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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter14 > Flashcards

Chapter14 Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

Route of Sound Waves

A
  1. Sound waves vibrate the tympanic membrane
  2. Auditory ossicles vibrate. Pressure amplified
  3. pressure waves created by stapes pushing on the oval window move through fluid in the scala vestibuli
    4a. Sounds w Frequencies belowing hearing travel through helicotrema and don’t excite hair cells
    4b. vibrate basilar membrane and deflecting hairs on inner hair cells.
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2
Q

Parts of Vascular Layer

A

Choroid Region - Supplies blood to all layers of eyeball, brown pigment absorbs light to prevent light scattering. Ciliary body - Smooth Ciliary muscles control lens shape, capillaries of ciliary processes secrete fluid.
Iris - Colored part of eye

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3
Q

Ascending Pathways

A

First-Order Neuron: Conducts impulses from cutaneous receptors;
Second-order Neuron: Interneuron. Cell Body in dorsal horn of spinal cord or medulla Axons to thalamus or cerebellum.
Third-order Neuron: Interneuron

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4
Q

Lacrimal Apparatus and What are lacrimal secretions

A

Saline, mucus, antibodies, lysozyme (TEARS), will drain to nasal cavity

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5
Q

A Small Subset of ganglion cells in retina contain

A

Melanopsin (circadian pigment) which project to pretectal nuclei and suprachiasmatic nucleus

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6
Q

Tract to brain

A

Olfactory receptor cells synapse with mitral cells in olfactory bulbs then via olfactory tracts to piriform lobe of olfactory cortex, some to frontal lobe, hypothalamus, amygdala, and regions of limbic sys

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7
Q

Taste Buds

A

Gustatory Epithelial cells: taste cells, microvilli are receptors. Basal Epithelial cells: dynamic stem cells that divide every 7-10 days. 10,000 taste buds on tongue, few on soft palate, cheeks, pharynx, epiglottis

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8
Q

Taste bud responses

A

Sweet: Sugars, saccharin, alcohol, some amino acids, some lead salts. Sour: Hydrogen ions in solution. Salty: metal ions (inorganic salts). Bitter: Alkaloids (quinine, nicotine, aspirin). Umami: Glutamate, aspartate

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9
Q

Otitis Media

A

Middle ear inflammation, especially in children, who have shorter more horizontal pharynogotympanic tubes, most frequent cause of hearing loss, treated with antibiotics or myringotomy (tubes)

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10
Q

Exteroreceptors

A

Respond to stimuli outside body (touch, pressure, pain, temp)

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11
Q

Interoreceptors

A

Respond to stimuli arising in internal viscera (chemical changes, tissue stretch, temp changes)

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12
Q

Propprioreceptors

A

Respond to stretch

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13
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Touch, pressure, vibration and stretch

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14
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Changes in temperature, Cold (10-40) Superficial dermis, Hot (32-48) Deeper Dermis, outside ranges, notifiy nociceptors activated for pain

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15
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Light energy (retina)

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16
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Chemicals (smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry)

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17
Q

Nociceptors

A

pain-causing stimuli for extreme heat/cold, Ion channel opened by heat, low pH, chemicals, capsaicin (hot peppers), chemicals from damaged tissue

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18
Q

Nonencapsulated

A

Free Nerve Ending - In epithelia and connective tissues, respond to temp, and pain, pressure induced tissue movement, itch

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19
Q

Tacticle Corpuscles

A

Encapsulated dendritic Endings (meissner’s) Discriminitive touch, differentiate between quantities i.e. 2 popsicle sticks

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20
Q

Lamellar Corpuscles

A

Encapsulated dendritic Endings (Pacinian) Deep pressure and vibration

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21
Q

Bulbous Corpuscles

A

Encapsulated dendritic Endings (ruffini endings) Deep continuous pressure

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22
Q

Muscle Spindles

A

Encapsulated dendritic Endings Muscle stretch (deep)

