Exam 3 - Study Guides Flashcards
3 Functional Classifications of Joints
Synathroses - Immovable (Sutures, Tooth), Amphiarthroses - Slightly movable (sternum), Diarthroses - freely movable
Fibrous Joints
Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue most immovable and include sutures, ligaments, gomphoses
Cartilaginous Joints
Bones united by cartilage, no joint cavity, not highly movable include synchondrosoes and symphyses (pubic, discs)
Synovial Joints
Bones separated by fluid-filled cavity, all are diarthrotic, most joints and all limb joints
6 Characteristics of Synovial Joints
- Articular Cartilage (Hyaline) 2. Joint Cavity (Fluid filled) 3. Articular (joint) Capsule (external fibrous layer, inner synovial membrane) 4. Synovial Fluid (viscous, dyaluronic acid with phagocytes, lubricates) 5. Reinforcing Ligaments (capsular, extracapsular, intracapsular) 6. Nerves and Blood Vessels
4 Other Features of Synovial
Fatty Pads, Articular Discs (meniscus), Bursae, Tendon Sheaths (elongated bursae wrapped with tendon)
3 Stabilizing factors of Synovial Joints
Shapes of articular surfaces, Ligament number and location, muscle tendons that cross joint
Movements of Joints
Nonaxial (slipping only, carpal/tarsal) Uniaxial (movement of one plane, elbow), Biaxial ( movement in 2 planes, mandible), Multiaxial (all planes ball & Socket)
Angular Movements
Flexion, Extension, Abduction, adduction, circumduction
Gliding
relatively flat bone surfaces move past each other, but they produce very littlemovementof the bones
Specific Movements
Supination/Pronation, Dorsiflexion/Plantar Flexion, inversion/eversion, protraction/retraction, elevation/depression, opposition
Types of Synovial Joints
Plane, Hinge, Pivot, Condylar, Saddle, Ball & Socket
Plane Joints
Nonaxial, gliding, metacarpals, flat articular surfaces
Hinge Joints
Uniaxial, elbows, fingers, flexion/extension
Pivot Joints
Uniaxial, sleeve and axle (ulna/radius)
Condylar joint
Biaxial, Metacarpal/phalange
Saddle Joint
Biaxial, Abduction/adduction, Flex/ext, thumb
Ball & Socket Joint
Multiaxial, all movement, shoulder/hip
Knee Joint
Larges most complex Joint with at least 12 associated bursae and a tendon reinforced capsule
4 Rotator Cuff Tendons
Subscapularis, Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor
Cartilage Tears
Stress compression, arthroscopic surgery, removal, less stable leads to osteoarthritis
Sprains
stretch or torn ligament, slowly repairs
Dislocation
Bones forced out of alignment, reduced to treat subluxation, inflammation and loosening of ligaments
Bursitis
Inflamation of the Bursa by blow or friction, drugs ice rest
Tendonitis
Inflammation due to overuse
Osteoarthritis
Common, irreversible, degenerative, more cartilage is destroyed than replaced
Rheumatoid Arthritis
AutoImmune disease, chronic inflammatory
Gout
Uric Acid crystals in joints, inflammation base of big toe/thumb, untreated bone fuses, drugs, water and not fatty foods or alcohol
Lyme Disease
Parasitic, tick bites. May lead to joint pain and arthritis, long course antibiotics
Special Characterisitics of Muscle Tissue
Excitability, Contractibility, Extensibility, Elasticity
Epimysium
Dense irregular connective tissue, surrounding entire muscle
Perimysium
Fibrous connective tissue surrounding fascicles (groups of muscle fibers)
Endomysium
Fine areolar connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber
Attachments of Muscle Tissue
Insertion (movable bone) Origin ( immovable bone)
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Functions in the regulation of intracellular calcium, forms perpendicular cross channels
Sliding Filament Model
Generation of force, during contraction, thin filaments slide past thick filaments, actin and myosin overlap and move. Occurs when myosin heads bind to actin create a crossbridge which forms and breaks several times, ratcheting thin filaments toward center of sarcomere
2 things we need for Skeletal muscle to contract
Activation (nervous system stimulation, generate action potential in sarcolemma), Excitation-Contraction (Action potential propagates along sarcolemma, intracellular Ca2+ levels rise)
Neuromuscular Junction
Each axon forms a NMI with a single muscle fiber and the axon terminal and muscle fiber separated by space called the synaptic cleft. Synaptic vesicles of axon terminal contain neurotransmitter acetylCholine. Junctional folds of sarcolemma contain AcH receptors
Motor Unit
Motor neuron and all muscle fibers it supplies
Graded muscle response
varying strength of contraction for different demands and control movement
Subthreshold Stimuli
No observable contraction
Threshold stimuli
Stimulus causing first observable muscle contraction
Maximal Stimulus
Strongest stimulus that increase contractile force
Size Principle
recruit more muscle fibers for stronger or heavier
Isotonic Concentric Contraction
Muscles Shortens and moves load
Isometric contraction
Generate force without changing shape of the muscle (plank)
Isotonic Eccentric Contraction
Muscle generates force as it lengthens
How do Muscles return to Recovery State
Oxygen reserves replenished, Lactic acid converted to pyruvic acid, glycogen stores replaces, ATP & CP reserves replenished
Slow Oxidative Fibers
Oxidative ATP, Slow contraction velocity, Many mitochondria and capilaries, high (red) myoglobin content and low glycolytic enzymes (Marathon)
Fast Oxidative
Oxidative ATP, Fast contraction velocity, Many mitochondria and capilarries, high (red) myglobin content and intermediate glycolytic enzymes
Fast Glycolytic Fibers
Glycolysis, Fast contraction velocity, few mitochrondria and capilaries, Low (white) myoglobin content and high glycolytic enzymes (SPRINT)
Overload Principle
Forcing muscles to work hard promotes the increase muscle strength and endurance, muscles adapt to increased demands
Smooth Muscle
Spindle shaped, thin and short, one nucleus, no striations, endomysium only, no sarcomeres or myofibrils
Peristalsis
Alternating contractions and relaxations of layers that mix and squeeze substances through lumen of hollow organs
Unique Features of Smooth Muscle
Slow Synchronized contractions, cells electrically coupled by gap junctions, some cells self-excitatory (depolarize without external stimuli)
Prime Mover
Responsible for producing specific movement
Antagonist
Reverses specific movement by prime mover
Synergist
Helps primers add extra force to same movement, reduces unnecessary movement
Fixator
Synergist that immobilizes bone or muscles origin and gives primer
