Chapter 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
The scientific study of the body’s structures
Macroscopic vs microscopic
Regional anatomy
The study of interrelationships of all the structures in a specific body region I.e. Abdomen
Systemic Anatomy
The study of the structures that make up a discrete body system (a group of structures that work to perform a function) I.e. Muscular system
Physiology
The study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and how they work together to do functions
Homeostasis
The state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things I.e. Body temp 98.6
6 levels of structural organization
Chemical - atoms Cellular - molecules form organelles Tissue - similar cells form tissue Organ - tissues form organs Organ system - multiple organs work together Organismal - the organism as a whole
Integumentary System
Encloses internal body structures
Hair skin nails
Skeletal System
Supports body and enables movement
Cartilage, bones, joints
Muscular System
Enables movement
Helps maintain temp
Skeletal muscles tendons
Nervous System
Detects and processes sensory info
Activates bodily responses
Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves
Endocrine System
Secretes hormones
Regulates bodily processes
Pituitary gland, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, testes, ovaries
Cardiovascular System
Delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues
Equalize body temp
Heart and blood vessels
Lymphatic System
Returns fluid to blood
Defends against pathogens
Thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic vessels
Respiratory System
Removed carbon dioxide from the body
Delivers oxygen to blood
Nasal passage, trachea, lungs
Digestive System
Processes food for use by body
Removes waste from undigested food
Stomach, liver, gall bladder, large intestines, small intestine
Urinary System
Controls water balance in the body
Removes waste from blood and excretes them
Kidneys and bladder
Male reproductive system
Produces sex hormones and gametes
Delivers gametes to female
Epididymis
Testes
Female reproductive system
Produces sex hormones and gamete
Supports embryo/fetus
Produces milk
Mammary glands
Ovaries
Uterus
Metabolism
The sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions in the body. Convert the food we eat into fuel to sustain body function and movement
Anabolism
Process of combining smaller, simpler molecules into larger and more complex
Requires energy
Catabolism
Larger complex substances are broken down to smaller
Releases energy
Anterior
Front (in front of)
Carpal
Wrist
Prone
Face Down
Supine
Face Up
Brachium
Upper Arm
Antebrachium
Lower arm
Posterior
Back or behind
Superior
Above or Higher
Inferior
Below or lower
Lateral
Side or direction towards
Medial
Middle or direction toward middle
Proximal
A position on limb that is closer to the point of attachment or trunk
Distal
A position in a limb that is farther away from point of attachment or trunk
Superficial
Position closer to the surface
Deep
Position further from surface
Section
2-dimensional surface structure, cut
Plane
Imaginary 2-dimensional surfaces that passes through the body
The 3 planes
Sagittal plane - divides body or organism vertically into left and right side
Frontal plane - divides body into posterior and anterior portions
Transverse plane - divides body horizontally into upper and lower
Dorsal Cavitiy
Cranial cavity and spinal cavity
Ventral cavity
Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity (largest)
Serous membrane
Thin membrane that covers walls and organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
3 Serous Cavities
Pleura
Pericardium
Peritoneum
Negative Feedback loop
Stimulus
Sensor
Control center
Effector
Positive feedback
Intensifies a change in the body’s physiological condition rather than reversing it
I.e. Child birth
Frons
Forehead
Cranium
Skull
Facies
Face
Oris
Mouth
Mentis
Chin
Axilla
Armpit
Antecubitis
Front of elbow
Pollex
Thumb
Palma
Palm
Crus
Leg
Tarsus
Ankle
Hallux
Big toe
Umbilicus
Navel
Thorcis or thorax
Chest
Cervicis
Neck
Nasus
Nose
Auris
Ear
Bucca
Cheek
Dorsum
Back
Olecranon
Back of elbow
Lumbus
Lumbar
Popliteus
Back of knee
Sura
Calf
Calcaneus
Heal of foot
Cephalon
Head
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Right Upper Q - RUQ
Left Upper Q - LUQ
Right Lower Q - RLQ
Left Lower Q - LLQ
As your body and not looking at a body
X-Ray
High energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelength capable of penetrating solids and ionizing gases
CT scan
Computed Tomography
Noninvasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-Rays in order to reveal minute details about structures.
MRI
Magnetic resonance Imaging
A noninvasive scan using nuclear physics
No radiation exposure but costly and loud
PET
Positron Emission Tomography
Uses radiopharmaceuticals, substance to emit radiation and can illustrate physiologic activity including metabolism and blood flow
Ultrasonography
High frequency sound waves into the body to generate an echo signal that a computer converts to an image
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate
Chemical compound used by every cell and is used to store and release energy
(Anabolism and catabolism)
Parietal layer
Layer of serous membrane that lines the body cavity walls in thoracic cavity
Visceral layer
The layer in serous membrane that covers the internal organs in thoracic cavity
