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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Adipocytes

A

Lipid storage cells

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2
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Specialized areolar tissues (connective tissue) rich in stored fat

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3
Q

Anchoring junction

A

Mechanically attaches adjacent cells to each other or to the basement membrane

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4
Q

Apical

A

That part of cell or tissue that faces an open space or the tip

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5
Q

Apocrine secretion

A

Release of a substance along with apical portion of the cell

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6
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death, they are suppose to die

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7
Q

Areolar tissue

A

Loose connective Tissue

Type of connective tissue that shows little specialization with cells dispersed in a matrix

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8
Q

Astrocyte

A

Star shaped cell in central nervous system that regulates ions and uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters and contribute to blood-brain barrier

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9
Q

Atrophy

A

Loss of mass or function

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10
Q

Basal Lamina

A

Thin extracellular layer that lies underneath epithelial cells and separates them from other tissues

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11
Q

Basement membrane

A

In epithelial tissue a thin layer of fibrous material that anchors the epithelial tissue to the underlying connective tissue; made up of the basal lamina and reticular lamina

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12
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Heart muscle, involuntary control made of striated cells that attach to form fibers, each cell contains a single nucleus and contracts autonomously

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13
Q

Cell Junction

A

Point of cell to cell contact that connects one cell to another in a tissue

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14
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Cells of cartilage

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15
Q

Clotting

A

Coagulation

Complex process by which blood components form a plug to stop bleeding

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16
Q

Collagen fiber

A

Flexible fibrous proteins that give connective tissue tensile strength

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17
Q

Connective tissue

A

Type of tissue that serves to hold in place, connect, and integrate the body’s organs and systems

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18
Q

Connective tissue membrane

A

Connective tissue that encapsulates organs and lines movable joints

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19
Q

Connective tissue proper

A

Connective tissues containing a viscous matrix, fibers and cells

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20
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

Skin, epithelial tissue made up of a stratified squamous epithelial cells that covers the outside of the body

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21
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

Connective tissues proper that contains many fibers that provide both elasticity and protection

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22
Q

Ectoderm

A

Outermost embryonic germ layer from which the epidermis and nervous tissue is derived

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23
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Type of cartilage, with elastin as the major protein, characterized by rigid support as well as elasticity

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24
Q

Elastic fiber

A

Fibrous protein within connective tissue that contains high% of the protein elastin that allows the fiber to stretch and return to size

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25
Q

Endocrine Gland

A

Groups of cells that release chemical signals into the intercellular fluid to be picked up and transported to their target organs by blood

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26
Q

Endoderm

A

Innermost embryonic germ layer from which most of the digestive System and lower respiratory system derive

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27
Q

endothelium

A

tissue that lines vessels of the lymphatic and cardiovascular system, made up of a simple squamous epithelium

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28
Q

epithelial membrane

A

epithelium attached to a layer of connective tissue

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29
Q

epithelial tissue

A

type of tissue that serves primarily as a covering or lining of body parts, protecting the body; it also functions in absorption, transport, and secretion

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30
Q

exocrine gland

A

group of epithelial cells that secrete substances through ducts that open to the skin or to internal body surfaces that lead to the exterior of the body

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31
Q

fibroblast

A

most abundant cell type in connective tissue, secretes protein fibers and matrix into the extracellular space

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32
Q

fibrocartilage

A

tough form of cartilage, made of thick bundles of collagen fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate ground substance

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33
Q

fibrocyte

A

less active form of fibroblast

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34
Q

fibrocyte

A

less active form of fibroblast

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35
Q

fluid connective tissue

A

specialized cells that circulate in a watery fluid containing salts, nutrients, and dissolved proteins

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36
Q

fluid connective tissue

A

specialized cells that circulate in a watery fluid containing salts, nutrients, and dissolved proteins

