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Bacteriology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q 
Define Actinomycetes as an organism:
colony morphology
gram stain
motility
defining characteristics
A

branching, GPR, non motile, has filamentous form, partially acid fast (mycolic acid) , aerobic, beaded

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2
Q

What are the genera of interest in the Actinomycetes order

A

NOCARDIA, Rhodococcus, Gordonia, Tskuamurella

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3
Q

what environment are Nocardia found in

A

soil and water, decompose plant material

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4
Q

What is the common source of infection of Nocardia

A

traumatic injury or inhalation

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5
Q

What are the species of Nocardia that are clinically relevant, what body sites are they each found in?

A

Nocardia abscessus - any body site
Nocardia brasiliensis- only skin
Nocardia asteriodes

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6
Q

Describe the colony morphology of Nocardia species? and the gram stain?

A

GPR, beaded appearance, variably acid fast

morphology-rough like a fungus

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7
Q

Which Nocardia species is most often pathogenic, what illness does it cause

A

N. asteroides, causes skin infection, myecetomas, subcutaneous, abcesses, cellulitis

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8
Q

What patients tend to get Nocardia infections

A

transplant, immunodeficient with pulmonary disease, IV drug users

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9
Q

How should Nocardia be transported, processed and collected

A

no special requirements

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10
Q

What specimen type could we find Nocardia on

A

fluid and swabs, sinus tract drainage, skin biopsy

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11
Q

If you find Nocardia in a respiratory specimen, what is the next step

A

must question if its real, need more proof, could be simple contamination. not aa critical result

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12
Q

What are the other less concerning Actinomycetes species

A

Rhodococcus
Gordonia
Tsuakurella
All usually skin

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13
Q

What extra steps can be taken to ID actinomycetes in a biopsy or drainage specimen

A

need to look for granules, washed in saline, on gram stain, will see yellow to orange kidney shaped club structures, need to determine if strain is bacterial or fungal

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14
Q

What special selective media do we need to grow actinomycetes in vitro

A

SDA sabouraud dextrose agar
BHI brain and heart infusion agar
—takes long time to grow
BCYE- much faster, best option

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15
Q

What environmental conditions will let Actinomycetes grow

A

aerobic, 35C, 2-3 weeks ambient air

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16
Q

What do Actinomycetes look like in an acid fast stain?

And on a gram stain?

A

red, long thin fiber looking

beaded GP, tiny, BRANCHING

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17
Q

What biochem results for Nocardia

A 
acid fast- pos
lysozyme resistance- pos
urea hydrolysis- pos
nitrate reduction- pos/ neg
anaerobic- neg
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18
Q

Key words to Nocardia growth on SG, medium, and Choc

A

SB- golden
medium0 rough and buff, orange color slimey gross
Choc-snow white, pinpoint

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19
Q

What catalase result does Nocardia give

A

positive

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20
Q

What are the important catalase negative Gram positive rods, non branching

A

lactobacillus, arcanobacterium, gardnerella, erysipelothrix

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21
Q

How is Listeria transmitted? What environment is it found in?

A

direct contact with animals, soil, vegetation
usually contaminated food: meat, veggies, dairy
possible to transmit mother to fetus- no deli meats causes meningitis in infants

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22
Q

What population is most susceptible to Listeria illness

A

pregnant women, neonates, elderly and immunocompromised

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23
Q

How do you grow Listeria in vitro

A

needs lots of AAs, vitamins, more fastidious
BHI- Brain, heart infusion
sometimes TSB

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24
Q

What biochemical results are staples for Listeria? motility? hemolysis?

A

**Tumbling motility, umbrella, at room temp
**CAMP + block shape
catalase +
BE +
narrow Beta hemolytic

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25
Q

What specimen/ body sites can we find Listeria in

A

blood or CSF

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26
Q

What Corynebacterium species do we care most about and why?

Transmission?

A

C. diptheriae- not normal flora always pathogenic, toxins very lethal to people
respiratory, pus, fomites, direct

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27
Q

What part of the body does C diphtheria infect?

