Chapter13 Flashcards
Olfactory Nerve
Sensory nerve of smell, run from nasal mucosa to olfactory bulb, fibers synapse in olfactory bulbs, pathway terminates in primary olfactory cortex
Optic Nerves
Sensory and arise from retinas, converge and partially at optic chiasma, optic tract continue to thalamus, synapse and fibers run to visual cortex
Oculomotor Nerves
From the ventral midbrain through to four of six intrinsic eye muscles. Motor function in raising eyelid, directing eyeball, constricting iris, adjust lens shape
Trochlear Nerves
From dorsal midbrain enter orbits to innervates superior oblique muscles. Primarily motor nerve that directs eyeball
Trigeminal Nerves
Fibers extend from pons to face ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular. Sensory impulses from face, supply motor fibers for mastication
Abducens Nerves
Motor Nerve: fibers from inferior pons innervate lateral rectus muscle of eye
Facial Nerves
From pons to lateral aspect of face, Motor functions: facial expressions, lacrima and salivary glands; Sensory functions: taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue
Vestibulocochlear Nerves
Fibers from hearing and equilibrium receptors and receptors from inner ear to brainstem at pons-medulla border. Mostly sensory function; small motor component for adjustment of sensitivity
Glossopharyngeal Nerves
Fibers from medulla to throat, Motor Functions: tongue and pharynx for swallowing and to parotid salivary glands. Sensory Functions: taste, sensory from pharynx and posterior tongue, carotid chemoreceptors and barorecptors
Vagus Nerves
Fibers from medulla, most Motor fibers are parasympathetic fibers that help regulate activities of heart, lungs, and abdominal viscera. Sensory fibers: carry impulses from thoracic and abdominal viscera, barorecptors, chemoreceptors and tast buds of posterior tongue and pharynx
Accessory Nerve
Ventral rootlets from c1-c5 region of spinal cord to innervate trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles, mostly motor
Hypoglossal Nerves
Motor fibers from medulla to innervate muscles of tongue that contribute to swallowing and speech
3 types of functional areas of cortex
Motor Areas: voluntary movement, Sensory Areas: Awareness of sensation, Association areas: Integrate information
Cortex
outer gray mater of brain, awareness, sensory perception, voluntary motor initiation, communication, memory storage, understanding
Primary motor cortex
conscious control of precise, skeletal muscle movements
Premotor Cortex
Helps plan movements; staging area for skilled motor activites, controls learned, repetitious motor skills, controls voluntary actions that depend on sensory feedback
Broca’s Area
Motor speech area that directs muscles of speech production and planning speech
Frontal Eye field
Voluntary eye movements
Primary somatosensory cortex
Receives general sensory information from skin, and proprioceptors of skeletal muscle, joints and tendon
Somatosensory Association cortex
integrates sensory input from primary somatosensory cortex, determines size, texture, and relationship of parts of object being felt
Primary visual cortex
Receives visual information from retinas
visual association area
uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli (color, form, movement, ability to recognize)
Primary auditory cortex
interprets information from inner ear as pitch, loudness, and location
Auditory association area
stores memories of sounds and permits perception of sound stimulus
vestibular cortex
conscious awarennes of balance (position of head space)
primary olfactory cortex
Region of conscious awareness of odors
Gustatory Cortex
In insula deep to temporal lobe, perception of taste
Visceral Sensory area
Conscious preception of visceral sensation ie. Upset stomach
Anterior Association Area
Intellect, cognition, recall, and personality
Posterior Association Area
Plays role in recognizing patterns and faces and localizing us in space, involved in understanding writeen and spoken language (wernicke’s area)
Limbic Association Area
Involves cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and hippocampus, provides emotional impact that makes scene important and establish memories
Left Hemisphere
language, math, logic
Righ Hemisphere
visual-spatial skills, intuition, emotion, artistic skills
Cerebral White Mater
Myelinated fibers and tracts, communication between cerebral areas, and between corex and lower CNS
Association fibers
Horizontal; connects parts of same hemisphere
Commissural fibers
horizontal; connect gray mater of 2 hemisphere
Projection fibers
vertical, connect hemispheres with lower brain, spinal cord
Basal Nuclei
Influence muscle movements. Role in cognition and emotion. Filter out incorrect/inappropriate responses
Thalamus
Gateway to cerebral cortex sorts, edits, and relays ascending input. Mediates sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory
Hypothalamus
controls autonomic nervous system (blood pressure, rate, digestive tract motility, pupil size) Physical responses to emotions
Suprachiasmic nucleus
regulates sleep-wake cycles (biological clock)
Pineal Gland
Secretes melatonin which regulates sleep-wake cycle
Brain Stem
Controls autonomic behaviors necessary for survival. Nuclei associated with 10 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves
Periaqueductal gray matter
Pain control
Corpora quadrigemina
visual reflex and auditory relay centers
substantia nigra
reward, movement
Red nucleus
motor coordination
Pons
Fibers connect higher brain centers and spinal cord and relay impulses between motor cortex and cerebellum, help maintain normal rhythm of breathing
Medulla Oblongata
Relay sensory info from muscles and joints to cerebellum to maintain equilibrium. Autonomic reflex, cardiovascular and respiratory centers. Also vomiting, hiccup
Cerebellum
Input from the cortex, brain stem and sensory receptors. Allow smooth, coordinated movement. Role in thinking, language and emotion. May compare actual with expected output and adjust accordingly.
Limbic System
Emotional Brain (Amygdala, Cingulate gyrus)
Hippocampus
Play a role in memory
Reticular Activation System
RAS - consciousness and alterness, filters out repetitive, familiar, or weak stimuli, injury results in coma
Cerebrospinal fluid
Watery solution formed from blood plasma, gives buoyancy to CNS structures, protects from trauma
Blood Brain Barrier
Maintains stable environment for brain, separates neurons from some blood bourne substances, formed by feet of astrocytes
