of molecules in a certain amount of time.

103
Q

What is renal plasma threshold?

A

It is reached when there is more transported substance in the plasma than the active transport mechanism can handle; excess spills into forming urine.

104
Q

What is glycosuria?

A

The presence of reducing sugars in the urine, such as glucose, galactose, etc. caused by problems using or making insulin.

105
Q

What is aminoaciduria

A

Abnormal amount of amino acids in the urine

106
Q

What is renin

A

An enzyme secreted and stored by the kidneys that promotes the production of angiotensin

107
Q

Why is renin released?

A

To raise low blood pressure or low sodium levels.

108
Q

What are the three main organic waste products in urine?

A

Urea, uric acid, and creatinine

109
Q

what is diuresis

A

Increased production of urine

110
Q

What is diuretic

A

Causing increased passing of urine

111
Q

What is hematuria

A

Presence of blood in urine

112
Q

What is pyuria

A

Presence of pus in urine from bacterial infection

113
Q

______ causes sodium and potassium to be excreted into the lumen.

A

Aldosterone

A&P II (11 decks)

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