A

upper respiratory, causes gray pseudomembrane in back of throat

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28
Q

What patients tend to be affected by C diptheriae

A

immonocompromised, IV drug use, alcoholics

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29
Q 
How are these cornybacterium species transmitted?
C. diptheria
C. urealyticum
C. striatum
C. jeikium 
C. ulcerans
C. pseudotuberculosis
C. pseudodiptheriticum
A

C. diptheria- repiratory droplets, skin lesion pus, fomites, nosocomial
C. urealyticum- wound infection, UTI
C. striatum- catheter, sterile body parts
C. jeikium- catheters,
C. ulcerans-animals, cattle, skin infections or pneumonia
C. pseudotuberculosis- zoonotic, limited to LUNGS
C. psuedodiphtheriticum- sepsis, pneumonia, lung absesses, sterile body site

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30
Q

What do corynebacterium look like on gram stains

A

GPR club shape, non branching, no spores, Chinese letters, V or L shape

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31
Q

What plates do corynebacterium grow on

A

SB and Choc not Mac

must be selective and differential when from respiratory specimen

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32
Q

What special media do we use for Corynebacterium? What results indicate the more important one?

A

Cysetine Tellurite-
Tinsdale
black brown halo on both media- C. diptheriae

33
Q

What are the biochemical results for C diptheria

A 
esculin -
non motile
urease -
nitrate +
catalase +
Tinsdale +
H2S +
hemolysis Y
34
Q 
Distinguish biochemical tests for
C. ulcerans
C. pseudotuberculosis
C. striatum
C. pheudodipthericum
C. Jeikeium
A

C. ulcerans: urease +, reverse arrow CAMP, Tinsdale +
C. pseudotuberculosis: urease +, reverse arrow CAMP, Tinsdale +
C. striatum: neg everything, pos nitrite
C. pheudodipthericum: + urease, + nitrate, neg all others
C. Jeikeium: neg everything but lipophilic

35
Q

What Cornyebacterium are just normal flora, which ones are actually concerning

A

normal: C. amycolatum, jeikeium, pseudodiptheriticum, striatum,
abnormal:
C. psuedotuberculosis: zoonotic,
C. ulcerans: ulcers and pharyngitis,
C. urealyticum: UTIs,
C. diptheria: lethal upper respiratory

36
Q

What test is used to ID diptheroids vs normal flora? which organism falls in this category

A

Rhodococcus- GPR with traces of branching
SBA-pink colonies
ID based on gram stain and colony pigmentation

37
Q

How can we ID true pathogen C. diptheriae

A

must prove toxin production, lipis help enhance growth
Elek plate test
must see precipitin line radiating outwards

38
Q

What biochem test help find C. urealyticum

A

urease +, nitrate -

39
Q

What are the general characteristics of Bacillus species

What O2 conditions do they need to live

A

sporulating, GPR, aerobic or facultative anaerobe, mesophilic, mostly beta, motile except anthrax
catalase +
spore forming

40
Q

What do Bacillus species look like on a gram stain?

A

GPR in stacking formation
can sometimes show endospores, look like long beaded necklace
boxcar formation
in singles, pairs or serpentine chains

41
Q

What group of bacillus is anthrax in? What other species are in this group

A

Cereus group

bacillus cereus

42
Q

What body sites can Bacillus anthracis be found in

A

skin, blood, CSF, respiratory

43
Q

Where can bacillus anthracis be found in the US?

A

in livestock workers, travelers or terrorism

44
Q

What does Bacillus anthracis look like on a BAP? motility?

A

comet tail, medusa head morphology, gamma hemolytic, non motile, gooey and can peel off plate

45
Q

What population does bacillus anthracis mostly affect?

A

wild and domestic animals, animal vaccines are distributed for it
humans can get it from trauma, inhalation or ingestion

46
Q

What are the 3 main virulence factors that Bacillus anthracis has

A

lethal toxin
Edema toxin-inflammation and swelling of tissue, confuses immune system
Protective antigen- protein that help LT and ET entry

47
Q

What are the 4 disease manifestations of anthrax and what body site are they each associated with. Which is the most common

A

cutaneous-wound-most common
gastrointestinal- stool
inhalation- sputum
injection- biopsy

48
Q 
How do each of these infections gain entry into the body and brief symptoms and severity. B anthracis
cutaneous
gastrointestinal
inhalation
injection
A

cutaneous- broken skin, black eschar
gastrointestinal- ingestion, N,D,V more fatal
inhalation- wool sorter’s, highest mortality
injection- skin popping, IV drugs, sepsis, NO black eschars

49
Q

What are the following bacillus species associated with
B.cereus
B. Thuringiensis
B. Subtilis and others