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37
Q

gap junction

A

allows cytoplasmic communications to occur between cells

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38
Q

goblet cell

A

unicellular gland found in columnar epithelium that secretes mucous

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39
Q

ground substance

A

fluid or semi-fluid portion of the matrix

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40
Q

histamine

A

chemical compound released by mast cells in response to injury that causes vasodilation and endothelium permeability

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41
Q

histology

A

microscopic study of tissue architecture, organization, and function

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42
Q

holocrine secretion

A

release of a substance caused by the rupture of a gland cell, which becomes part of the secretion

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43
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

most common type of cartilage, smooth and made of short collagen fibers embedded in a chondroitin sulfate ground substance

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44
Q

inflammation

A

response of tissue to injury

45
Q

lacunae

A

(singular = lacuna) small spaces in bone or cartilage tissue that cells occupy

46
Q

lamina propria

A

areolar connective tissue underlying a mucous membrane

47
Q

loose connective tissue

A

(also, areolar tissue) type of connective tissue proper that shows little specialization with cells dispersed in the matrix

48
Q

matrix

A

extracellular material which is produced by the cells embedded in it, containing ground substance and fibers

49
Q

merocrine secretion

A

release of a substance from a gland via exocytosis

50
Q

mesenchymal cell

A

adult stem cell from which most connective tissue cells are derived

51
Q

mesenchyme

A

embryonic tissue from which connective tissue cells derive

52
Q

mesoderm

A

middle embryonic germ layer from which connective tissue, muscle tissue, and some epithelial tissue derive

53
Q

mesothelium

A

simple squamous epithelial tissue which covers the major body cavities and is the epithelial portion of serous membranes

54
Q

mucous connective tissue

A

specialized loose connective tissue present in the umbilical cord

55
Q

mucous gland

A

group of cells that secrete mucous, a thick, slippery substance that keeps tissues moist and acts as a lubricant

56
Q

mucous membrane

A

tissue membrane that is covered by protective mucous and lines tissue exposed to the outside environment

57
Q

muscle tissue

A

type of tissue that is capable of contracting and generating tension in response to stimulation; produces movement.

58
Q

myelin

A

layer of lipid inside some neuroglial cells that wraps around the axons of some neurons

59
Q

myocyte

A

muscle cells

60
Q

necrosis

A

accidental death of cells and tissues

61
Q

nervous tissue

A

type of tissue that is capable of sending and receiving impulses through electrochemical signals.

62
Q

neuroglia

A

supportive neural cells

63
Q

neuron

A

excitable neural cell that transfer nerve impulses

64
Q

oligodendrocyte

A

neuroglial cell that produces myelin in the brain

65
Q

parenchyma

A

functional cells of a gland or organ, in contrast with the supportive or connective tissue of a gland or organ

66
Q

primary union

A

condition of a wound where the wound edges are close enough to be brought together and fastened if necessary, allowing quicker and more thorough healing

67
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

tissue that consists of a single layer of irregularly shaped and sized cells that give the appearance of multiple layers; found in ducts of certain glands and the upper respiratory tract

68
Q

reticular fiber

A

fine fibrous protein, made of collagen subunits, which cross-link to form supporting “nets” within connective tissue

69
Q

reticular lamina

A

matrix containing collagen and elastin secreted by connective tissue; a component of the basement membrane

70
Q

reticular tissue

A

type of loose connective tissue that provides a supportive framework to soft organs, such as lymphatictissue, spleen, and the liver

71
Q

Schwann cell

A

neuroglial cell that produces myelin in the peripheral nervous system

72
Q

secondary union

A

wound healing facilitated by wound contraction

73
Q

serous gland

A

group of cells within the serous membrane that secrete a lubricating substance onto the surface

74
Q

serous membrane

A

type of tissue membrane that lines body cavities and lubricates them with serous fluid

75
Q

simple columnar epithelium

A

tissue that consists of a single layer of column-like cells; promotes secretion and absorption in tissues and organs

76
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A

tissue that consists of a single layer of cube-shaped cells; promotes secretion and absorption in ducts and tubules