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23
Q

Tendon Organs

A

Encapsulated dendritic Endings Stretch in tendons

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24
Q

Joint Kinesthetic Receptors

Study These Flashcards
A

Encapsulated dendritic Endings joint position and motion

25
Steps of Sensation Production
1. Receptor level: Sensory reception and transmission to CNS 2. Circuit Level: processing in ascending pathways 3. Perceptual Level: processing in cortical processing
26
Generator Potential
A graded potential in afferent neuron summated to produce action potential - stimuli
27
Receptor Potentail
A graded potential in receptor cell that affects amount of neurotransmitter released, then neurotransmitters generate graded potentials in sensory neuron
28
Phasic Receptors
Signal the beginning or end of stimuli (pressure, touch smell) clothes on in the morning, you don't notice them all day
29
Tonic Receptors
adapt slowly or not at all (nociceptors and most proprioceptors)
30
Phantom Limb Pain
Felt in limb not present, now use epidural anesthesia to reduce, create a memory of pain with or without the limb in place
31
Hyperalgesia
Pain amplification, Chronic pain, long-lasting/intense pain
32
Olfactory Epithelium
contains bipolar neurons with radiating olfactory cilia, bundles of nonmyelinated axons of olfactory receptor cells from olfactory nerve
33
Olfactory Neurons
Thin dendrite terminates in knob with long, olfactory cilia, covered by mucus (solvent for odorants) olfactory stem cells replace them
34
Smell Genes""Smell Genes"""mell Genes""Smel"ell Ge
400 active in nose, each encodes unique receptor protein, each odor binds to different receptors and pain and temp also
35
Role of Taste
Triggers reflexes involved indigestion, increase secretion of saliva into mouth and gastric juice into stomach, protective reaction, gagging, vomiting
36
Synesthesia
stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway (colors of sounds)
37
Middle Ear
Small, air-filled, mucosa-lined cavity flanked medially by bony wall containing oval and round windows
38
Pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube
Equalizes pressure in middle ear
39
Ossicles
Malleus, incus, stapes; small bones that transmit vibratory motion of eardrum to oval window
40
Two Major Divisions of Internal Ear
Bony Labyrinth, vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea - filled with perilymph & Membranous labyrinth
41
Membranous Labyrinth
Membranous sacs and ducts. Filled with K+-rich Endolymph
42
Cochlea
Snail shell shaped - spiral, conical, bony chamber - Contains cochlear duct, which houses spiral organ and ends at cochlear apex
43
3 Chambers of Chochlea
Scala Vestibuili: to oval window, perilymph. Scala Media: (cochlear duct) endolymph. Scala Tympani: to round window; perilymph
44
Amplitude
Height of Crests (loudness) Normal range is 0-120 decibels (dB) hearing loss with exposure above 90 dB
45
Frequency
of waves in a given time
46
Wavelength
Distance between two crests (shorter wavelength = higher frequency)
47
Pitch
Perception of different frequencies ; higher frequency = higher pitch
48
Cochlear hair cells
One row of inner hair cells, three rows of outer hair cells, that move back and forth for sound
49
Stereocilia
Of the hair cells, protrude into endolymph, longest enmeshed in gel-like tectorial membrane
50
Tip Link
A fiber on end of stereocilia that connects it to the next tallest (kinocilium) which as it moves opens or closed mechanically gated ion channels
51
Vestibule
2 Membranous sacs - Saccule: static equilibrium in an up and down motion, Utricle: static equilibrium in a side to side motion
52
Sensory Receptors in Vestibule
Maculae - continuously release neurotransmitters but modified amounts depending on movement of head
53
Cilia embedded in Otolith Membrane
Stereocilia and kinocilia and studded with otoliths(calcium carbonate stones), works with gravity
54
Semicircular Canals
Lie in 3 planes
55
Ampulla
Of each semicircular canal houses equilibirum receptor region called the crista ampullaris. The receptors respond to angular rotational movement of the head
56
Bending of haris in cristae
Depolarization
57
Bending of hairs in opposite direction
hyperpolarization
58
Vestibular Nystagmus
As rotation begins eyes drift in direction opposite to rotation, then CNS compensation causes rapid jump toward direction of rotation

Anatomy & Physiology (26 decks)

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