A

B.cereus-rice, food poisoning, V, D
B. Thuringiensis- also foodborne, used as pesticides
B. subtilis and others- usually opportunistic environmental contamination

50
Q

What samples are collected from cutaneous anthrax

A

from under eschar
pulmonary- biopsy and pleural fluid
GI- blood cultures, peritoneal fluid

51
Q

What is the heat shock method

A

used for bacillus anthracis, hated to kill most except the endospores, can be plated and stained this way

52
Q

T or F B. anthracis is not very contagious

A

T is needs a high dose to become infectious

53
Q

What media will Bacillus species grow on? Where won’t it grow

A

BAP, CHOC

not CNA nor MAC

54
Q

What are the most distinguishing features of bacillus anthrax vs other species

A

only one that is gamma non motile

55
Q

What are the biochemicals for bacillus anthracis

A

Catalase +
Non-motile
S to penicillin

56
Q

What do Bacillus cereus look like on SB agar? And a gram stain?

A

beta- brown, motile, frosted glass on gram stain

57
Q

List the Bacillus anthracis ID testing in the correct order and when to report it out

A

GS: GPR
Colony: ground glass, non pigmented, gamma, no growth on MAC or EMB
Biochems: Catalase +, Non motile
could be B. anthracis, send to reference lab

58
Q

Explain S&S testing for bacillus food poisoning

A

serology testing kit for patient feces or food products
find PA, LF or EF proteins/ toxins
indirect hemmagglutination

59
Q

Name the 4 species of interest that are catalase negative, non branching, GPR

A

arcanobacterium
erysipelothrix
gardenella
lactobacillus

60
Q

What are erysipelothrix infections assocaited with

A

animal and livestock workers- zoonotic

infection from puncture wound

61
Q

What are the 3 types of infection that can result from Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

A

localized skin- hands and fingers, purple red zone
diffuse cutaneous-
bacteremia and endiocarditis-

62
Q

What populations tend to become infected with E. rhysiopathiae

A

worldwide in animals like mammals, birds and fish

63
Q

T or F if you salt, pickle or smoke meat you can get rid of E. rhusopathiae

A

False it is resistant to all of these

64
Q

What are the biochem tests for Erysipelothrix? Colony morphology?

A 
catalase -
H2S +***
non motile
VP-
Urease-
Esculin-
large and rough
can start as gamma then to alpha
65
Q

What does Erysipelothrix look like in a gram stain

A

GPR thin, long filaments , V shape, short chains, slender

66
Q

What body sites can Erysipelothrix be found in

A

tissue biopsy or aspirates from skin lesion

67
Q

What diseases and groups are Arcanobacterium associated with

A

animal pathogens, could cause tissue abcesses, ulcers, septicemia in immunocompromised pts

68
Q

What do Arcanobacterium look like on a BA plate?

And on a gram stain?

A

friable, narrow beta, dry or mucoid, gray
looks like beta strep
GS- GPR slightly curved

69
Q

What is liquefaction of gelatin used to distinguish and what do the results mean

A

Arcanobacterium haemolyticum- negative

Trueperella pyogenes- positive

70
Q

What organism can cause a false + on lancefield testing

A

Archanobacterium, tells you group G strep

71
Q

What does Arcanobacterium look like on CAMP, explain the reaction

A

reverse arrowhead when with S. aureus

B lysine in S. aureus inhibits phospholipase D in Arcanobacterium haemolyticum

72
Q

What do Gardenella vaginalis look like on a gram stain

A

small, pleomorphic, gram variable because they have thinner peptidoglycan layer

73
Q

What does Gardnerella look like on BA and HBT

A

BA-small and pinpoint, Gamma, thin

HBT- Beta hemolysis

74
Q

How is bacterial vaginosis confirmed to be gardenella

A

clue cells, low numbers of lactobacillus, high Gardnerella

75
Q

What are the biochemical tests for Gardnerella vaginalis

A

catalase -
oxidase -
S to SPS
S to alpha strep

76
Q

What disease is associated with Lactobacillus

A

non they are beneficial, can cause infection only in immunocompromised patients

77
Q

What organism does lactobacillus help control?

A

G. vaginalis

78
Q

What does lactobacillus look like on BAP

A

pinpoint, alpha, looks like strep,

rough

79
Q

What biochemical testing is there for lactobacillus

A

catalase-

thats it, ID with this plus morphology and gram stain

Bacteriology (10 decks)

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