77
Q

simple squamous epithelium

A

tissue that consists of a single layer of flat scale-like cells; promotes diffusion and filtration across surface

78
Q

skeletal muscle

A

usually attached to bone, under voluntary control, each cell is a fiber that is multinucleated and striated

79
Q

smooth muscle

A

under involuntary control, moves internal organs, cells contain a single nucleus, are spindle-shaped, and do not appear striated; each cell is a fiber

80
Q

stratified columnar epithelium

A

tissue that consists of two or more layers of column-like cells, contains glands and is found in some ducts

81
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

tissue that consists of two or more layers of cube-shaped cells, found in some ducts

82
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A

tissue that consists of multiple layers of cells with the most apical being flat scale like cells; protects surfaces from abrasion

83
Q

striation

A

alignment of parallel actin and myosin filaments which form a banded pattern

84
Q

supportive connective tissue

A

type of connective tissue that provides strength to the body and protects soft tissue

85
Q

synovial membrane

A

connective tissue membrane that lines the cavities of freely movable joints, producing synovial fluid for lubrication

86
Q

tight junction

A

forms an impermeable barrier between cells

87
Q

tissue

A

group of cells that are similar in form and perform related functions

88
Q

tissue membrane

A

thin layer or sheet of cells that covers the outside of the body, organs, and internal cavities

89
Q

totipotent

A

embryonic cells that have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell and organ in the body

90
Q

transitional epithelium

A

form of stratified epithelium found in the urinary tract, characterized by an apical layer of cells that change shape in response to the presence of urine

91
Q

vasodilation

A

widening of blood vessels

92
Q

wound contraction

A

process whereby the borders of a wound are physically drawn together

93
Q

Characteristics of tissue

A

Share an Embryonic origin
Share morphological features
arranged in orderly pattern to achieve function

94
Q

4 Types of Tissues

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

95
Q

3 Layers of Embryonic Cells

A

Ectoderm (Outer)
Mesoderm (middle)
Endoderm (inner)

Epithelial in all three
nervous in ectoderm
muscle in mesoderm

96
Q

2 Types of Tissue Membranes

A

Connective Tissue Membranes

Epithelial membranes

97
Q

3 Types of Epithelial membranes

A

Lamina Propria
Serous Membrane
Cutaneous Membrane (skin)

98
Q

3 Types of Cell Junctions

A

Tight Junction
Anchoring Junction
Gap Junction

99
Q

2 Types of Glands

A

Endocrine Glands - Inside, hormones

Exocrine Glands - Outside, sweat, mucous, breast milk

100
Q

3 Common characteristics of Connective tissue

A

cells, ground substance, protein fibers

101
Q

Types of cells in Connective tissue

A

Fibroblast
fibrocyte
adipocytes
mesenchymal

102
Q

Types of Fibers

A

Collagen Fiber
Elastic Fiber
Reticular Fiber

103
Q

Types of Cartilage

A

Hyaline - most common, ribs, nose, covers bones and joints
Fibrocartilge - tough, thick collagen fibers, knee, jaw joints and discs
Elastic - rigid support and elasticity, ear lobes

104
Q

3 Types of Muscle Tissue

A

Skeletal - voluntary movement, attached to bone
Cardiac - pump blood, heart
Smooth - involuntary, food movement

105
Q

2 Types of nervous tissue

A

Neuron - propagate info via electrochemical impulses

Neuroglia - supports neurons

106
Q

Types of Cancer Cells

A

Carcinoma - Epithelial cells
Myelomas - Myeloid tissue or blood cells
Leukemias - Leukocytes or white blood cells
Sarcomas - connective tissue

107
Q

Types of Tissue Membranes

A

Mucous- line digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
Serous- line body cavities closed to exterior, pleural, pericardial, peritoneal
Cutaneous- skin
Synovial - joint cavities and produce fluid within joint

108
Q

Types of cell junctions

A

Tight

Gap

Anchoring

Anatomy & Physiology (26 decks)

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